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Khoury RD, de Carvalho LS, do Nascimento MFR, Alhussain F, Abu Hasna A. Endodontic irrigants from a comprehensive perspective. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4460-4468. [PMID: 39070803 PMCID: PMC11235474 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article explores the fundamental principles of modern endodontics with a focus on root canal cleaning and shaping. It reviews commonly used endodontic irrigant, namely sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), herbal extracts, chlorhexidine (CHX), and chelating agents, highlighting their properties, applications, and potential drawbacks. NaOCl, a key antimicrobial agent, demonstrates effectiveness against various microorganisms but poses challenges such as high cytotoxicity. Herbal extracts, gaining recognition in endodontics, present an alternative with potential advantages in preserving dentin integrity. CHX, known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, is discussed in both liquid and gel formulations, emphasizing its role in reducing smear layer formation and preserving hybrid layer durability. Chelating agents, specifically ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and citric acid, play a vital role in removing the smear layer, enhancing dentin permeability, and facilitating the penetration of antimicrobial agents. The review article underscores the importance of careful application and consideration of each irrigant's properties to ensure safe and effective endodontic procedures. It serves as a valuable guide for clinicians in selecting appropriate irrigants based on specific treatment requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Duarte Khoury
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara Steffany de Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Felipe Rios do Nascimento
- School of Dentistry, The National Institute of Higher Education and Postgraduate Studies Padre Gervásio-INAPÓS, Pouso Alegre 37550-121, MG, Brazil
| | - Fadi Alhussain
- School of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Al Kiswah 877C+P2, Damascus, Syria
| | - Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos 12245000, SP, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
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Bayraktar G, Yılmaz Göler AM, Aksu B, Öztürk Özener H. Efficacy of hypochlorous acid as an alternative oral antimicrobial agent on human gingival fibroblasts, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans biofilms in vitro. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:980-989. [PMID: 38018019 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2288071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at 50 ppm and 200 ppm and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) at various time intervals, in vitro. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Antimicrobial effects on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans were determined using the time-kill method. All solutions exhibited a significant impact on HGFs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 50 ppm HOCl demonstrated the highest cell viability, followed by 200 ppm HOCl. Both HOCl solutions were less cytotoxic to HGFs than 0.2% CHX. 50 ppm and 200 ppm HOCl demonstrated stronger efficiencies than CHX against A. actinomycetemcomitans and C. albicans. The data suggest that HOCl solutions have potential as an alternative antiseptic to CHX due to their lower cytotoxicity and superior antimicrobial activity, but optimal dosage of HOCl requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözdem Bayraktar
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Burak Aksu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Hafize Öztürk Özener
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Fang L, Zhou H, Cheng L, Wang Y, Liu F, Wang S. The application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle in oral disease treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1124411. [PMID: 36864881 PMCID: PMC9971568 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1124411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) hold promise as safer and more effective medication delivery vehicles for treating oral disorders. As the drug's delivery system, MSNs adapt to effectively combine with a variety of medications to get over systemic toxicity and low solubility issues. MSNs, which operate as a common nanoplatform for the co-delivery of several compounds, increase therapy effectiveness and show promise in the fight against antibiotic resistance. MSNs offer a noninvasive and biocompatible platform for delivery that produces long-acting release by responding to minute stimuli in the cellular environmen. MSN-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of periodontitis, cancer, dentin hypersensitivity, and dental cavities have recently been developed as a result of recent unparalleled advancements. The applications of MSNs to be embellished by oral therapeutic agents in stomatology are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Fang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huoxiang Zhou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Beijing Genomics Institution (BGI) College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Liu, ; Suping Wang,
| | - Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Liu, ; Suping Wang,
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Àlvarez G, Soler-Ollé A, Isabal S, León R, Blanc V. Bacterial decontamination of toothbrushes by immersion in a mouthwash containing 0.05% chlorhexidine and 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 21:357-364. [PMID: 36524318 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toothbrushes are colonized by microorganisms, implying a risk of infection. That risk can be reduced by decreasing the microbial contamination of the filaments. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antiseptic efficacy of a 0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash on toothbrushes. METHODS A total of twelve toothbrushes used three times/day for 14 days by orally and systemically healthy people were randomly split into two groups, and their heads were immersed for 2 h in PBS (control) or Perio·Aid Active Control (treatment). The microorganisms were recovered, and their number was calculated by culture, quantitative PCR, and viability PCR. Statistical differences were first assessed with a two-way mixed ANOVA and subsequently with Student's t-test. RESULTS The results showed no statistical differences in the total number of cells for the treatment (mean ± CI95% of 7.27 ± 1.09 log10 bacteria/ml) and the control (7.62 ± 0.64 log10 bacteria/ml) groups, but a significantly lower number of live cells in the treatment group (4.58 ± 0.61 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 2.15 ± 1.42 log10 cfu/ml) than in the control group (6.49 ± 1.39 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 5.04 ± 0.93 log10 cfu/ml). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, sanitization of toothbrushes with this mouthwash reduces the number of live microorganisms adhered to the filaments. Such decrease of the bacterial load could include bacteria from the oral cavity, from the environment, and from nearby toothbrushes since the quantification was not limited to any bacterial taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Àlvarez
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Agnès Soler-Ollé
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sergio Isabal
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial biofilm- and sugar-dependent disease. This study investigated the influence of different agents on the induction of surviving Streptococcus mutans cells after successive treatment cycles and characterized the biofilms formed by these cells recovered posttreatment. The agents (with their main targets listed in parentheses) were compound 1771 (lipoteichoic acids), 4′ hydroxychalcone (exopolysaccharides), myricetin (exopolysaccharides), tt-farnesol (cytoplasmatic membrane), sodium fluoride (enolase—glycolysis), chlorhexidine (antimicrobial), and vehicle. Recovered cells from biofilms were generated from exposure to each agent during 10 cycles of consecutive treatments (modeled on a polystyrene plate bottom). The recovered cell counting was different for each agent. The recovered cells from each group were grown as biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs (culture medium with sucrose/starch). In S. mutans biofilms formed by cells recovered from biofilms previously exposed to compound 1771, 4′ hydroxychalcone, or myricetin, cells presented higher expression of the 16S rRNA, gyrA (DNA replication and transcription), gtfB (insoluble exopolysaccharides), and eno (enolase—glycolysis) genes and lower quantities of insoluble dry weight and insoluble exopolysaccharides than those derived from other agents. These findings were confirmed by the smaller biovolume of bacteria and/or exopolysaccharides and the biofilm distribution (coverage area). Moreover, preexposure to chlorhexidine increased exopolysaccharide production. Therefore, agents with different targets induce cells with distinct biofilm formation capacities, which is critical for developing formulations for biofilm control. IMPORTANCE This article addresses the effect of distinct agents with distinct targets in the bacterial cell (cytoplasmatic membrane and glycolysis), the cell’s extracellular synthesis of exopolysaccharides that are important for cariogenic extracellular matrix construction and biofilm buildup in the generation of cells that persisted after treatment, and how these cells form biofilms in vitro. For example, if preexposure to an agent augments the production of virulence determinants, such as exopolysaccharides, its clinical value may be inadequate. Modification of biofilm formation capacity after exposure to agents is critical for the development of formulations for biofilm control to prevent caries, a ubiquitous disease associated with biofilm and diet.
