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Islam S, Kamal I, Murshed K, Azad MAK. Cirrhosis due to hepatic sarcoidosis: A rare presentation. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8999. [PMID: 38845805 PMCID: PMC11154771 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Sarcoidosis, although predominantly affecting the lungs, can present with cirrhosis, posing diagnostic challenges. Elevated ACE levels and atypical liver enzyme patterns should prompt consideration of sarcoidosis in cryptogenic cirrhosis cases, necessitating comprehensive evaluation including liver biopsy and imaging for accurate diagnosis and timely management. Abstract Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that can affect various organs, leading to a diverse range of clinical manifestations that make diagnosis challenging. Here, we present a case of sarcoidosis in a middle-aged male who presented with cirrhosis. The cause of cirrhosis remained unknown for 4 years until the development of lymphadenopathy and ground-glass opacities on lung imaging. A liver biopsy was performed, which revealed noncaseating granulomatous inflammation, thereby identifying sarcoidosis as the cause of cirrhosis. The patient was treated with oral steroids, which slightly improved his liver function over a short period. Given the diverse presentations of sarcoidosis, it should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cases of cryptogenic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Islam
- Department of GastroenterologyBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Intisar Kamal
- Department of MedicineBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Khaled Murshed
- Department of MedicineBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of MedicineBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical UniversityDhakaBangladesh
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2
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Thrasher M, Blaikie H, Thompson A, Demediuk B. Tattoo-associated sarcoidosis with hepatic and ophthalmic involvement. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258946. [PMID: 38599793 PMCID: PMC11015272 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Thrasher
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Blaikie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Demediuk
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Kikuchi M, Koizumi A, Namisaki T, Asada S, Oyama M, Tomooka F, Fujimoto Y, Kitagawa K, Kawaratani H, Yoshiji H. Improvement of liver histology in hepatic sarcoidosis due to treatment with corticosteroids and ursodeoxycholic acid: a case report. Clin J Gastroenterol 2024; 17:327-333. [PMID: 38300407 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-023-01918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We report the case of a 48-year-old male with a history of pulmonary and ocular sarcoidosis. Non-caseating granulomas, identified histologically, are the most characteristic manifestation of sarcoidosis. Hepatic sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose using radiological imaging. In the patient reported in this study, ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans identified multiple intra-abdominal lymphadenopathies, with evidence of liver and splenic infiltrations. The first liver biopsy revealed non-caseating granulomatous hepatitis consistent with hepatic sarcoidosis. The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), but his laboratory parameters did not improve. Prednisone was initiated at a dose of 30 mg daily and slowly tapered. At a dose of 12.5 mg daily, marked improvements in the fibrotic and sarcoid-like lesions were noted at the second biopsy. A third biopsy was performed, with the patient on a prednisone taper of 5 mg/day showed mild fibrous expansion in the portal tracts and mild parenchymal necro-inflammatory lesions. However, overall, fibrosis marker levels remained stable over the course of treatment. A fourth biopsy was performed after a 5-year course of 5 mg/day prednisone. This revealed minimal lobular inflammation without fibrosis. Thus, treatment of this patient with corticosteroids and UDCA resulted in marked improvements in his biochemical and histological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Aritoshi Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Shouhei Asada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masafumi Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Tomooka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Koh Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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4
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Ahmed R, Najam N, Ramphul K, Mactaggart S, Dulay MS, Okafor J, Azzu A, Bilal M, Memon RA, Sakthivel H, Khattar R, Wells AU, Baksi JA, Wechalekar K, Kouranos V, Chahal A, Sharma R. Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with sarcoidosis admitted for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the United States: a propensity matched analysis from the National Inpatient Sample. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2024; 9:e47-e55. [PMID: 38846054 PMCID: PMC11155460 DOI: 10.5114/amsad/184701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterised by non-caseating granulomas. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) normally causes conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. Little is known about the characteristics and impact of sarcoidosis in patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aims to fill this void. Material and methods Utilising the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2016-2020), individuals with STEMI were identified and categorised based on sarcoidosis presence whilst adjusting for confounders via logistic regression models. Results Among 851,290 STEMI patients, 1215 had sarcoidosis. Before propensity matching, sarcoidosis patients were notably different in demographics and comorbidities compared to non-sarcoidosis patients. After propensity score matching (PSM), sarcoidosis patients were found to have a higher incidence of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (2.5% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.024) and acute kidney injury (AKI) (23.3% vs. 20.8%, aOR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.02-1.58, p = 0.033) but a lower incidence of undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (5.5% vs. 8.5%, aOR = 0.663; 95% CI: 0.472-0.931, p = 0.018), while no significant disparities were noted in PCI, cardiogenic shock, mortality, or mean length of stay (LOS). Conclusions Using propensity-matched large real-world data of STEMI patients, sarcoidosis was associated with fewer cases of CABG and a greater incidence of AKI and SVT compared to non-sarcoidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Ahmed
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Noem Najam
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sebastian Mactaggart
- Northumbria Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph Okafor
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Azzu
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maham Bilal
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rahat A Memon
- Abington Hosp-Jefferson Health, Horsham, United States
| | - Hemamalini Sakthivel
- One Brooklyn Health System/Interfaith Medical Ctr Program, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Rajdeep Khattar
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athol Umfrey Wells
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Arun Baksi
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kshama Wechalekar
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Kouranos
