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Wu Y, Yang Y, Li F, Zou J, Wang YH, Xu MX, Wang YL, Li RX, Sun YT, Lu S, Zhang YY, Sun XD. Icaritin Attenuates Lipid Accumulation by Increasing Energy Expenditure and Autophagy Regulated by Phosphorylating AMPK. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:373-383. [PMID: 34221923 PMCID: PMC8237137 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid accumulation is the major characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the prevalence of which continues to rise. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of icaritin on lipid accumulation. METHODS Cells were treated with icaritin at 0.7, 2.2, 6.7, or 20 µM for 24 h. The effects on lipid accumulation in L02 and Huh-7 cells were detected by Bodipy and oil red O staining, respectively. Mitochondria biogenesis of L02 cells was detected by MitoTracker Orange staining. Glucose uptake and adenosine triphosphate content of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes were detected. The expression levels of proteins in the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, biomarkers of autophagy, and mitochondria biogenesis were measured by western blotting. LC3 puncta were detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Icaritin significantly attenuated lipid accumulation in L02 and Huh-7 cells and boosted the mitochondria biogenesis of L02 cells. Icaritin enhanced glucose uptake, decreased adenosine triphosphate content, and activated the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Icaritin boosted autophagy and also enhanced the initiation of autophagic flux in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblasts. However, icaritin decreased autophagy and promoted mitochondria biogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. CONCLUSIONS Icaritin attenuates lipid accumulation by increasing energy expenditure and regulating autophagy by activating the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zou
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng-Xia Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Lun Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Xi Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Sun
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiological Protection, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence to: Yuan-Yuan Zhang, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-6262. Tel: +86-28-8550-1278, Fax: +86-28-8550-1278, E-mail: , ; Xiao-Dong Sun, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7062-8931. Tel: +86-28-8550-1278, Fax: +86-28-8550-1278, E-mail:
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence to: Yuan-Yuan Zhang, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-6262. Tel: +86-28-8550-1278, Fax: +86-28-8550-1278, E-mail: , ; Xiao-Dong Sun, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7062-8931. Tel: +86-28-8550-1278, Fax: +86-28-8550-1278, E-mail:
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Chaudhari R, Fouda S, Sainu A, Pappachan JM. Metabolic complications of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1267-1282. [PMID: 33833481 PMCID: PMC8015302 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i13.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disease that is implicated in multiple extrahepatic organ dysfunction contributing to its protean manifestations. HCV is associated with diverse extrahepatic disorders including atherosclerosis, glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances, alterations in the iron metabolic pathways, and lymphoproliferative diseases over and above the traditional liver manifestations of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The orchestration between HCV major proteins and the liver-muscle-adipose axis, poses a major burden on the global health of human body organs, if not adequately addressed. The close and inseparable associations between chronic HCV infection, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular disorders are specifically important considering the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and their economic burden to patients, the healthcare systems, and society. Cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the interplay of these organs and tissues in health and disease are therefore of significant interest. The coexistence of metabolic disorders and chronic hepatitis C infection also enhances the progression to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of metabolic disorders is believed to influence the chronicity and virulence of HCV leading to liver disease progression. This comprehensive review highlights current knowledge on the metabolic manifestations of hepatitis C and the potential pathways in which these metabolic changes can influence the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaudhari
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sherouk Fouda
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ashik Sainu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aster Oman Hospital, Al Ghubra, Muscat OM 133, Oman
| | - Joseph M Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Aceto GM, Catalano T, Curia MC. Molecular Aspects of Colorectal Adenomas: The Interplay among Microenvironment, Oxidative Stress, and Predisposition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1726309. [PMID: 32258104 PMCID: PMC7102468 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1726309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multistep process initiated by a benign polyp that has the potential to evolve into in situ carcinoma through the interactions between environmental and genetic factors. CRC incidence rates are constantly increased for young adult patients presenting an advanced tumor stage. The majority of CRCs arise from colonic adenomas originating from aberrant cell proliferation of colon epithelium. Endoscopic polypectomy represents a tool for early detection and removal of polyps, although the occurrence of cancers after negative colonoscopy shows a significant incidence. It has long been recognized that the aberrant regulation of Wingless/It (Wnt)/β-Catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is supported by its critical role in the differentiation of stem cells in intestinal crypts and in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. For this review, we will focus on the development of adenomatous polyps through the interplay between renewal signaling in the colon epithelium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The current knowledge of molecular pathology allows us to deepen the relationships between oxidative stress and other risk factors as lifestyle, microbiota, and predisposition. We underline that the chronic inflammation and ROS production in the colon epithelium can impair the Wnt/β-catenin and/or base excision repair (BER) pathways and predispose to polyp development. In fact, the coexistence of oxidative DNA damage and errors in DNA polymerase can foster C>T transitions in various types of cancer and adenomas, leading to a hypermutated phenotype of tumor cells. Moreover, the function of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) protein in regulating DNA repair is very important as therapeutic implication making DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents more effective in CRC cells that tend to accumulate mutations. Additional studies will determine whether approaches based on Wnt inhibition would provide long-term therapeutic value in CRC, but it is clear that APC disruption plays a central role in driving and maintaining tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Teresa Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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