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Shah SV, Badakar CM, Hugar SM, Hallikerimath S, K G, Mundada MV. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouth Rinse on Salivary Streptococcus mutans in Children with Mixed Dentition: A Randomized Crossover Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:99-103. [PMID: 35528483 PMCID: PMC9016908 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) shows increased resistance to currently available antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. The present study compares the effectiveness of chlorhexidine and Herbal mouth rinse against salivary S. mutans in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods Subjects (n = 60) with mixed dentition were selected for the study. Caries status was recorded using Nyvard's criteria. Baseline saliva samples were collected and assessed for quantifying S. mutans. Subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths with 0.2 % w/v chlorhexidine and herbal mouth rinse for 7 days. Saliva samples were collected after 7 days and assessed for S. mutans. After a run-in period of 21 days, both the mouth rinses were crossed over according to the Latin square design, and a similar procedure was carried out. Later, determination of mean colony-forming units (CFU/mL) from the saliva samples was done. For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied. Results Both the groups showed a significant reduction in S. mutans count, at baseline and 7 days (p = 0.0001), and the reduction of S. mutans count in herbal mouth rinse as compared to chlorhexidine mouth rinse (p = 0.0209) was statistically significant. Conclusion Herbal mouth rinse proved to have better antimicrobial efficacy than Chlorhexidine mouth rinse. How to cite this article Shah SV, Badakar CM, Hugar SM, et al. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouth Rinse on Salivary Streptococcus mutans in Children with Mixed Dentition: A Randomized Crossover Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):99-103.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas V Shah
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekhar M Badakar
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
- Chandrashekhar M Badakar, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 9902773259, e-mail:
| | - Shivayogi M Hugar
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Hallikerimath
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Gowtham K
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhura V Mundada
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KAHER's KLE VK Insitute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Kamble A, Jabin Z, Agarwal N, Anand A. Effectiveness of Oral Probiotics in Reducing S. Mutans Count in Caries-active Children: A Comparison with Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouthrinse (Hiora®). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:S207-S211. [PMID: 35645512 PMCID: PMC9108858 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to compare the reduction in salivary mutans streptococci counts and to evaluate any change in the salivary pH values after the use of oral probiotics, chlorhexidine, and herbal mouthrinse. Method Oral probiotics, chlorhexidine, and herbal mouthrinse [Hiora®] were evaluated for their efficacy against S. mutans in 75 caries-active children, aged 6-14 years. Results The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Oral probiotics showed lesser reduction in the S. mutans count as compared to chlorhexidine but the values were statistically insignificant. Herbal mouthrinse was not as effective as the oral probiotics or chlorhexidine in reducing the S. mutans count. Conclusion Oral probiotics show a similar efficacy as the gold standard, chlorhexidine, in reduction of oral S. mutans. How to cite this article Kamble A, Jabin Z, Agarwal N, et al. Effectiveness of Oral Probiotics in Reducing S. Mutans Count in Caries-active Children: A Comparison with Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouth-rinse (Hiora®). Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S207-S211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Kamble
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, India
- Anuja Kamble, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Phone: +91 9673277260, e-mail:
| | - Zohra Jabin
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nidhi Agarwal
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashish Anand
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, India
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Jain A, Singh V, Lukram A, Chatterjee S, Khan A, Dawar G. Antibacterial efficacy of manuka honey, ocimum sanctum, curcuma longa and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on the level of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus - A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res 2022; 33:169-173. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_159_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Thimmaiah C, Sabu N, Thomas N, Joseph A, Jobe J, Palose P. Comparative evaluation of chlorhexidine and cetrimide as irrigants in necrotic primary teeth: An In vivo study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S626-S630. [PMID: 36110802 PMCID: PMC9469387 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_753_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Disinfection of the root canal system by biomechanical preparation and profuse irrigation is especially important in primary teeth due to its complex pulp canal anatomy. Appropriate selection of irrigating solution should be done in terms of tissue dissolving capacity, antibacterial efficacy, and palatability when treating pediatric cases. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.2% cetrimide (CTR), and 0.2% CHX + 0.2% CTR against anaerobic bacteria and to test the influence of CTR added to CHX on its antibacterial action. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five teeth that were selected for the study were divided into three groups: Group I (2% CHX), Group II (0.2% CTR), and Group III (0. 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR). Samples collected before and after irrigation were immediately processed and microbial growths were quantified. Statistical Analysis: Intergroup comparison was done using one-way analysis of variance and Newman–Keuls multiple post hoc procedures and intragroup comparison was done using paired t-test. Results: When the mean values of Group I were compared with Group II, the data were statistically not significant (P = 0.2341), whereas Group I showed a significant difference when compared with Group III (P = 0.0107). When the mean values of Group II and Group III were compared, the data were found to be statistically not significant (P = 0.0805). Conclusion: The efficacy of 2% CHX was found to be slightly superior when compared with that of 0.2% CTR, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, a significant difference was found between 2% CHX and combination irrigants.
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Comparing the Antifungal Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments at Different Time Intervals Using the Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6550054. [PMID: 34938336 PMCID: PMC8687846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6550054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel to those of four intracanal medicaments at various time intervals. Materials and Methods The agar well diffusion technique was utilized to test the antifungal activity of the following medicaments against Candida albinans (C. albicans): sodium hypochlorite gel, chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide paste, Ledermix, and Diapex Plus. The inhibition zone related to each medicine was measured in millimeter after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell tests, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results Except for Ledermix and Diapex Plus, which had no antifungal action, all of the medicaments showed varied inhibitory zones for C. albicans. At all periods, the NaOCl gel had the most significant inhibition zones, followed by the CHX gel and calcium hydroxide. At all time intervals, the NaOCl gel demonstrated comparable antifungal efficacy. When compared to a 24-hour time interval, the CHX gel showed an increased antifungal activity at the 48-hour and 72-hour intervals. Calcium hydroxide, on the other hand, showed a decrease in its antifungal activity at the 72-hour interval. Conclusion The antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel was the highest among the investigated medicaments. Chlorhexidine gel's antifungal activity improved over time, whereas calcium hydroxide's antifungal activity declined. Diapex Plus and Ledermix did not have any antifungal properties.
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Srimaneepong V, Thanamee T, Wattanasirmkit K, Muangsawat S, Matangkasombut O. Efficacy of low-molecular weight chitosan against Candida albicans biofilm on polymethyl methacrylate resin. Aust Dent J 2021; 66:262-269. [PMID: 33486770 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida biofilm is a major cause of denture stomatitis. We aimed to compare the efficacy of low-molecular-weight chitosan solutions against Candida albicans biofilm on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. METHODS Various types of chitosan were tested for anti-Candida activity by broth dilution. Two types were selected for further testing on 24-hour C.albicans biofilm formed on PMMA specimens. Specimens were randomly distributed among experimental groups, including 0.1% and 0.2% acetic acid, 3 and 6 mg/mL of oligomer chitosan and 30 kDa chitosan solutions, effervescent tablet (Polident), and 0.2% chlorhexidine, and immersed for 5 min to 12 h. The viability of C. albicans after cleansing were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Remaining viability was calculated into percentage relative to respective controls and analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests. Live/dead fluorescence microscopy was also performed. RESULTS Chitosan solutions had high efficacy against C. albicans biofilm on PMMA. The mean relative viability compared to control after 12-h immersion was 6.60 ± 4.75% and 12.72 ± 6.96% for 3 and 6 mg/mL oligomer, respectively, and 11.68 ± 4.81% and 18.08 ± 6.20% for 3 and 6 mg/mL 30 kDa chitosan, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Low-molecular-weight chitosan solution is an effective antifungal denture cleanser that can significantly reduce C. albicans viability in biofilm on PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viritpon Srimaneepong
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Thanamee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sureeporn Muangsawat
- Department of Microbiology and Research unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sruthi KS, Yashoda R, Puranik PM. Effectiveness of manuka honey and chlorhexidine mouthwash on gingivitis and Streptococcus Mutans count among children: A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_225_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Saidin S, Jumat MA, Mohd Amin NAA, Saleh Al-Hammadi AS. Organic and inorganic antibacterial approaches in combating bacterial infection for biomedical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111382. [PMID: 33254989 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In spite of antibiotics, antibacterial agents or specifically known as antiseptics are actively explored for the prevention of infection-associated medical devices. Antibacterial agents are introduced to overcome the complication of bacterial resistance which devoted by antibiotics. It can be classified into inorganic and organic, that prominently have impacted bacterial retardation in their own killing mechanism patterns. Therefore, this review paper aimed to provide information on most common used inorganic and organic antibacterial agents which have potential to be utilized in biomedical applications, thus, classifying the trends of antibacterial mechanism on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In the beginning, infectious diseases and associated biomedical infections were stated to expose current infection scenarios on medical devices. The general view, application, susceptible bacteria and activation mechanism of inorganic (silver, copper, gold and zinc) and organic (chlorhexidine, triclosan, polyaniline and polyethylenimine) antibacterial agents that are widely proposed for biomedical area, were then gathered and reviewed. In the latter part of the study, the intact mechanisms of inorganic and organic antibacterial agents in retarding bacterial growth were classified and summarized based on its susceptibility on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Most of inorganic antibacterial agents are in the form of metal, which release its ions to retard prominently Gram-negative bacteria. While organic antibacterial agents are susceptible to Gram-positive bacteria through organelle modification and disturbance of bio-chemical pathway. However, the antibacterial effects of each antibacterial agent are also depending on its effective mechanism and the species of bacterial strain. These compilation reviews and classification mechanisms are beneficial to assist the selection of antibacterial agents to be incorporated on/within biomaterials, based on its susceptible bacteria. Besides, the combination of several antibacterial agents with different susceptibilities will cover a wide range of antibacterial spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiqah Saidin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute for Human Centred Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Amin Jumat