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anwar Chahal
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Wellspan Health, York, USA
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Cardiac Sarcoidosis Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Mitchell R, Khan H, Reyes JVM. Hepatic Sarcoidosis Found Incidentally in a Patient Presenting With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infections. Cureus 2024; 16:e55316. [PMID: 38559541 PMCID: PMC10981841 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old female who presented to our hospital for recurrent diarrhea was found to have worsening aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels. Workup revealed lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly prompting a biopsy of the liver and axillary lymph node, confirming a diagnosis of hepatic sarcoidosis. Our patient later developed cutaneous sarcoidosis. She is currently asymptomatic and is followed by gastroenterology, pulmonary, and dermatology. Recognition of extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis is important for proper management of patients. Treatment often requires a multidisciplinary approach when more than one organ system is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mitchell
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC Health + Hospitals-Elmhurst, Queens, USA
| | - Haidar Khan
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC Health + Hospitals-Elmhurst, Queens, USA
| | - Jonathan Vincent M Reyes
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/NYC Health + Hospitals-Elmhurst, Queens, USA
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6
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Pang Y, Wang P, Xu W, Zhao L, Chen H. Identification of isolated hepatic sarcoidosis with [ 18F]FDG and [ 68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2918-2919. [PMID: 37079127 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhi Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haojun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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7
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Islam S, Hossain MS, Murshed KM, Rahaman MFU, Azad MAK. Cutaneous Sarcoidosis: A Differential Diagnosis to Consider in Undiagnosed Skin Lesions. Cureus 2023; 15:e39852. [PMID: 37404408 PMCID: PMC10314976 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presentation of sarcoidosis varies depending on the organs involved. Cutaneous sarcoidosis usually presents with other organ involvement, but isolated presentation is possible. However, diagnosing isolated cutaneous sarcoidosis can be challenging in resource-poor countries, particularly where sarcoidosis is relatively uncommon, since cutaneous sarcoidosis usually does not cause troublesome symptoms. We present a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis in an elderly female who had been suffering from skin lesions for nine years. The diagnosis was made after the appearance of lung involvement, which raised the suspicion of sarcoidosis and prompted a skin biopsy. The patient was then treated with systemic steroids and methotrexate, and her lesions improved shortly thereafter. This case highlights the importance of considering sarcoidosis as a possible cause of undiagnosed, refractory cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumona Islam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Md Sabbir Hossain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Khaled M Murshed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BGD
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8
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Ludwig DR, Anderson MA, Itani M, Sharbidre KG, Lalwani N, Paspulati RM. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: mimics of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023; 48:151-165. [PMID: 35585354 PMCID: PMC9116710 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic disease characterized by stricturing, beading, and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts. Sclerosing cholangitis is considered primary (PSC) if no underlying etiology is identified or secondary (SSC) if related to another identifiable cause. In this article, we will review the clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and imaging findings of PSC and SSC, with an emphasis on features that may aid in the distinction of these entities. We will also discuss various etiologies of SSC including recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, other infectious etiologies, ischemic damage, toxic insults, and immunologic, congenital, and miscellaneous causes, highlighting the unique imaging findings and clinical context of each diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ludwig
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Mark A. Anderson
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Malak Itani
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Campus Box 8131, Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kedar G. Sharbidre
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neeraj Lalwani
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Raj M. Paspulati
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
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9
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Sarcoidosis in Johannesburg, South Africa: A retrospective study. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 2022; 28:10.7196/AJTCCM.2022.v28i4.205. [PMID: 36778180 PMCID: PMC9904283 DOI: 10.7196/ajtccm.2022.v28i4.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous condition of uncertain aetiology that most frequently affects the lungs. Because of clinical and radiological similarities with tuberculosis (TB), particularly in high-prevalence regions, sarcoidosis is frequently misdiagnosed as TB. Objectives To review the clinical features of sarcoidosis patients in a South African (SA) population, adding clinical information to the relatively few studies that have been conducted in SA patients with sarcoidosis. Methods This was a retrospective study of 102 sarcoidosis patients conducted between 2002 and 2006 at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. Results Of 102 sarcoidosis patients, there were 69 (67.6%) females and 33 (32.4%) males. The majority (85.3%) were non-smokers. The mean age of the group was 44.6 years. One-third of patients had chronic comorbid diseases. Almost 17% had been treated initially for TB, prior to being diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. Two patients developed active TB while receiving corticosteroid treatment for sarcoidosis. The salient clinical manifestations were dry cough (the most common presenting symptom in 82.4%), dyspnoea in 53.9%, cutaneous lesions other than erythema nodosum in 33.3%, and on lung examination crackles were noted in 37.3% of patients. Raised angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels were found in 56.8% of patients. The majority (48%) of patients had stage II chest radiographic changes. Cutaneous (28.4%), mediastinal lymph node (25.5%) and transbronchial lung (25.5%) biopsies were the most frequent sites confirming granulomatous inflammation. Overall, 21.2% of patients had obstructive airway disease. Systemic corticosteroids were indicated in 87.3% of patients and the relapse rate was 60.7%. Conclusion Sarcoidosis is often initially misdiagnosed as TB in SA. The most common biopsy sites for histological confirmation were the skin and mediastinal lymph nodes, and transbronchial lung biopsies were also frequently taken. Stage II chest radiographic changes were most common. Overall, systemic corticosteroids were administered in 87.3% of cases and the relapse rate was 60.7%.
