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Sircar K, Weber M, Walter SG, Ott N, Prescher A, Eysel P, Kernich N. Torque forces of expandable titanium vertebral body replacement cages during expansion and subsidence in the osteoporotic lumbar spine. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106239. [PMID: 38599132 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of expandable titanium-cages has gained widespread use in vertebral body replacement for indications such as burst fractures, tumors and infectious destruction. However, torque forces necessary for a satisfactory expansion of these implants and for subsidence of them into the adjacent vertebrae are unknown within the osteoporotic spine. METHODS Six fresh-frozen human, osteoporotic, lumbar spines were dorsally instrumented with titanium implants (L2-L4) and a partial corpectomy of L3 was performed. An expandable titanium-cage was inserted ventrally and expanded by both residents and senior surgeons until fixation was deemed sufficient, based on haptic feedback. Torque forces for expansion were measured in Nm. Expansion was then continued until cage subsidence occurred. Torque forces necessary for subsidence were recorded. Strain of the dorsal rods during expansion was measured with strain gauges. FINDINGS The mean torque force for fixation of cages was 1.17 Nm (0.9 Nm for residents, 1.4 Nm for senior surgeons, p = .06). The mean torque force for subsidence of cages was 3.1 Nm (p = .005). Mean peak strain of the dorsal rods was 970 μm/m during expansion and 1792 μm/m at subsidence of cages (p = .004). INTERPRETATION The use of expandable titanium-cages for vertebral body replacement seems to be a primarily safe procedure even within the osteoporotic spine as torque forces required for subsidence of cages are nearly three times higher than those needed for fixation. Most of the expansion load is absorbed by straining of the dorsal instrumentation. Rod materials other than titanium may alter the torque forces found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sircar
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Weber
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian G Walter
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Ott
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Prescher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Wendlingweg 2, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peer Eysel
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kernich
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener-Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Shekouhi N, Tripathi S, Goel VK, Theologis AA. Biomechanical evaluation of multi-rod constructs to stabilize an S1 pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO): a finite element analysis. Spine Deform 2024; 12:313-322. [PMID: 38032447 PMCID: PMC10866773 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-023-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of a sacral pedicle subtraction osteotomy (S1-PSO) and to compare biomechanical properties of various multi-rod configurations to stabilize S1-PSOs. METHODS A previously validated FE spinopelvic model was used to develop a 30° PSO at the sacrum. Five multi-rod techniques spanning the S1-PSO were made using 4 iliac screws and a variety of primary rods (PR) and accessory rods (AR; lateral: Lat-AR or medial: Med-AR). All constructs, except one, utilized a horizontal rod (HR) connecting the iliac bolts to which PRs and Med-ARs were connected. Lat-ARs were connected to proximal iliac bolts. The simulation was performed in two steps with the acetabula fixed. For each model, PSO ROM and maximum stress on the PRs, ARs, and HRs were recorded and compared. The maximum stress on the L5-S1 disc and the PSO forces were captured and compared. RESULTS Highest PSO ROMs were observed for 4-Rods (HR + 2 Med-AR). Constructs consisting of 5-Rods (HR + 2 Lat-ARs + 1 Med-AR) and 6-Rods (HR + 2 Lat-AR + 2 Med-AR) had the lowest PSO ROM. The least stress on the primary rods was seen with 6-Rods, followed by 5-Rods and 4-Rods (HR + 2 Lat-ARs). Lowest PSO forces and lowest L5-S1 disc stresses were observed for 4-Rod (Lat-AR), 5-Rod, and 6-Rod constructs, while 4-Rods (HR + Med-AR) had the highest. CONCLUSION In this first FE analysis of an S1-PSO, the 4-Rod construct (HR + Med-AR) created the least rigid environment and highest PSO forces anteriorly. While 5- and 6-Rods created the stiffest constructs and lowest stresses on the primary rods, it also jeopardized load transfer to the anterior column, which may not be favorable for healing anteriorly. A balance between the construct's rigidity and anterior load sharing is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Shekouhi
- Engineering Center for Orthopedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sudharshan Tripathi
- Engineering Center for Orthopedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Vijay K Goel