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ain Atiqah Mohd Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Sharaf Saleh Al-Hammadi
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Bafail A, Carrilho MR, Kishen A, Prakki A. Effect of protease inhibitor specificity on dentin matrix properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103861. [PMID: 32543386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate protease activity of dentin matrices subjected to treatment with non-specific (chlorhexidine - CHX), cysteine cathepsin specific (E-64), and cysteine cathepsin-K (CT-K) specific (Odanacatib - ODN) inhibitors. METHODS Pulverized dentin powder obtained from human dentin disks (0.5 mm thickness) completely demineralized with 10% H3PO4 were challenged in 1 mL lactic acid (LA) (0.1M, pH 5.5) or stored in deionized water for 30 min. Aliquots of dentin powder were then immersed in 1 mL of CHX (2%), E-64 (10 μM and 20 μM) or Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) for 30min. Degradation of dentin collagen was determined by telopeptide assays measuring the sub-product release of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides (ICTP) and C-terminal peptide (CTX) in incubation media, which correlates with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and CT-K activities respectively (n = 3). The ICTP and CTX data were normalized to concentration of total protein (ICTPtp and CTXtp) in the media, measured by bicinchoninic acid assay. Dentin matrix properties were also measured by gravimetric change (n = 8) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (n = 10). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test and independent t-test (α = 5%). RESULTS Telopeptide assays showed significantly lower CTXtp values after treatment with E-64 and Odanacatib. E-64 and Odanacatib at all tested concentrations significantly reduced the release of ICTPtp. Gravimetric analysis showed no significant difference between the tested inhibitors and control except for CHX after lactic acid challenge. UTS results showed significantly higher values for E-64 (20 μM) and Odanacatib (0.2 nM and 1 μM) groups in deionized water. SIGNIFICANCE Dentin therapies targeting enzymes such as CT-K by specific inhibitors may provide superior pharmacokinetics and optimum efficacy due to precise protein binding, consequently limiting collagen degradation directly or indirectly by enzyme related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Bafail
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada; Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Janadah Bin Umayyah Road, Tayba, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcela Rocha Carrilho
- College of Dental Medicine Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Kishen
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
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15
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Bond strength of root canal filling with radicular dentin previously treated with either photobiomodulation or photodynamic therapy: Effect of disinfection protocols. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Breschi L, Maravic T, Comba A, Cunha SR, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Hass V, Cadenaro M, Mancuso E, Mayer-Santos E, Niu L, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Mazzoni A. Chlorhexidine preserves the hybrid layer in vitro after 10-years aging. Dent Mater 2020; 36:672-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Ramasetty PA, Tripathi AP, S S, Naik SV, Bm D. Nanotechnology in Dentin Disinfection: Can We Preserve the Bond? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 11:468-473. [PMID: 31303732 PMCID: PMC6611536 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of cavity disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Ag-Au nanoparticles on microleakage and resin tag penetrability of composite restoration under in vitro conditions. Materials and methods Twenty-five human permanent molars extracted for therapeutic reasons were used in the study. Class V cavity of standard dimension was prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth. The teeth were randomly allocated into two groups based on the cavity disinfectant used; group I being 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (chlorhexidine FGM) and group II being cavity disinfectant containing Ag-Au nanoparticles (nanocare gold). In both the groups, the dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid and cavity disinfectants were applied following which dentine bonding agent and composite resin were applied and cured. The specimens were then viewed under stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope for evaluation of microleakage and resin tag formation, respectively. Results The results were statistically analyzed using independent ‘t’ test. No significant difference was seen between the two groups with respect to the microleakage and resin tag penetration values (p >0.05). Conclusion Cavity disinfectant containing Ag-Au nanoparticles had no effect on the sealing ability and resin tag penetrability of composite resin in permanent molars when compared with 2% CHX. Clinical significance Use of Cavity disinfectant containing Ag-Au nanoparticles with etch and rinse system can be preferred as it satisfies the ideal property of a cavity disinfectant which includes excellent antimicrobial action and non-detrimental effect on the sealing ability and resin tag penetrability. How to cite this article Ramasetty PA, Tripathi AP, Sugandhan S, Naik SV, Deepak BM. Nanotechnology in Dentin Disinfection: Can We Preserve the Bond? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2018;11(6):468-473
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar A Ramasetty
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrita P Tripathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Sugandhan S
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Saraswathi V Naik
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Bm
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Karnataka, India
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18
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Attiguppe P, Tripathi AP, Sugandhan S, Naik SV, Deepak BM. Nanotechnology in Dentin Disinfection: Can We Preserve the Bond? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:42-46. [PMID: 31496571 PMCID: PMC6710942 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of cavity disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Ag–Au nanoparticles on microleakage and resin tag penetrability of composite restoration under in vitro conditions. Materials and methods Twenty-five human permanent molars extracted for therapeutic reasons were used in the study. Class V cavity of standard dimension was prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth. The teeth were randomly allocated into two groups based on the cavity disinfectant used: group I being 2% CHX gluconate (chlorhexidina Friedrich and Bianca Mittelstadt (FGM)) and group II being cavity disinfectant containing Ag–Au nanoparticles (nanocare gold). In both the groups, the dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid and cavity disinfectants were applied following which dentine bonding agent and composite resin were applied and cured. The specimens were then viewed under a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope for microleakage and resin tag formation, respectively. Results The results were statistically analyzed using an independent “t” test. No significant difference was seen between the two groups with respect to both microleakage and resin tag penetration values (p > 0.05). Conclusion The cavity disinfectant containing Ag–Au nanoparticles did not affect the sealing ability and resin tag penetrability of composite resin in permanent molars when compared with 2% CHX. How to cite this article Attiguppe P, Tripathi AP, et al. Nanotechnology in Dentin Disinfection: Can We Preserve the Bond? Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(1):42–46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Attiguppe
- Department of Pedodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrita P Tripathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Suriyan Sugandhan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Saraswathi V Naik
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Bikshavathi M Deepak
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Shah S, Bargale S, Dave BH, Deshpande A, Kariya PB, Karri A. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of (between) 0.2% Chlorhexidine and Herbal Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:440-445. [PMID: 30166841 PMCID: PMC6104363 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_264_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The chemomechanical plaque control measures are helpful in controlling dental plaque and thus caries, especially in pediatric age group. Aim: This study aims to compare effectiveness of herbal mouthrinse containing Terminalia chebula to that of 0.2% chlorhexidine against children's salivary mutans streptococci levels. Settings and Design: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study design will be framed for conducting this study. Methods: A total of 45 participants were randomly categorized in Group 1, Group 2, or Group 3 (control group, experimental group, or negative control). Baseline unstimulated saliva was collected. All the participants were instructed regarding the use of mouthrinse for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, again unstimulated saliva was collected. After collection, saliva samples were sent for microbiological analysis. Statistical Analysis: The mean colony-forming units (CFU/ml) were determined. Paired t-test, ANOVA test, and post hoc test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: Statistically significant difference in CFU count has been observed in 0.2% chlorhexidine and Oratreat groups at 15 days as compared to baseline (P < 0.001). At 15 days, reduction in CFU count has seen more in Oratreat group as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine group, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: 0.2% chlorhexidine and Oratreat mouthwash reduce the salivary Streptococcus mutans count. Oratreat herbal mouthwash has proved to be better as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swara Shah
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Seema Bargale
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavna H Dave
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Anshula Deshpande
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik B Kariya
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Anuradha Karri
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, K M Shah Dental College, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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20