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10
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Brugnaro P, Cattelan F, Morelli E, Petrucci A, Marocco A, Panese S, Donisi PM, Capitanio G, Tollot M. A case of hepatic and bone marrow sarcoidosis with progressive renal failure: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. SARCOIDOSIS, VASCULITIS, AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF WASOG 2022; 39:e2022041. [PMID: 36533607 PMCID: PMC9798336 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v39i4.11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease, sometimes characterized by an extrapulmonary localization in 30 - 50% of cases. We describe a 60-year-old Italian man with an unexplained history of fatigue, ascitis and progressive renal function impairment. Diagnosis of hepatic and bone marrow sarcoidosis was established by histology, and fast improvement of renal function was obtained after starting corticosteroid therapy. Atypical presentation and simultaneous involvement of liver, bone marrow and kidneys make diagnosis of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis still a diagnostic challenge. Delayed diagnosis could lead to serious organ damage like a progressive severe kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Brugnaro
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | - Francesca Cattelan
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | - Erika Morelli
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrucci
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | - Sandro Panese
- Infectious Diseases Department, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Tollot
- Pathology Service, O.C. “SS.Giovanni e Paolo”, Venezia, Italy
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11
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Ramachandran L, Pamulapati S, Barlas A, Aqeel A. Elderly Onset Sarcoidosis: A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e20443. [PMID: 35047280 PMCID: PMC8759762 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ autoimmune disease that affects females more than males. While primarily considered as a disease of the young, very few cases of sarcoidosis have been reported in patients over 65 years old. We report the case of sarcoidosis in an 80-year-old female and ultimately died from sarcoidosis-related complications. We review the literature and highlight key differences in elderly onset sarcoidosis when compared to the general population. We also advise physicians to have a high index of suspicion for sarcoidosis in the elderly who present with hypercalcemia and abnormal findings on chest imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aisha Barlas
- Internal Medicine, Javon Bea Hospital, Rockford, USA
| | - Ammar Aqeel
- Internal Medicine, Javon Bea Hospital, Rockford, USA
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12
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Graf C, Arncken J, Lange CM, Willuweit K, Schattenberg JM, Seessle J, Lang-Meli J, Böttler T, Dietz J, Wetzstein N, Mondorf A, Vermehren J, Rohde G, Zeuzem S, Pathil A. Hepatic sarcoidosis: Clinical characteristics and outcome. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100360. [PMID: 34765958 PMCID: PMC8571721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Clinical manifestation of hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis can vary from asymptomatic disease to severe complications such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. However, data on hepatic sarcoidosis are limited, and evidence-based recommendations are lacking. Our study aimed to assess the features and clinical course of hepatic sarcoidosis in a predominantly Caucasian cohort. METHODS We performed a retrospective study including all patients with hepatic sarcoidosis between 2004 and 2020 in 5 German centres. The median follow-up time was 36 months (range 0.0-195). Data on demographic parameters, clinical manifestations, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome were collected. RESULTS A total of 1,476 patients with sarcoidosis and 62 patients with hepatic involvement (4.2%) were identified. Of the patients, 51.6% were female, and 80.6% were Caucasian. Most patients were asymptomatic and were observed to have a cholestatic pattern of liver enzyme elevations. Cirrhosis was detected in 9 patients (14.5%), of whom 6 developed clinical manifestations of portal hypertension. Fifty-four patients were medically treated, most commonly with glucocorticoids (69.4%) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (40.3%). Levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased by 60.8% on average from baseline in patients treated with glucocorticoids and by 59.9% in patients treated with UDCA. Seventeen patients received treatment augmentation with a second line agent, of whom 8 patients normalised ALP levels during follow-up. None of the patients underwent liver transplantation or developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Three of the patients died during follow-up owing to liver-related complications. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis was found in 4.2% of patients with sarcoidosis and was clinically significant in 14.5% of those. These findings highlight the importance of early identifying, monitoring, and treating hepatic sarcoidosis, given its increased mortality when associated with end-stage liver disease. LAY SUMMARY Clinical diagnostic and surveillance of hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis has not been standardised, and management of hepatic involvement is a clinical challenge, since it remains poorly characterised in many ways. Our results show that one-third of patients with hepatic sarcoidosis presented with clinically significant portal hypertension, 14.5% suffered from cirrhosis, and 3 patients died owing to liver-related complications. Regarding pharmacological treatment options, corticosteroids and UDCA were the medical agents most frequently used, and both of them have been shown to induce biochemical response in the majority of patients. These findings highlight the importance of correctly and early identifying hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis, because of the potentially progressive course of disease.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- ATS, American Thoracic Society