- Engineering Center for Orthopedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Alekos A Theologis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), 500 Parnassus Ave, MUW 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Cho HS, Kim SH, Han JS, Kim BJ. Radiological Outcomes of Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With and Without Discectomy. World Neurosurg 2023; 175:e1307-e1314. [PMID: 37164207 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.04.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) is a minimally invasive surgical technique widely used in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and low-grade spondylolisthesis. However, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of the unilateral approach of ULBD on postoperative coronal imbalance, and the effect of additional discectomy on ULBD has not yet been evaluated in detail. METHODS Sixty-one patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent ULBD with or without discectomy were identified. The ULBD with discectomy group included 27 patients, and the ULBD without discectomy group included 34 patients. We analyzed the changes in various radiographic parameters, such as global lordosis (GL), segmental lordosis (SL), global coronal angle (GCA), segmental coronal angle (SCA), disc height (DH), global range of motion (GROM), and segmental range of motion (SROM) following the surgery and compared these parameters between the two groups. RESULTS In patients who underwent ULBD with discectomy, segmental coronal angle (SCA) significantly decreased from 0.42 ± 4.41 (°±SD) preoperatively to -0.31 ± 4.87 postoperatively (P = 0.026), while disc height (DH) decreased from 8.80 ± 2.49 (mm ± SD) to 7.32 ± 2.60 (P < 0.001). These findings suggest a reduction in convexity as disc height decreased on the laminotomy side. However, the absolute SCA value tended to approach 0° postoperatively regardless of discectomy, indicating that the preoperative scoliosis has improved. In both groups, the lordotic angles and range of motion (ROM) parameters showed no changes before and after surgery. CONCLUSIONS ULBD preserved lumbar lordosis and motion with or without discectomy during the 2-year follow-up period. Improvement in coronal balance was observed after ULBD regardless of discectomy, without significant negative effects on sagittal and coronal spine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seo Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Lee NJ, Marciano G, Puvanesarajah V, Park PJ, Clifton WE, Kwan K, Morrissette CR, Williams JL, Fields M, Hassan FM, Angevine PD, Mandigo CE, Lombardi JM, Sardar ZM, Lehman RA, Lenke LG. Incidence, mechanism, and protective strategies for 2-year pelvic fixation failure after adult spinal deformity surgery with a minimum six-level fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2023; 38:208-216. [PMID: 36242579 DOI: 10.3171/2022.8.spine22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, mechanism, and potential protective strategies for pelvic fixation failure (PFF) within 2 years after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. METHODS Data for ASD patients (age ≥ 18 years, minimum of six instrumented levels) with pelvic fixation (S2-alar-iliac [S2AI] and/or iliac screws) with a minimum 2-year follow-up were consecutively collected (2015-2019). Patients with prior pelvic fixation were excluded. PFF was defined as any revision to pelvic screws, which may include broken rods across the lumbosacral junction requiring revision to pelvic screws, pseudarthrosis across the lumbosacral junction requiring revision to pelvic screws, a broken or loose pelvic screw, or sacral/iliac fracture. Patient information including demographic data and health history (age, sex, BMI, smoking status, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, osteoporosis), operative (total instrumented levels [TIL], three-column osteotomy [3CO], interbody fusion), screw (iliac, S2AI, length, diameter), rod (diameter, kickstand), rod pattern (number crossing lumbopelvic junction, lowest instrumented vertebra [LIV] of accessory rod[s], lateral connectors, dual-headed screws), and pre- and postradiographic (lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, major Cobb angle, lumbosacral fractional curve, C7 coronal vertical axis [CVA], T1 pelvic angle, C7 sagittal vertical axis) parameters was collected. All rods across the lumbosacral junction were cobalt-chrome. All iliac and S2AI screws were closed-headed tulips. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine risk factors for PFF. RESULTS Of 253 patients (mean age 58.9 years, mean TIL 13.6, 3CO 15.8%, L5-S1 interbody 74.7%, mean pelvic screw diameter/length 8.6/87 mm), the 2-year failure rate was 4.3% (n = 11). The mechanisms of failure included broken rods across the lumbosacral junction (n = 4), pseudarthrosis across the lumbosacral junction requiring revision to pelvic screws (n = 3), broken pelvic screw (n = 1), loose pelvic screw (n = 1), sacral/iliac fracture (n = 1), and painful/prominent pelvic screw (n = 1). A higher number of rods crossing the lumbopelvic junction (mean 3.8 no failure vs 2.9 failure, p = 0.009) and accessory rod LIV to S2/ilium (no failure 54.2% vs failure 18.2%, p = 0.003) were protective for failure. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that accessory rod LIV to S2/ilium versus S1 (OR 0.2, p = 0.004) and number of rods crossing the lumbar to pelvis (OR 0.15, p = 0.002) were protective, while worse postoperative CVA (OR 1.5, p = 0.028) was an independent risk factor for failure. CONCLUSIONS The 2-year PFF rate was low relative to what is reported in the literature, despite patients undergoing long fusion constructs for ASD. The number of rods crossing the lumbopelvic junction and accessory rod LIV to S2/ilium relative to S1 alone likely increase construct stiffness. Residual postoperative coronal malalignment should be avoided to reduce PFF.