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Cha HS, Shin DH. Antibacterial capacity of cavity disinfectants against Streptococcus mutans and their effects on shear bond strength of a self-etch adhesive. Dent Mater J 2017; 35:147-52. [PMID: 26830836 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antibacterial properties of three disinfectants [2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and 0.01% urushiol)] against Streptococcus mutans and their effects on bond strength of Scotchbond(TM) Universal. The reduction in bacterial growth was evaluated by the colony counting method. Total 105 specimens were assigned to seven groups, according to surface pretreatment: control group (C) without pretreatment; chlorhexidine gluconate with rinse (CR) or without rinse (CD); NaOCl with rinse (NR) or without rinse (ND); and urushiol with rinse (UR) or without rinse (UD). The shear bond test was performed at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. None of the disinfected specimens had viable microbes after a 30 min incubation. The control group exhibited the strongest bond; however, no significant difference was detected with the disinfectant-treated groups, except weak bonding with ND group. These findings suggest that all disinfectants tested had strong antibacterial capacity and may better be rinsed away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Cha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Graduate School, DanKook University
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21
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Jalaluddin M, Rajasekaran UB, Paul S, Dhanya RS, Sudeep CB, Adarsh VJ. Comparative Evaluation of Neem Mouthwash on Plaque and Gingivitis: A Double-blind Crossover Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:567-571. [PMID: 28713109 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of neem-containing mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized, double-blinded, crossover clinical trial included 40 participants aged 18 to 35 years with washout period of 1 week between the crossover phases. A total of 20 participants, each randomly allocated into groups I and II, wherein in the first phase, group I was provided with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and group II with 2% neem mouthwash. After the scores were recorded, 1-week time period was given to the participants to carry over the effects of the mouthwashes and then the second phase of the test was performed. The participants were instructed to use the other mouthwash through the second test phase. RESULTS There was a slight reduction of plaque level in the first phase as well as in the second phase. When comparison was made between the groups, no statistically significant difference was seen. Both the groups showed reduction in the gingival index (GI) scores in the first phase, and there was a statistically significant difference in both groups at baseline and after intervention (0.005 and 0.01 respectively). In the second phase, GI scores were reduced in both groups, but there was a statistically significant difference between the groups only at baseline scores (0.01). CONCLUSION In the present study, it has been concluded that neem mouthwash can be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash based on the reduced scores in both the groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Using neem mouthwash in maintaining oral hygiene might have a better impact in prevention as well as pervasiveness of oral diseases as it is cost-effective and easily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalaluddin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, e-mail:
| | - U B Rajasekaran
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sam Paul
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Educare Institute of Dental Sciences, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - R S Dhanya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, PSM College of Dental Science & Research, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - C B Sudeep
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - V J Adarsh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahe, Puducherry, India
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22
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Meir O, Zaknoon F, Cogan U, Mor A. A broad-spectrum bactericidal lipopeptide with anti-biofilm properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2198. [PMID: 28526864 PMCID: PMC5438364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the oligoacyllysyl (OAK) series acyl-lysyl-lysyl-aminoacyl-lysine-amide, suggested their utility towards generating robust linear lipopeptide-like alternatives to antibiotics, although to date, none exhibited potent broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. To follow up on this premise, we produced a new analog (C14KKc12K) and investigated its properties in various media. Mechanistic studies suggest that C14KKc12K uses a non-specific membrane-disruptive mode of action for rapidly reducing viability of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) similarly to polymyxin B (PMB), a cyclic lipopeptide used as last resort antibiotic. Indeed, C14KKc12K displayed similar affinity for lipopolysaccharides and induced cell permeabilization associated with rapid massive membrane depolarization. Unlike PMB however, C14KKc12K was also bactericidal to Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) at or near the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), as assessed against a multispecies panel of >50 strains, displaying MIC50 at 3 and 6 µM, respectively for GPB and GNB. C14KKc12K retained activity in human saliva, reducing the viability of cultivable oral microflora by >99% within two minutes of exposure, albeit at higher concentrations, which, nonetheless, were similar to the commercial gold standard, chlorhexidine. This equipotent bactericidal activity was also observed in pre-formed biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, a major periodontal pathogen. Such compounds therefore, may be useful for eradication of challenging poly-microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Meir
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Fadia Zaknoon
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Uri Cogan
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Amram Mor
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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23
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Bagatin CR, Andrucioli MCD, Ferreira JTL, Matsumoto MAN, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Romano FL, Nelson-Filho P. Biofilm formation in Haas palatal expanders with and without use of an antimicrobial agent: an in situ study. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:471-477. [PMID: 27935660 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic appliances causes specific alterations in oral environment, including reduction of pH, increase of dental biofilm and elevation of salivary microbial levels, causing an increased risk for dental caries. This study evaluated, using microbial culture and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the in situ contamination by mutans streptococci (MS) of different surfaces of Haas palatal expanders with and without use of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses (CHX). Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 17/group), using placebo (Group I) and 0.12% CHX (Group II-Periogard® ) mouthrinses twice a week. After 4 months, appliances were submitted to microbiological processing and after fragments were analyzed by SEM. Mann-Whitney U test (α = 5%) was used to assess differences between groups on the appliances' different surfaces and to compare the contamination on the free and nonfree surfaces of these components. There was no difference (p = 0.999) between groups regarding the number of MS colonies/biofilms on the nonfree surfaces, which showed intense contamination. However, free surfaces of Group II presented less contamination (p < 0.001) than those of Group I in all appliances' components. Results of the microbial culture were confirmed by SEM. Use of 0.12% CHX was effective in reducing the formation of MS colonies/biofilms on free surfaces of Haas expanders, in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiane Ristum Bagatin
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nonami K, Saitoh S, Nishimura-Danjobara Y, Ishida S, Oyama Y. Chlorhexidine possesses unique cytotoxic actions in rat thymic lymphocytes: Its relation with electrochemical property of membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 48:17-21. [PMID: 27716531 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an antibacterial agent used in various types of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, CHX is easily found around us. Owing to its positive charge, the electrochemical property of cell membranes was assumed to be a key point of cytotoxic action of CHX. Depolarization of membranes attenuated the cytotoxic action of CHX in rat thymic lymphocytes. CHX interfered with annexin V binding to membranes. Manipulations to induce exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane surface augmented the cytotoxic action of CHX, indicating that changes in the electrochemical property of membranes affected the cytotoxic action of CHX. Hence, CHX might kill cells physiologically undergoing apoptosis, resulting instead in necrotic cell death. However, the threshold CHX concentration in this in vitro study was slightly higher than blood CHX concentrations observed clinically. Therefore, these results may support the safety of CHX use although CHX possesses unique cytotoxic actions described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Nonami
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saitoh
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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25
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Inagaki LT, Alonso RCB, Araújo GAS, de Souza-Junior EJC, Anibal PC, Höfling JF, Pascon FM, Puppin-Rontani RM. Effect of monomer blend and chlorhexidine-adding on physical, mechanical and biological properties of experimental infiltrants. Dent Mater 2016; 32:e307-e313. [PMID: 28327302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate antimicrobial inhibition zone, degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop hardness (KH) of experimental infiltrants. Experimental low viscosity monomer blends were prepared and chlorhexidine diacetate salt (CHX) (0.1% or 0.2%) was added comprising the groups: G1) TEGDMA; G2) TEGDMA/0.1CHX; G3) TEGDMA/0.2CHX; G4) TEGDMA/UDMA; G5) TEGDMA/UDMA/0.1CHX; G6) TEGDMA/UDMA/0.2CHX; G7) TEGDMA/BISEMA; G8) TEGDMA/BISEMA/0.1CHX; G9) TEGDMA/BISEMA/0.2CHX. Icon® was used as control group. METHODS Specimens of resin blends were made (n=9) to accomplished DC and KH. Pour plate was accomplished to evaluate antimicrobial groups' activity against Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). Data obtained were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests for blends comparisons and Dunnett's test for comparisons between experimental infiltrants and Icon® (p<0.05). RESULTS In relation to antimicrobial effect, uncured blends showed higher antibacterial activity than cured ones for the most of blends. After polymerization, G5 showed the highest inhibition zone against SM and, G3 and G6 against LA. Concerning KH, TEGDMA/UDMA-based blends showed the highest values of KH number and it was influenced by monomeric base, regardless CHX concentration. DC was not affected by monomer blend composition, neither for CHX concentration. The antimicrobial activity was affected by monomeric base, CHX concentration and polymerization. Experimental infiltrants presented similar or higher performance than Icon® for the properties evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE White spot lesion infiltration with low viscosity monomer blends (infiltrants) is an alternative to stop initial caries lesions progression. The incorporation of an antimicrobial agent as chlorhexidine diacetate salt in infiltrants composition could enhance the performance of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tiemi Inagaki
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Caroline Bruschi Alonso
- Anhanguera University of São Paulo, Biomaterials Department, Rua Maria Cândida, 1813, Bloco G - 6° andar, São Paulo 02071-013, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Albamonte Spagnolo Araújo
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo José Carvalho de Souza-Junior
- University Center of Várzea Grande, Prosthodontic and Dental Materials Department, Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil Av Dom Orlando Chaves, 2655, Bairro Cristo Rei - Varzea Grande, 78118-900, MT, Brazil.