- AZA, azathioprine
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HRS, hepatorenal syndrome
- Hepatic granuloma
- Hepatic sarcoidosis
- ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
- IL-2R, IL-2 receptor
- Liver involvement
- MMF, mycophenolatmofetil
- MTX, methotrexate
- Outcome
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- Treatment
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- ULN, upper limit of normal
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Graf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jeannette Arncken
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian M. Lange
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Willuweit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörn M. Schattenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Seessle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Lang-Meli
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Böttler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Dietz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nils Wetzstein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Antonia Mondorf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Vermehren
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gernot Rohde
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anita Pathil
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Renzulli M, Casavola M, Foà A, Pizzi C, Golfieri R. Imaging of Biliary Involvement in Sarcoidosis: Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography, and Gadolinium Ethoxybenzyl Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. Tomography 2021; 7:783-791. [PMID: 34842833 PMCID: PMC8628976 DOI: 10.3390/tomography7040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease usually affecting the chest, hilar lymph nodes, and lungs, but can potentially involve any organ; therefore, its clinical presentation may vary. Hepatobiliary involvement is rare, and typically asymptomatic; however, it can lead to cirrhosis, and may require liver transplantation. In this report, we present a rare case of a patient affected by sarcoidosis with hepatobiliary involvement. He presented to our hospital complaining of dyspnea triggered by moderate efforts and oppressive thoracic discomfort. Chest X-ray showed multiple bilateral nodular opacities and enlargement of both hilar regions, confirmed by a subsequent total-body computed tomography scan and positron emission tomography, which also revealed cardiac, splenic, and hepatic involvement. Liver function was studied via gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was also performed. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis was finally achieved via liver biopsy, revealing non-necrotizing granulomas in the periportal space. The patient was treated with prednisone per os, with regression of all lesions at all levels. Although other cases of biliary sarcoidosis have been described, this report provides a complete image set of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance and MRCP images that is lacking in the English literature, and which may be useful for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Renzulli
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 39-0512142958
| | - Mario Casavola
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Alberto Foà
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmine Pizzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Rita Golfieri
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (R.G.)
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14
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Muhanna A, Al Momani L, Likhitsup A. Sarcoidosis Manifesting as Liver Granuloma With Asteroid Bodies. Cureus 2021; 13:e17915. [PMID: 34540506 PMCID: PMC8439400 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is an autoimmune disease, which most commonly affects the lungs and lymph nodes and is characterized with non-caseating granulomas. Hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis occurs in less than 1% of patients. Most patients with hepatic sarcoidosis remain asymptomatic with only laboratory abnormalities. We present the case of a 59-year-old man with sarcoidosis who was evaluated for an elevation of alkaline phosphatase. Laboratory test results revealed an alkaline phosphatase level of 230 U/L, with normal alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, and albumin. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast of the liver showed a mildly enlarged liver. Liver biopsy sections showed steatosis, active steatohepatitis, and focal portal granuloma formation with asteroid body. The patient was scheduled regular liver function tests and clinical monitoring. Most patients with hepatic sarcoidosis remain asymptomatic with only laboratory abnormalities such as elevation of liver enzymes and alkaline phosphatase. Although liver involvement is common in gastrointestinal sarcoidosis, progression to liver cirrhosis is rare in such patients. While symptomatic patients may be managed with systematic prednisone, asymptomatic patients may require only laboratory and clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Muhanna
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Laith Al Momani
- Gastroenterology, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - Alisa Likhitsup
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
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15