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Lee NJ, Park PJ, Puvanesarajah V, Clifton WE, Kwan K, Morrissette CR, Williams JL, Fields MW, Leung E, Hassan FM, Angevine PD, Mandigo CE, Lombardi JM, Sardar ZM, Lehman RA, Lenke LG. How common is acute pelvic fixation failure after adult spine surgery? A single-center study of 358 patients. J Neurosurg Spine 2023; 38:91-97. [PMID: 36029261 DOI: 10.3171/2022.7.spine22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a paucity of literature on pelvic fixation failure after adult spine surgery in the early postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of acute pelvic fixation failure in a large single-center study and to describe the lessons learned. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of adult (≥ 18 years old) patients who underwent spinal fusion with pelvic fixation (iliac, S2-alar-iliac [S2AI] screws) at a single academic medical center between 2015 and 2020. All patients had a minimum of 3 instrumented levels. The minimum follow-up was 6 months after the index spine surgery. Patients with prior pelvic fixation were excluded. Acute pelvic fixation failure was defined as revision of the pelvic screws within 6 months of the primary surgery. Patient demographics and operative, radiographic, and rod/screw parameters were collected. All rods were cobalt-chrome. All iliac and S2AI screws were closed-headed screws. RESULTS In 358 patients, the mean age was 59.5 ± 13.6 years, and 64.0% (n = 229) were female. The mean number of instrumented levels was 11.5 ± 5.5, and 79.1% (n = 283) had ≥ 6 levels fused. Three-column osteotomies were performed in 14.2% (n = 51) of patients, and 74.6% (n = 267) had an L5-S1 interbody fusion. The mean diameter/length of pelvic screws was 8.5/86.6 mm. The mean number of pelvic screws was 2.2 ± 0.5, the mean rod diameter was 6.0 ± 0 mm, and 78.5% (n = 281) had > 2 rods crossing the lumbopelvic junction. Accessory rods extended to S1 (32.7%, n = 117) or S2/ilium (45.8%, n = 164). Acute pelvic fixation failure occurred in 1 patient (0.3%); this individual had a broken S2AI screw near the head-neck junction. This 76-year-old woman with degenerative lumbar scoliosis and chronic lumbosacral zone 1 fracture nonunion had undergone posterior instrumented fusion from T10 to pelvis with bilateral S2AI screws (8.5 × 90 mm); i.e., transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion L4-S1. The patient had persistent left buttock pain postoperatively, with radiographically confirmed breakage of the left S2AI screw 68 days after surgery. Revision included instrumentation removal at L2-pelvis and a total of 4 pelvic screws. CONCLUSIONS The acute pelvic fixation failure rate was exceedingly low in adult spine surgery. This rate may be the result of multiple factors including the preference for multirod (> 2), closed-headed pelvic screw constructs in which large-diameter long screws are used. Increasing the number of rods and screws at the lumbopelvic junction may be important factors to consider, especially for patients with high risk for nonunion.
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Borrelli S, Putame G, Audenino AL, Bignardi C, Ferro A, Marone S, Terzini M. Cross-link augmentation enhances CFR-PEEK short fixation in lumbar metastasis stabilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1114711. [PMID: 36937770 PMCID: PMC10020173 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal stability plays a crucial role in the success of the surgical treatment of lumbar vertebral metastasis and, in current practice, less invasive approaches such as short constructs have been considered. Concurrently, carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) fixation devices are expanding in oncologic spinal surgery thanks to their radiotransparency and valid mechanical properties. This study attempts to provide an exhaustive biomechanical comparison of different CFR-PEEK surgical stabilizations through a highly reproducible experimental setup. Methods: A Sawbones biomimetic phantom (T12-S1) was tested in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. An hemisome lesion on L3 vertebral body was mimicked and different pedicle screw posterior fixations were realized with implants from CarboFix Orthopedics Ltd: a long construct involving two spinal levels above and below the lesion, and a short construct involving only the levels adjacent to L3, with and without the addition of a transverse rod-rod cross-link; to provide additional insights on its long-term applicability, the event of a pedicle screw loosening was also accounted. Results: Short construct reduced the overloading onset caused by long stabilization. Particularly, the segmental motion contribution less deviated from the physiologic pattern and also the long-chain stiffness was reduced with respect to the prevalent long construct. The use of the cross-link enhanced the short stabilization by making it significantly stiffer in lateral bending and axial rotation, and by limiting mobiliza-tion in case of pedicle screw loosening. Discussion: The present study proved in vitro the biomechanical benefits of cross-link augmentation in short CFR-PEEK fixation, demonstrating it to be a potential alternative to standard long fixation in the surgical management of lumbar metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Borrelli
- PolitoMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Borrelli,
| | - Giovanni Putame
- PolitoMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto L. Audenino
- PolitoMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Bignardi
- PolitoMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferro
- Oncologic Orthopaedic Surgery Division, CTO Hospital—Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Marone