| | - Paula Cristina Anibal
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnostic, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Francisco Höfling
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnostic, Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Miori Pascon
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, P.O. BOX 52, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Karale R, Odedra KM, Srirekha A, Champa C, Shetty A, Pushpalatha S, Sharma R. Effect of dentin on the antimicrobial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 18% etidronic acid on Candida albicans: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2016; 19:455-60. [PMID: 27656066 PMCID: PMC5026107 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.190023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentin on the antimicrobial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, 17% EDTA and 18% etidronic acid against C. albicans. METHODOLOGY Dentin powder was prepared from mandibular first premolar using electrical grinder and sterilized. 3% NaOCl, 2%CHX, 17% EDTA and 18% etidronic acid were tested against C. albicans in the presence and absence of dentin, in eppendorf tubes. Group 1 (presence of dentin):- 100ul dentin powder + 100ul C. albicans suspension + 100ul irrigating solution. Group 2 (absence of dentin):- 100ul C. albicans suspension+ 100ul irrigating solution. CONTROL GROUP - 100ul C. albicans suspension.+ 100ul sterile saline Suspension was thoroughly mixed, submitted for serial dilution upto10-5 after 1 min and colony forming units were counted. RESULTS In group 2 (without dentin powder), 3% NaOCl and 2% CHX showed the lowest bacterial count compared to group 1 (with dentin powder). Dentin had a significant inhibitory effect on 3% NaOCl (P < 0.001) and 2% CHX (P<0.001). 17% EDTA showed lowest bacterial count in group 1 (with dentin powder) compared to group 2 (without dentin powder). 18% Etidronic acid showed similar bacterial counts in the both the groups. No reduction was observed in the control group. CONCLUSION NaOCl & EDTA showed measurable antimicrobial effect even in the presence of dentin which can be promising in the reduction of C. albicans in root canal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Karale
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamal Maldebhai Odedra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Srirekha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - C Champa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwija Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Pushpalatha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rini Sharma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Chlorhexidine/Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride/Chlorhexidine Digluconate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915819309140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine and its Diacetate and Digluconate salts are used in cosmetics as preservatives. Chlorhexidine Digluconate was slightly toxic in oral and inhalation studies. At cosmetic use concentrations, Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not irritating to the eyes or skin. Positive sensitization reactions were cited in provocative patch testing at 1.0% concentration in patients with eczema, but not in predictive patch testing of 0.05% in normal subjects. In bacterial assays, Chlorhexidine tested both positive and negative for mutagenesis. In two mammalian systems, Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not genotoxic. p-Chloroaniline is a degradation product of Chlorhexidine salts. A study of the degradation of Chlorhexidine revealed minor amounts of p-chloroaniline after 36 weeks storage. Chlorhexidine Digluconate was not carcinogenic in a 2-year drinking water study. On the basis of the data presented in this report, it is concluded that Chlorhexidine and its salts are safe for use in cosmetic products at concentrations up to 0.14% calculated as Chlorhexidine free base; 0.19% as Chlorhexidine Diacetate; 0.20% as Chlorhexidine Digluconate; and 0.16% as Chlorhexidine Dihydrochloride.
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Zhou W, Ren B, Zhou X, Xu HHK, Weir MD, Li M, Feng M, Li J, Xu X, Cheng L. Novel Cavity Disinfectants Containing Quaternary Ammonium Monomer Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080674. [PMID: 28773797 PMCID: PMC5510731 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was set to assess the possible benefits of novel cavity disinfectants with 5% dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM); and compare the effectiveness of saliva microbial-aging method with water-aging in measuring the changing of resin-dentin bond strength. Three cavity disinfectants were tested: 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX); 5% DMADDM; and 5% DMADDM + 0.2% CHX. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test was performed after microbial-aging with saliva microbial or water aging for one month. Hydroxyproline (HYP), the production of collagen degradation, was measured spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the antibacterial effects of each reagent were evaluated. The 5% DMADDM exerted the least percentage of resin-dentin bond strength loss after one month microbial-aging (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences of bond strength decrease after one month water aging among the tested groups (p > 0.05). Microbial-aging method yield more drop of bond strength than water aging in all groups except 5% DMADDM (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, 5% DMADDM had the same matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitory effects as the other two agents (p > 0.05), but much stronger antibacterial capability than 0.2% CHX (p < 0.05). This indicated that a cavity disinfectant with 5% DMADDM is promising for improving the stability of resin-dentin bonds in appearance of saliva biofilm; and the saliva microbial-aging method is more promising for studying the durability of resin-dentin bonds than water aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Biomaterials &Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Michael D Weir
- Biomaterials &Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Mingye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Azad MF, Schwiertz A, Jentsch HFR. Adjunctive use of essential oils following scaling and root planing -a randomized clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:171. [PMID: 27266517 PMCID: PMC4897933 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hitherto no study has been published on the effect of the adjunctive administration of essential oils following scaling and root planing (SRP). This study describes the effect of a mouthrinse consisting of essential oils (Cymbopogon flexuosus, Thymus zygis and Rosmarinus officinalis) following SRP by clinical and microbiological variables in patients with generalized moderate chronic periodontitis. METHODS Forty-six patients (aged 40-65 years) with moderate chronic periodontitis were randomized in a double-blind study and rinsed their oral cavity following SRP with an essential oil mouthrinse (n = 23) or placebo (n = 23) for 14 days. Probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and modified sulcus bleeding index (SBI) were recorded at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Subgingival plaque was taken for assessment of major bacteria associated with periodontitis. RESULTS AL, PD, BOP and SBI were significantly improved in both groups after three (p < 0.001) and 6 months (p ≤ 0.015). AL improved significantly better in the test than in the control group after 3 and 6 months (p < 0.001), so did PD after three months in the tendency (p = 0.1). BOP improved better in the test group after 3 months (p = 0.065). Numbers of Treponema denticola (p = 0.044) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.029) decreased more in the test than in the control group after 3 months, those of Tannerella forsythia after 6 months (p = 0.039). Prevotella micra (p < 0.001, p = 0.035) and Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.002 , p = 0.012) decreased significantly in both groups after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS The adjunctive use of a mouthrinse containing essential oils following SRP has a positive effect on clinical variables and on bacterial levels in the subgingival biofilm. TRIAL REGISTRATION 332-12-24092012, DRKS 00009387, German Clinical Trials Register, Freiburg i. Br., 16.09.2015.