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Shah N, Mitra A. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Sarcoidosis: A Review Article. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 17:301-307. [PMID: 33968393 PMCID: PMC8087901 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Shah
- Division of Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
| | - Arnab Mitra
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOR
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16
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Deliwala SS, Hussain M, Ponnapalli A, Khanal R, Goyal H, Abdalla A, Elbedawi MM. Sarcoidosis Masquerading as Long-Standing Cholestasis. Gastroenterology Res 2021; 14:112-115. [PMID: 34007353 PMCID: PMC8110232 DOI: 10.14740/gr1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sarcoidosis is an exceedingly rare extrapulmonary manifestation of sarcoidosis, with the majority remaining stable for years without clinical clues, only displaying biochemical abnormalities. Amongst the literature, the timeline to cirrhosis has not been parsed out; hepatomegaly develops in 50% and cirrhosis in 33% of all hepatic sarcoidosis patients, making this an essential issue in this patient population. Interestingly, the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma remains high regardless of cirrhosis development. Corticosteroids and biologics remain the mainstay of therapy, although refractory cases may require deeper immunosuppression. Liver transplantation is seen in a handful of cases with promising results. We present an interesting case of cholestatic pattern livery injury in our outpatient setting that was eventually discovered to be hepatic sarcoidosis. Mild biochemical derangements or sole elevations in alkaline phosphatase are under-recognized, and patients often progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. This diagnostic miss has significant implications and represents an opportunity to treat liver disease with a reversible cause. Consensus guidelines recommend alkaline phosphatase screening in newly diagnosed cases of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit S Deliwala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Murtaza Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Anoosha Ponnapalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Rupesh Khanal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Hemant Goyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Adil Abdalla
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Mamoon M Elbedawi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
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17
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Sève P, Pacheco Y, Durupt F, Jamilloux Y, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Isaac S, Boussel L, Calender A, Androdias G, Valeyre D, El Jammal T. Sarcoidosis: A Clinical Overview from Symptoms to Diagnosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040766. [PMID: 33807303 PMCID: PMC8066110 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs. It affects people of all ethnic backgrounds and occurs at any time of life but is more frequent in African Americans and Scandinavians and in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Sarcoidosis can affect any organ with a frequency varying according to ethnicity, sex and age. Intrathoracic involvement occurs in 90% of patients with symmetrical bilateral hilar adenopathy and/or diffuse lung micronodules, mainly along the lymphatic structures which are the most affected system. Among extrapulmonary manifestations, skin lesions, uveitis, liver or splenic involvement, peripheral and abdominal lymphadenopathy and peripheral arthritis are the most frequent with a prevalence of 25-50%. Finally, cardiac and neurological manifestations which can be the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis, as can be bilateral parotitis, nasosinusal or laryngeal signs, hypercalcemia and renal dysfunction, affect less than 10% of patients. The diagnosis is not standardized but is based on three major criteria: a compatible clinical and/or radiological presentation, the histological evidence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in one or more tissues and the exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous disease. Certain clinical features are considered to be highly specific of the disease (e.g., Löfgren's syndrome, lupus pernio, Heerfordt's syndrome) and do not require histological confirmation. New diagnostic guidelines were recently published. Specific clinical criteria have been developed for the diagnosis of cardiac, neurological and ocular sarcoidosis. This article focuses on the clinical presentation and the common differentials that need to be considered when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Pacheco
- Faculty of Medicine, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69007 Lyon, France;
| | - François Durupt
- Department of Dermatology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France;
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
| | - Mathieu Gerfaud-Valentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
| | - Sylvie Isaac
- Department of Pathology, Lyon University Hospital, 69310 Pierre Bénite, France;
| | - Loïc Boussel
- Department of Radiology, Lyon University Hospital, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Calender
- Department of Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, 69500 Bron, France;
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- Department of Neurology, Service Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-Inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon University Hospital, F-69677 Bron, France;
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne et Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93008 Bobigny, France;
| | - Thomas El Jammal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lyon University Hospital, 69007 Lyon, France; (Y.J.); (M.G.-V.); (T.E.J.)