- Oncologic Orthopaedic Surgery Division, CTO Hospital—Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Terzini
- PolitoMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Pereira BDA, Lehrman JN, Sawa AG, Wangsawatwong P, Godzik J, Xu DS, Turner JD, Kelly BP, Uribe JS. Biomechanical Effects of Proximal Polyetheretherketone Rod Extension on the Upper Instrumented and Adjacent Levels in a Human Long-Segment Construct: A Cadaveric Model. Neurospine 2022; 19:828-837. [PMID: 36203305 PMCID: PMC9537850 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244146.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high mechanical stress zone at the sudden transition from a rigid to flexible region is involved in proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) physiopathology. We evaluated the biomechanical performance of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) rods used as a nontraditional long semirigid transition phase from a long-segment metallic rod construct to the nonfused thoracic spine. METHODS Pure moment range of motion (ROM) tests (7.5 Nm) were performed on 7 cadaveric spine segments followed by compression (200 N). Specimens were tested in the following conditions: (1) intact; (2) T10-pelvis pedicle screws and rods (PSRs); and (3) extending the proximal construct to T6 using PEEK rods (PSR+PEEK). T10-11 rod strain, T9 anterolateral bone strain, and T10 screw bending moments were analyzed. RESULTS At the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV)+1, PSR+PEEK versus PSR significantly decreased ROM in flexion (115%, p = 0.02), extension (104%, p = 0.003), left lateral bending (46%, p = 0.02), and right lateral bending (63%, p = 0.008). Also, at UIV+1, PSR+PEEK versus intact significantly decreased ROM in flexion (111%, p = 0.01) and extension (105%, p = 0.003). The UIV+1 anterior column bone strain was significantly reduced with PSR+PEEK versus PSR during right lateral bending (p = 0.02). Rod strain polarities reversed with PEEK rods in all loading directions except compression. CONCLUSION Extending a long-segment construct using PEEK rods caused a decrease in adjacent-level hypermobility as a consequence of long-segment immobilization and also redistributed the strain on the UIV and adjacent levels, which might contribute to PJK physiopathology. Further studies are necessary to observe the clinical outcomes of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo de Andrada Pereira
- Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Lehrman
- Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anna G.U. Sawa
- Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Piyanat Wangsawatwong
- Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jakub Godzik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David S. Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jay D. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brian P. Kelly
- Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA,Corresponding Author Brian P. Kelly c/o Neuroscience Publications; Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center 350 W. Thomas Rd.; Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Juan S. Uribe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Kwon SW, Chung CK, Won YI, Yuh WT, Park SB, Yang SH, Lee CH, Rhee JM, Kim KT, Kim CH. Mechanical Failure After Total En Bloc Spondylectomy and Salvage Surgery. Neurospine 2022; 19:146-154. [PMID: 35378588 PMCID: PMC8987538 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244092.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) is a curative surgical method for spinal tumors. After resecting the 3 spinal columns, reconstruction is of paramount importance. We present cases of mechanical failure and suggest strategies for salvage surgery.
Methods The medical records of 19 patients who underwent TES (9 for primary tumors and 10 for metastatic tumors) were retrospectively reviewed. Previously reported surgical techniques were used, and the surgical extent was 1 level in 16 patients and 2 levels in 3 patients. A titanium-based mesh-type interbody spacer filled with autologous and cadaveric bone was used for anterior support, and a pedicle screw/rod system was used for posterior support. Radiotherapy was performed in 11 patients (pre-TES, 5; post-TES, 6). They were followed up for 59 ± 38 months (range, 11–133 months).
Results During follow-up, 8 of 9 primary tumor patients (89%) and 5 of 10 metastatic tumor patients (50%) survived (mean survival time, 124 ± 8 months vs. 51 ± 13 months; p=0.11). Mechanical failure occurred in 3 patients (33%) with primary tumors and 2 patients (20%) with metastatic tumors (p=0.63). The mechanical failure-free time was 94.4 ± 14 months (primary tumors, 95 ± 18 months; metastatic tumors, 68 ± 16 months; p=0.90). Revision surgery was performed in 4 of 5 patients, and bilateral broken rods were replaced with dual cobalt-chromium alloy rods. Repeated rod fractures occurred in 1 of 4 patients 2 years later, and the third operation (with multiple cobalt-chromium alloy rods) was successful for over 6 years.
Conclusion Considering the difficulty of reoperation and patients’ suffering, preemptive use of a multiple-rod system may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Won Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon Veterans Hospital, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Il Won
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Korea
| | - Woon Tak Yuh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Heon Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - John M. Rhee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chi Heon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding Author Chi Heon Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-1130 Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
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