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Chitosan based nanoparticles functionalized with peptidomimetic derivatives for oral drug delivery. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bansal A, Marwah N, Nigam AG, Goenka P, Goel D. Effect of Achyranthes aspera, 0.2% Aqueous Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Punica granatum Oral Rinse on the Levels of Salivary Streptococcus mutans in 8 to 12 Years Old Children. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:903-909. [PMID: 26718299 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To study the effect Achyranthes aspera, 0.2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate and Punica granatum oral rinse on salivary Streptococcus mutans count in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 children of 8 to 12 years of age were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group A was given 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash, group B was given 10% A. aspera mouthwash and group C was given 15% P. granatum mouthwash. The day 1 saliva samples were collected from the subjects and inoculated onto mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar. The colony counts were obtained by a clinical microbiologist who was blinded to the subject allocation. Plaque scores were then recorded by the investigator with the help of a volunteer. Following this, they received a thorough scaling and polishing. Subjects in each group were then provided with 140 ml of the respective mouthwash, as a daily supervised rinse after breakfast and before sleeping as per instructions. Following mouth rinsing, the children were instructed not to eat or drink for 15 minutes. At the 7th day, unstimulated saliva was again collected from the subjects of all 3 groups, inoculated onto MSB agar and colony count was obtained. Modified Quigley-Hein plaque index was also evaluated for the refreshed score at this stage. Colony counting was done using loop method and statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 21. RESULTS All the three mouthwashes showed statistically significant reduction of S. mutans count and plaque index after 7 days, i.e. chlorhexidine (p < 0.001 for reduction in S. mutans count and p < 0.05 for plaque score reduction), A. aspera (p < 0.01 for reduction in S. mutans count and p < 0.05 for plaque score reduction) and P. granatum (p < 0.01 for reduction in S. mutans count and p < 0.05 for plaque score reduction). Chlorhexidine had marginally better results in reducing S. mutans count. CONCLUSION Efficacy of chlorhexidine, A. aspera and P. granatum was statistically significant with respect to reduction of S. mutans count with chlorhexidine being marginally better than the other two; All the three mouthwashes were found to be at par when plaque index values from baseline and after interception of 7 days was calculated; Punica granatum has better antimicrobial effect than A. aspera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Bansal
- Senior Resident, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, RUHS College of Dental Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, e-mail:
| | - Nikhil Marwah
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anant Gopal Nigam
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Puneet Goenka
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Goel
- Deparment of Conservative and Endodontics, RUHS College of Dental Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Ertas H, Sagsen B. Comparison of the effect of MTAD and conventional irrigation agents on apical leakage and push-out bond strength of root canal filling. SCANNING 2015; 37:393-398. [PMID: 26477884 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MTAD (a mixture of tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent) and conventional irrigation agents on the apical leakage and push-out bond strength of root canal filling and to correlate the apical leakage and push-out bond strength. Root canals of 120 maxillary central incisors were prepared with a ProTaper file up to F3 and distributed to six groups. Saline, 1% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 17% EDTA/1% NaOCl, and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions were used between each file change, and 5 mL of the same irrigating solution was used for the final flush. In the MTAD group, the root canals were irrigated with 1.3% NaOCl between each file and 5 mL of MTAD for the final flush. All the root canals were filled with AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha cones. Apical leakage was evaluated using a fluid transport system. After the apical leakage test, each tooth was prepared for the push-out assessment. The statistical analysis revealed that the irrigation solutions had no effect on the apical leakage of the root canal fillings (p = 0.258). The root fillings of the groups irrigated with MTAD showed significantly lower push-out bond strength values than the other groups (p < 0.001). These commonly used irrigating solutions did not affect the apical leakage of the root canal sealer. MTAD reduced the bond strength of the root canal sealer to the root canal dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Ertas
- Departmentof Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burak Sagsen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Yeturu SK, Acharya S, Urala AS, Pentapati KC. Effect of Aloe vera, chlorine dioxide, and chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque and gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 6:54-8. [PMID: 26937371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Aloe vera, chlorine dioxide, and chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque and gingivitis in orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized single-center, single-blind, parallel group, controlled trial was conducted among 90 subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. The subjects were randomly divided into one of the three study groups (Aloe vera, chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide). Plaque and gingivitis were assessed using modified Silness and Loe Plaque Index and Gingival Index at baseline and at follow-up after 15 days. Paired t-test and ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett test were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 85 participants completed the study; among them, 40 were male and 45 were female. There was significant reduction in mean plaque and gingival scores in all the 3 groups at follow-up when compared to baseline. A significantly higher reduction (plaque and gingival scores) was found in chlorhexidine when compared with the Aloe vera group. However, no significant difference was seen between chlorhexidine and chlorine dioxide with respect to mean reduction in plaque and gingival scores. CONCLUSION Chlorine dioxide can be a suitable and economical alternative for chlorhexidine. Further long-term studies are recommended for evaluating their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Yeturu
- Assistant Professor, Public Health Dentistry, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, India
| | - Shashidhar Acharya
- Professor and Head, Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
| | - Arun Sreenivas Urala
- Professor and Head, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
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Kapdan A, Öztaş N. Effects of chlorhexidine and gaseous ozone on microleakage and on the bond strength of dentin bonding agents with compomer restoration on primary teeth. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Brazdaru L, Micutz M, Staicu T, Albu M, Sulea D, Leca M. Structural and rheological properties of collagen hydrogels containing tannic acid and chlorhexidine digluconate intended for topical applications. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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André CB, Gomes BPFA, Duque TM, Stipp RN, Chan DCN, Ambrosano GMB, Giannini M. Dentine bond strength and antimicrobial activity evaluation of adhesive systems. J Dent 2015; 43:466-75. [PMID: 25624119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the dentine bond strength (BS) and the antibacterial activity (AA) of six adhesives against strict anaerobic and facultative bacteria. METHODS Three adhesives containing antibacterial components (Gluma 2Bond (glutaraldehyde)/G2B, Clearfil SE Protect (MDPB)/CSP and Peak Universal Bond (PUB)/chlorhexidine) and the same adhesive versions without antibacterial agents (Gluma Comfort Bond/GCB, Clearfil SE Bond/CSB and Peak LC Bond/PLB) were tested. The AA of adhesives and control groups was evaluated by direct contact method against four strict anaerobic and four facultative bacteria. After incubation, according to the appropriate periods of time for each microorganism, the time to kill microorganisms was measured. For BS, the adhesives were applied according to manufacturers' recommendations and teeth restored with composite. Teeth (n=10) were sectioned to obtain bonded beams specimens, which were tested after artificial saliva storage for one week and one year. BS data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. RESULTS Saliva storage for one year reduces the BS only for GCB. In general G2B and GCB required at least 24h for killing microorganisms. PUB and PLB killed only strict anaerobic microorganisms after 24h. For CSP the average time to eliminate the Streptococcus mutans and strict anaerobic oral pathogens was 30 min. CSB showed no AA against facultative bacteria, but had AA against some strict anaerobic microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Storage time had no effect on the BS for most of the adhesives. The time required to kill bacteria depended on the type of adhesive and never was less than 10 min. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Most of the adhesives showed stable bond strength after one year and the Clearfil SE Protect may be a good alternative in restorative procedures performed on dentine, considering its adequate bond strength and better antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bosso André
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Mageste Duque
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nobrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel Chi Ngai Chan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7456, USA
| | - Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano
- Department of Social Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