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18
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Ryland KL. Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Incidence, Monitoring, and Treatment. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020; 16:208-211. [PMID: 33318790 PMCID: PMC7727856 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Tana C, Donatiello I, Coppola MG, Ricci F, Maccarone MT, Ciarambino T, Cipollone F, Giamberardino MA. CT Findings in Pulmonary and Abdominal Sarcoidosis. Implications for Diagnosis and Classification. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093028. [PMID: 32962242 PMCID: PMC7565100 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas virtually in every organ and tissue. This finding represents the most important diagnostic clue to reach a correct definition of sarcoidosis, although the biopsy is invasive and has several risk procedures. Several efforts are made to suspect the diagnosis of sarcoidosis by combining noninvasive elements, in particular from imaging, though these findings are often nonspecific and reflect the wide multifactorial pathogenesis. Every effort should be made to obtain a detailed radiological picture that, if associated with a suggestive clinical picture, could avoid the need of biopsy in some specific cases. In this narrative review, we aim to describe main computed tomography (CT) features of pulmonary and abdominal sarcoidosis, by reporting strengths and limits of this technique, in particular for the identification of extrapulmonary, isolated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tana
- Geriatrics Clinic, “G. Bernabeo” Hospital, Contrada S. Liberata, 66026 Ortona (CH), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-085-9172287
| | - Iginio Donatiello
- Internal Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | | | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, “G.d’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | | | | | - Francesco Cipollone
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. D’Annunzio”, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Maria Adele Giamberardino
- Geriatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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20
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Saito S, Kodama K, Kogiso T, Yamanashi Y, Taniai M, Ariizumi S, Yamamoto M, Tokushige K. Atypical Sarcoidosis Diagnosed by Massive Splenomegaly. Intern Med 2020; 59:641-648. [PMID: 31666466 PMCID: PMC7086327 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3646-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined a 22-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with abdominal distention. At 19 years of age, the patient presented with hepatosplenomegaly. She was examined several times in another hospital; however, the cause was unidentified. Our evaluation showed severe pancytopenia and a spleen 13×24 cm in size. The serum levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysozyme were elevated. She was diagnosed with liver sarcoidosis based on non-caseating epithelioid granuloma in liver biopsy tissue. To improve the symptoms, splenectomy was performed, and her pancytopenia and symptoms improved. Sarcoidosis should be considered in cases of massive splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Saito
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kodama
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kogiso
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamanashi
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Makiko Taniai
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Shunichi Ariizumi
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tokushige
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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21
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Budd-Chiari Syndrome in a Patient With Simultaneous Diagnosis of Hepatic Sarcoidosis and Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia. ACG Case Rep J 2019; 6:e00200. [PMID: 31750374 PMCID: PMC6831147 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare vascular disorder characterized by an obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) may develop as a result of an underlying autoimmune disease such as hepatic sarcoidosis. Only a few case reports have described cases with either NRH or hepatic sarcoidosis associated with BCS. We present a 42-year-old man presenting with BCS and signs of portal hypertension who was found to have an underlying pathological diagnosis of both hepatic sarcoidosis and NRH and who was successfully treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
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22
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Hepatic Sarcoidosis Complicated with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Case Reports Hepatol 2019; 2019:9383019. [PMID: 31827951 PMCID: PMC6885758 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9383019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic noncaseous granulomatous disease. The liver is a common location but usually asymptomatic. Current literature suggests an association between sarcoidosis and cancers. However, there is a lack of definite evidence. We present a case of a 59-year-old man with jaundice and acutely elevated alkaline phosphatase. The diagnosis was confirmed by obtaining a liver biopsy and was treated with 6 months of steroids. A year later, he had a recurrence of jaundice. MRCP showed biliary dilatation and a mass in the pancreatic head, confirmed by biopsy to be adenocarcinoma. This is the first case to be reported of hepatic sarcoidosis associated with pancreatic cancer.
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23
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Sedki M, Fonseca N, Santiago P, Diaz L, Garcia-Buitrago M, Mirsaeidi M, Levy C. Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Natural History and Management Implications. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:232. [PMID: 31737633 PMCID: PMC6831521 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatic granulomas are common in patients with sarcoidosis, but clinically significant liver disease is uncommon and poorly studied. We aimed to characterize the frequency and clinical course of hepatic sarcoidosis in an ethnically diverse population. Methods: This is a retrospective study including all cases of hepatic sarcoidosis in a single center. The median follow-up time was 49 months (4–121). Cases were identified based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for granulomatous hepatitis, sarcoidosis, and hepatic sarcoidosis. The Chi-square and Wilcoxon-signed rank tests were used as indicated to assess for differences between groups. Results: Of 286 patients with sarcoidosis, 27 had hepatic involvement; 78% were female and 48% African American. The most common pattern of liver tests abnormalities was cholestatic. Ten patients had clinically significant hepatic involvement: cirrhosis in seven (25.9%), portal hypertension in nine (33%), and portal vein thrombosis in one (3.7%). Sex, race, and ethnicity were not associated with an increased risk of hepatic involvement or symptomatic hepatic sarcoidosis. Most patients received medical treatment, most commonly oral glucocorticoids. At the end of the follow-up period, all patients were alive but two had undergone liver transplantation due to complications of hepatic sarcoidosis. Three patients with hepatic sarcoidosis had initially been classified as AMA-negative PBC. Conclusions: Hepatic sarcoidosis was found in 9.4% of patients with sarcoidosis and was clinically significant in 37% of those. Identifying and monitoring hepatic sarcoidosis is crucial given its potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sedki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nicholas Fonseca
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Priscila Santiago
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Liege Diaz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Monica Garcia-Buitrago
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cynthia Levy
- Division of Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United Statesxs
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24
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Simsek M, Deben DS, Horjus CS, Bénard MV, Lissenberg‐Witte BI, Buiter HJC, van Luin M, Seinen ML, Mulder CJJ, Wong DR, de Boer NKH, van Bodegraven AA. Sustained effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring of tioguanine in a cohort of 274 IBD patients intolerant for conventional therapies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:54-65. [PMID: 31094013 PMCID: PMC6618772 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tioguanine (or thioguanine) is an alternative drug for IBD patients who fail prior conventional immunomodulating therapy. AIM To report effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring in a cohort of patients with prolonged tioguanine maintenance therapy. METHODS In this nationwide, multicentre study, medical records of tioguanine- using IBD patients were retrospectively reviewed. Response to therapy was defined as clinical effectiveness without (re)initiation of corticosteroids, concurrent biological therapy or surgical intervention. All adverse events that occurred during the follow-up were listed and graded according to the common terminology criteria (CTC). RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-four patients (female 63%, Crohn's disease in 68%) were included with median treatment duration of 51 months, 1567 patient-years of follow-up and median 20 mg/d tioguanine dosage. Tioguanine was tolerated in 79%, clinical effectiveness at 6 months was documented in 66% and sustained clinical effectiveness during 12 months in 51% of patients. Forty-one per cent of patients developed adverse events: 5% were graded as severe. Adverse events comprised infection requiring hospitalisation in three and skin cancer in eight patients (two melanomas). Asymptomatic nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver occurred in two out of 52 patients with liver biopsies (3.8%) and portal hypertension in three whereof one potentially associated with tioguanine (0.4%). Clinical effectiveness was correlated with 6-thioguanine nucleotide threshold concentrations >682 pmol/8×108 RBC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Long-term tioguanine therapy for at least 12 months was effective in 51% and well tolerated as a maintenance treatment for IBD in about 70% of patients. Adverse events were common, but mainly mild or moderate. 6-Thioguanine nucleotide threshold concentration ≥ 700 pmol/8×108 RBC is proposed as target level with higher odds for clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Simsek
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AG&M Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Debbie S. Deben
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zuyderland Medical CentreSittard‐Geleen‐HeerlenThe Netherlands
| | - Carmen S. Horjus
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRijnstate HospitalArnhemThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie V. Bénard
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Birgit I. Lissenberg‐Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hans J. C. Buiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs van Luin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacyRijnstate HospitalArnhemThe Netherlands
| | - Margien L. Seinen
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chris J. J. Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dennis R. Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zuyderland Medical CentreSittard‐Geleen‐HeerlenThe Netherlands
| | - Nanne K. H. de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AG&M Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co‐MIK)Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard‐Geleen‐HeerlenThe Netherlands
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25
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Fomin VV, Brovko MY, Kalashnikov MV, Sholomova VI, Rozina TP, Akulkina LA, Pershina AE, Yanakayeva AS, Nekrasova TP. Hepatic involvement in sarcoidosis. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:8-16. [PMID: 31094470 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Liver is frequently involved in the pathological process. Wide range of clinical manifestations can be seen: from asymptomatic lesion with normal liver function tests to cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Biopsy plays the key role in diagnosis of the hepatic sarcoidosis. It is essential for morphological diagnosis to exclude other causes of granulomatous liver disease, most often - primary biliary cholangitis. Nowadays there are no standard treatment protocols for patients with hepatic sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Fomin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine No.1, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Yu Brovko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), E.M. Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Kalashnikov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Medical and Preventive Faculty, Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases and Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Sholomova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), E.M. Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Medical and Preventive Faculty, Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases and Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T P Rozina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), E.M. Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia.,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Base Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Akulkina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), E.M. Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Pershina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Base Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Sh Yanakayeva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), E.M. Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - T P Nekrasova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), A.I. Strukov Department of Pathological Anatomy, Moscow, Russia
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Ibrahim AM, Bhandari B, Soriano PK, Quader Z, Gao JZ, Shuster D, Mamillapalli CK. Hepatic Involvement in Systemic Sarcoidosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1212-1215. [PMID: 30305603 PMCID: PMC6196583 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.910600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 68 Final Diagnosis: Hepatic sarcoidosis Symptoms: Abdominal pain • nausea • weakness Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Liver biopsy Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdisamad M Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Bishal Bhandari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Paolo K Soriano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Zafar Quader
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - John Z Gao
- Pathology Associates of Central Illinois, Memorial Medical Center, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Dmitry Shuster
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Springfield Clinic, Springfield, IL, USA