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Percival SL, Finnegan S, Donelli G, Vuotto C, Rimmer S, Lipsky BA. Antiseptics for treating infected wounds: Efficacy on biofilms and effect of pH. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:293-309. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.940495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Saha K, Butola BS, Joshi M. Drug release behavior of polyurethane/clay nanocomposite: Film vs. nanofibrous web. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Saha
- Department of Textile Technology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - B. S. Butola
- Department of Textile Technology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Mangala Joshi
- Department of Textile Technology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
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Acar O, Tuncer D, Yuzugullu B, Celik C. The effect of dentin desensitizers and Nd:YAG laser pre-treatment on microtensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to dentin. J Adv Prosthodont 2014; 6:88-95. [PMID: 24843392 PMCID: PMC4024564 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2014.6.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate if pre-treatment with desensitizers have a negative effect on microtensile bond strength before cementing a restoration using recently introduced self-adhesive resin cement to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five human molars' occlusal surfaces were ground to expose dentin; and were randomly grouped as (n=5); 1) Gluma-(Glutaraldehyde/HEMA) 2) Aqua-Prep F-(Fluoride), 3) Bisblock-(Oxalate), 4) Cervitec Plus-(Clorhexidine), 5) Smart protect-(Triclosan), 6) Nd:YAG laser, 7) No treatment (control). After applying the selected agent, RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond composite resin blocks to dentin. All groups were subjected to thermocycling for 1000 cycles between 5-55℃. Each bonded specimen was sectioned to microbars (6 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm) (n=20). Specimens were submitted to microtensile bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene's test, Kruskal-Wallis One-way Analysis of Variance, and Conover's nonparametric statistical analysis were used (P<.05). RESULTS Gluma, Smart Protect and Nd:YAG laser treatments showed comparable microtensile bond strengths compared with the control group (P>.05). The microtensile bond strengths of Aqua-Prep F, and Cervitec Plus were similar to each other but significantly lower than the control group (P<.05). Bisblock showed the lowest microtensile bond strength among all groups (P<.001). Most groups showed adhesive failure. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of this study, it is not recommended to use Aqua-prep F, Cervitec Plus and Bisblock on dentin when used with a self-adhesive resin cement due to the decrease they cause in bond strength. Beside, pre-treatment of dentin with Gluma, Smart protect, and Nd:YAG laser do not have a negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Acar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Tuncer
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulem Yuzugullu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Celik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Aspalli S, Shetty VS, Devarathnamma MV, Nagappa G, Archana D, Parab P. Evaluation of antiplaque and antigingivitis effect of herbal mouthwash in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis: A randomized, clinical trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014; 18:48-52. [PMID: 24744544 PMCID: PMC3988643 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.128208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ayurvedic drugs have been used since ancient times to treat diseases including periodontal diseases. Oral rinses made from ayurvedic medicines are used in periodontal therapy to control bleeding and reduce inflammation. The aim of this clinical study is to verify the efficacy of herbal mouthwash containing Pilu, Bibhitaka, Nagavalli, Gandhapura taila, Ela, Peppermint satva, and Yavani satva on reduction of plaque and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 volunteers with clinical signs of mild to moderate gingivitis were selected and assigned to Group A (only scaling done) and Group B (scaling along with the use of herbal mouthwash). After recording the clinical parameters, the patients were instructed to use herbal mouthwash 15 ml for 30 s twice daily after food in Group B and oral hygiene instructions were given to all patients. Plaque and gingivitis assessment were carried out using the plaque index (Silness nd Loe, 1964), Gingival index (Loe And Silness, 1963), Gingival bleeding index (Ainamo and Bay, 1975) at baseline and at 21 days of the herbal mouthwash use. Statistically analysis was carried out using the student's t-test for normally distributed data and Wilcoxson test or Mann-Whitney U-test for skewed data. RESULTS Our results showed that herbal mouthwash was effective in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis in Group B when compared with the Group A. CONCLUSION Herbal mouthwash is effective in treatment of plaque induced gingivitis and can be effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy with lesser side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Aspalli
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sudhir Shetty
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - M V Devarathnamma
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - G Nagappa
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - D Archana
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prachi Parab
- Deptarment of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, A. M. E's Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
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Ercan E, Dulgergil T, Yavuz I. The Effects of Antibacterial Solutions on Microorganisms Isolated from Infected Root CanalsIn Vivo. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2006.10817322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Dinesh K, Murthy BVS, Narayana IH, Hegde S, Madhu KS, Nagaraja S. The effect of 2% chlorhexidine on the bond strength of two different obturating materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:82-85. [PMID: 24939270 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The bond strength of ActiV GP and gutta-percha/AH Plus after using 2% CHX as final rinse was evaluated in this study. According to the final irrigation regimen forty roots were divided into two groups (n = 20) randomly: Group 1-5 ml of 17% EDTA; Group 2-5 ml of 17% EDTA followed by 5 ml of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). Based on the obturation system the two groups were further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10). The roots were horizontally sectioned from the coronal and midthird sections for measuring the push-out bond strength. CHX/AH Plus (2.795 ± 0.42 MPa) and EDTA/ActiV GP (1.489 ± 0.117 MPa) recorded the highest and lowest mean bond strength values respectively. It was concluded that when 2% CHX was used as a final irrigation rinse the bond strength of both gutta-percha/AH Plus and ActiV GP obturation system improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dinesh
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B V Sreenivasa Murthy
- Principal and Senior Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Indiresha H Narayana
- Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swaroop Hegde
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Madhu
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Nagaraja
- Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, MSR Nagara MSRIT Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Velmurugan A, Madhubala MM, Bhavani S, Satheesh Kumar KS, Sathyanarayana SS, Gurucharan N. An in-vivo comparative evaluation of two herbal extracts Emblica officinalis and Terminalia Chebula with chlorhexidine as an anticaries agent: A preliminary study. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:546-9. [PMID: 24347891 PMCID: PMC3842725 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To compare the effect of 20% aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinallis with chlorhexidine as an anticaries mouthwash – an in vivo study. Methodology: 20% aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis were prepared. Forty five high caries risk patients were divided into group 1,2,3 [ n=15]and asked to rinse with 20% aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis, 0.2% Chlorhexidine for 40 seconds respectively. Salivary samples were collected for pH, buffering capacity before and after rinsing at repeated intervals of 10, 30,60 and 90 minutes and except for microbial analysis for which it was collected before and 90 minutes after rinsing. The pH and the buffering capacity analysis was done using chairside kit and percentage of reduction of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: For salivary pH, Group 2 showed the highest peak value followed by group 1. For salivary buffering capacity, there was no significant difference between any of the groups. For microbial count, highest percentage of reduction was seen in group 2 followed by group 1 and 3. However group 3 was more efficient at 90 minutes followed by group 1 and group 2. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Embilica officinalis extract and Terminalia chebula was more effective anticaries mouthwash but with less time of action than chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Velmurugan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manavalan Madhana Madhubala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, SRM Dental College, SRM University, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreekrishnapillai Bhavani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasinathan Subbaian Satheesh Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Sai Sathyanarayana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natanasikamani Gurucharan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontia, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chen Y, Wong RWK, Seneviratne CJ, Hagg U, McGrath C, Samaranayake LP. The effects of natural compounds-containing mouthrinses on patients with fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: clinical and microbiological outcomes. Int J Paediatr Dent 2013; 23:452-9. [PMID: 23278871 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of two natural compounds-containing mouthrinses (NCCMs) (a fructus mume (FM) extract-containing mouthrinse and an essential oil (EO)-containing mouthrinse) on gingival health and microbial profiles in young orthodontic patients. DESIGN This 6-month randomized, single-blinded, parallel-controlled clinical trial consists of 90 patients with fixed appliance treatment. The subjects were allocated to (1) negative control group: oral hygiene instruction (OHI) alone; (2) test group 1: OHI plus EO mouthrinse; and (3) test group 2: OHI plus FM mouthrinse. Clinical examinations included plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI) and modified gingival index (MGI). Salivary microbial quantifications included total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts. Clinical and microbiological examinations were conducted at baseline, 3rd and 6th months (T1, T2, and T3). RESULTS BI was significantly reduced in both the FM mouthrinse and EO mouthrinse groups compared with the negative control group at T3 (P < 0.05). There were no significant intergroup differences in salivary bacteria counts in all groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both NCCMs effectively reduced gingival bleeding without causing significant alterations of microbial profile in young orthodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Besinis A, De Peralta T, Handy RD. Inhibition of biofilm formation and antibacterial properties of a silver nano-coating on human dentine. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:745-54. [PMID: 23875717 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.825343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The survival of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity depends on their successful adhesion to dental surfaces and their ability to develop into biofilms, known as dental plaque. Bacteria from the dental plaque are responsible for the development of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis and peri-implantitis. Certain metal nanoparticles have been suggested for infection control and the management of the oral biofilm. Here, it is shown that application of a silver nano-coating directly on dentine can successfully prevent the biofilm formation on dentine surfaces as well as inhibit bacterial growth in the surrounding media. This silver nano-coating was found to be stable (>98.8%) and to maintain its integrity in biological fluids. Its antibacterial activity was compared to silver nitrate and the widely used clinical antiseptic, chlorhexidine. The bacterial growth and cell viability were quantitatively assessed by measuring the turbidity, proportion of live and dead cells and lactate production. All three bioassays showed that silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate dentine coatings were equally highly bactericidal (>99.5%), while inhibiting bacterial adhesion. However, the latter caused significant dentine discolouration (ΔE* = 50.3). The chlorhexidine coating showed no antibacterial effect. Thus, silver nanoparticles may be a viable alternative to both chlorhexidine and silver nitrate, protecting from dental plaque and secondary caries when applied as a dentine coating, while they may provide the platform for creating anti-biofilm surfaces in medical devices and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Besinis
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth , Plymouth PL4 8AA , UK
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Rodríguez-Pérez M, Bravo-Pérez M, Sánchez-López JD, Muñoz-Soto E, Romero-Olid MN, Baca-García P. Effectiveness of 1% versus 0.2% chlorhexidine gels in reducing alveolar osteitis from mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e693-700. [PMID: 23722126 PMCID: PMC3731100 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Alveolar osteitis (AO) is the most common postoperative complication of dental extractions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 1% versus 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel in reducing postoperative AO after surgical extraction of mandibular third molars, and assess the impact of treatment on the Oral HealthRelated Quality of Life (OHRQoL).
Material and Methods: This clinical study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Eighty eight patients underwent surgical extraction of one retained mandibular third molar with the intra-alveolar application of 0.2% CHX gel. Afterwards, they were assigned to one of two groups: 1% CHX gel (n=42) or 0.2% CHX gel (n=46). The patients applied the gel twice a day to the wound for one week. All patients were evaluated for AO.
Results: In the 0.2% CHX gel group, 13% of AO incidence was found, while in the 1% CHX gel group, AO incidence was 7%, a difference that was not statistically significant. Variables such as sensation of pain and inflammation at baseline and during one week, as well as OHRQoL of the patients at 24 hours and 7 days post-extraction, gave no statistically significant differences.
Conclusions: There are no significant differences in AO after surgical extraction of mandibular third molars, when comparing applying 1% CHX gel twice a day for 7 days with 0.2% CHX gel.
Key words:Alveolar osteitis, chlorhexidine gel, third molar.
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Stape THS, Menezes MDS, Barreto BDCF, Naves LZ, Aguiar FHB, Quagliatto PS, Martins LRM. Influence of chlorhexidine on dentin adhesive interface micromorphology and nanoleakage expression of resin cements. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:788-94. [PMID: 23737406 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on adhesive interface morphologic characterization and nanoleakage expression of resin cements bonded to human dentin pretreated with 1% chlorhexidine (CHX). Thirty-two non-carious human third molars were ground flat to expose superficial dentin. Resin composite blocks were luted to the exposed dentin using one conventional (RelyX ARC) and one self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100), with/without CHX pretreatment. Four groups (n = 8) were obtained: control groups (ARC and U100); experimental groups (ARC/CHX and U100/CHX) were pretreated with 1% CHX prior to the luting process. After storage in water for 24 h, the bonded teeth were sectioned into 0.9 × 0.9 mm(2) sticks producing a minimum of 12 sticks per tooth. Four sticks from each tooth were prepared for hybrid layer evaluation by scanning electron microscope analysis. The remaining sticks were immersed in silver nitrate for 24 h for either nanoleakage evaluation along the bonded interfaces or after rupture. Nanoleakage samples were carbon coated and examined using backscattered electron mode. Well-established hybrid layers were observed in the groups luted with RelyX ARC. Nanoleakage evaluation revealed increase nanoleakage in groups treated with CHX for both resin cements. Group U100/CHX exhibited the most pronouncing nanoleakage expression along with porous zones adjacent to the CHX pretreated dentin. The results suggest a possible incompatibility between CHX and RelyX U100 that raises the concern that the use of CHX with self-adhesive cements may adversely affect resin-dentin bond.
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Sajjan PG, Nagesh L, Sajjanar M, Reddy SKK, Venktesh UG. Comparative evaluation of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish on plaque Streptococcus mutans count--an in vivo study. Int J Dent Hyg 2013; 11:191-7. [PMID: 23721577 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess and compare the effect of chlorhexidine varnish and fluoride varnish application on Streptococcus mutans counts in plaque of occlusal pits and fissures of permanent mandibular first molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was an in vivo comparative study, conducted among 50 schoolchildren aged 7-8 years under a field setting. The 50 subjects were randomly allocated into two groups. Baseline plaque samples were collected from all the subjects followed by the application of two varnishes, Cervitec and Duraphat. The varnish was applied to pit and fissures of occlusal surface of mandibular first molar. The varnish application was carried out on the first day, fifth day and tenth day after baseline plaque sampling. Subsequent plaque samples were collected at the end of 1 month and at the end of 3 months after the varnish application. RESULTS The Cervitec varnish has shown a statistically significant reduction at the end of 1 month and at the end of 3 months (P < 0.05). Duraphat varnish did not show a statistically significant difference in reducing the plaque S. mutans count at the end of 1 month and third month (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Cervitec varnish was found to be effective in reducing S. mutans count for a 3-month period, when compared to Duraphat varnish.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Sajjan
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, India.
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Camilotti V, Ioris MD, Busato PDMR, Ueda JK, Mendonça MJ. Avaliação da influência da solução de irrigação na resistência adesiva de um cimento resinoso. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1807-25772013000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A contaminação do substrato dentinário pode interferir na qualidade de união entre materiais adesivos e o dente. OBJETIVO: Investigar a influência de diferentes soluções de irrigação na resistência de união de um cimento resinoso. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram selecionadas 40 coroas dentais bovinas, divididas em quatro grupos: G0 = soro; G1 = clorexidina; G2 = EDTA; G3 = clorexidina 0,12%, após condicionamento ácido. Em seguida, foram confeccionados cilindros de cimento resinoso utilizando-se uma matriz de Tygon com diâmetro interno de 1 mm e 2 mm de altura. A fotoativação foi realizada por aparelho de luz LED com 900 mW/cm² por 40 segundos. Foram confeccionados quatro cilindros de cimento resinoso para cada coroa bovina, totalizando 40 corpos de prova de cimento resinoso para cada grupo avaliado. O teste de resistência adesiva por microcisalhamento foi realizado após 24 horas. Decorrido esse período, os cilindros de cimento resinoso foram testados em uma máquina universal de ensaios (EMIC). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey (p = 0,001). RESULTADO: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos estudados, com exceção para o G3, que apresentou de forma significativa os menores valores de resistência adesiva. CONCLUSÃO: As diferentes soluções irrigadoras utilizadas previamente ao condicionamento ácido na dentina não interferem na resistência de união por microcisalhamento.
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