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Giovannini M, Luzzati M, Ferrara G, Buccoliero AM, Simonini G, de Martino M, Cimaz R, Giani T. Common symptoms for a rare disease in a girl with sarcoidosis: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:74. [PMID: 29954416 PMCID: PMC6025712 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoidosis in pediatric age is uncommon and challenging diagnosis, because manifestations can be significantly variable and non-specific since it is a multisystem disease, and virtually any organ system may be involved. Case presentation In this report, we describe the case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with fatigue and weight loss, with a painless hepato-splenomegaly without additional clinical signs on physical examination. In our patient, once we had ruled out infections, malignancies and granulomatous diseases of childhood, we made diagnosis of sarcoidosis, finding suggestive histological features in two different tissues (liver and lymph nodes) with lung involvement. Conclusions Our case points out that pediatricians should consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis in case of systemic symptoms, even in absence of other specific clinical clues, because they represent the most common clinical manifestations on presentation in children, in order to refer promptly the young patient to specialist evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Giovannini
- University of Florence, piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Luzzati
- University of Florence, piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrara
- University of Trieste, via dell'Istria, 65/1, 34100, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Buccoliero
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- University of Florence, piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy.,Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- University of Florence, piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy.,Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- University of Florence, piazza di San Marco, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy.,Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Giani
- Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Lewis J. Histopathology of granulomatous liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2018; 11:77-80. [PMID: 30992794 PMCID: PMC6385944 DOI: 10.1002/cld.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lewis
- Department of PathologyMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFL
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Achakzai IK, Majid Z, Khalid MA, Khan SA, Laeeq SM, Luck NH. Hepatic Sarcodosis presenting as portal hypertension in a young boy. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2018; 11:83-85. [PMID: 29564070 PMCID: PMC5849123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old boy, known case renal stone disease came with the complaints of abdominal pain along with low grade fever. On examination, hepatosplenomegaly was noted while his lab reports showed a low hemoglobulin with a raised ESR. His blood and urine cultures showed no growth. Viral markers, autoimmune profile, C and p ANCA were all negative apart from a raised serum IgG level. Ultrasound abdomen showed a hyperechoic liver with an enlarged spleen along with splenic varices and minimum ascites. Ultrasound hepatic doppler was normal. Serum AFP levels were normal while workup for Wilson's disease was negative. Fibroscan showed F4 fibosis. CT scan abdomen showed an enlarged left lobe of the liver along with an enlarged spleen. His EGD revealed varices. So liver biopsy was done that was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease with ZN stain testing negative for TB.PPD, urine for AFB were both negative. Serum ACE levels were raised. He started ATT therapy but his condition did not improve. So, on the suspicion of hepatic sarcoidosis, he started on steroids and had a drastic improvement in his condition.
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Syed U, Alkhawam H, Bakhit M, Companioni RAC, Walfish A. Hepatic sarcoidosis: pathogenesis, clinical context, and treatment options. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:1025-30. [PMID: 27175775 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2016.1177856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is typically characterized as a non-caseating granulomatous disease that has the ability to affect multiple different organ systems. Although extra-thoracic sarcoidosis can occur in the presence and also without lung involvement, isolated extra-pulmonary disease is rare. The liver is the third most commonly affected organ system after the lungs and lymph nodes. When discussing hepatic sarcoidosis it is important to keep in mind that many patients in this population may not present as one would typically expect since most of the patients are asymptomatic or have mild presentations. Therefore, the diagnosis can be difficult at times since no single laboratory or imaging study can definitively diagnose this systemic disease. In the rare case of some patients where there is difficulty in discerning between different pathologies, the use of image-guided tissue biopsy may be necessary to establish a diagnosis. At the current time, there are no clear guidelines for the management of hepatic sarcoidosis and are mostly dependent on a patient's clinical status at time of presentation. The current body of research in regard to treatment suggests steroids to be the mainstay of therapy. However, there is a role for additional immunosuppressive therapy in cases where the initial treatment is refractory to steroids. In this manuscript, we discussed the pathogenesis of liver sarcoidosis and context of its presentation. In addition, the differential diagnosis and imaging evaluation in this population is discussed. Finally, treatment options are reviewed in setting of previous studies for liver sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Syed
- a Department of Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , Elmhurst , NY , USA
| | - Hassan Alkhawam
- a Department of Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , Elmhurst , NY , USA
| | - Mena Bakhit
- b Department of Medicine , Yale School of Medicine , CT , USA
| | | | - Aron Walfish
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Elmhurst Hospital Center , Elmhurst , NY , USA
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic, inflammatory, granulomatous disease of unknown origin that can involve any organ. More than 90% of patients have thoracic sarcoidosis, which most frequently presents with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. In approximately 20% of patients with thoracic sarcoidosis there is involvement of the lung parenchyma as well as mostly asymptomatic cardiac sarcoidosis in up to 55% of patients. Most patients are asymptomatic and the diagnosis is an incidental finding on chest X-ray or during clarification of unspecific symptoms, such as fatigue or cough. In approximately two thirds of patients the disease undergoes spontaneous remission and in one third the disease follows a chronic or even progressive course. Furthermore, sarcoidosis can also be manifested in the abdominal organs, the central nervous system (CNS) and the musculoskeletal system. These manifestations are frequently subclinical and require targeted diagnostics when sarcoidosis is clinically suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Prosch
- Univ. Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien, Währingergürtel 18-22, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
| | | | - C Loewe
- Univ. Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien, Währingergürtel 18-22, 1090, Wien, Österreich
| | - D Beitzke
- Univ. Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien, Währingergürtel 18-22, 1090, Wien, Österreich
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