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Firouzjaei AA, Mahmoudi A, Almahmeed W, Teng Y, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Identification and analysis of the molecular targets of statins in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155258. [PMID: 38522123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. According to several types of research, statins may impact the development and treatment of CRC. This work aimed to use bioinformatics to discover the relationship between statin targets and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRC patients and determine the possible molecular effect of statins on CRC suppression. We used CRC datasets from the GEO database to select CRC-related DEGs. DGIdb and STITCH databases were used to identify gene targets of subtypes of statin. Further, we identified the statin target of CRC DEGs hub genes by using a Venn diagram of CRC DEGs and statin targets. Funrich and enrichr databases were carried out for the KEGG pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, respectively. GSE74604 and GSE10950 were used to identify CRC DEGs. After analyzing datasets,1370 genes were identified as CRC DEGs, and 345 targets were found for statins. We found that 35 genes are CRC DEGs statin targets. We found that statin targets in CRC were enriched in the receptor and metallopeptidase activity for molecular function, cytoplasm and plasma membrane for cellular component, signal transduction, and cell communication for biological process genes were substantially enriched based on FunRich enrichment. Analysis of the KEGG pathways revealed that the overexpressed DEGs were enriched in the IL-17, PPAR, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Finally, CCNB1, DNMT1, AURKB, RAC1, PPARGC1A, CDKN1A, CAV1, IL1B, and HSPD1 were identified as hub CRC DEGs statin targets. The genetic and molecular aspects of our findings reveal that statins might have a therapeutic effect on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadizad Firouzjaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sun J, Halfvarson J, Bergman D, Ebrahimi F, Roelstraete B, Lochhead P, Song M, Olén O, Ludvigsson JF. Statin use and risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 63:102182. [PMID: 37662517 PMCID: PMC10474364 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statin use has been linked to a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas, but its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a high risk population for CRC - remains inconclusive. Methods From a nationwide IBD cohort in Sweden, we identified 5273 statin users and 5273 non-statin users (1:1 propensity score matching) from July 2006 to December 2018. Statin use was defined as the first filled prescription for ≥30 cumulative defined daily doses and followed until December 2019. Primary outcome was incident CRC. Secondary outcomes were CRC-related mortality and all-cause mortality. Cox regression estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Findings During a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 70 statin users (incidence rate (IR): 21.2 per 10,000 person-years) versus 90 non-statin users (IR: 29.2) were diagnosed with incident CRC (rate difference (RD), -8.0 (95% CIs: -15.8 to -0.2 per 10,000 person-years); aHR = 0.76 (95% CIs: 0.61 to 0.96)). The benefit for incident CRC was duration-dependent in a nested case-control design: as compared to short-term use (30 days to <1 year), the adjusted odd ratios were 0.59 (0.25 to 1.43) for 1 to <2 years of use, 0.46 (0.21 to 0.98) for 2 to <5 years of use, and 0.38 (0.16 to 0.86) for ≥5 years of use (Pfor tread = 0.016). Compared with non-statin users, statin users also had a decreased risk for CRC-related mortality (IR: 6.0 vs. 11.9; RD, -5.9 (-10.5 to -1.2); aHR, 0.56 (0.37 to 0.83)) and all-cause mortality (IR: 156.4 vs. 231.4; RD, -75.0 (-96.6 to -53.4); aHR, 0.63 (0.57 to 0.69)). Interpretation Statin use was associated with a lower risk of incident CRC, CRC-related mortality, and all-cause mortality. The benefit for incident CRC was duration-dependent, with a significantly lower risk after ≥2 years of statin use. Funding This research was supported by Forte (i.e., the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Sun
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - David Bergman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clarunis - University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Roelstraete
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ola Olén
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas F. Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang QL, Yuan C, Lee AA, Babic A, Ng K, Perez K, Nowak JA, Lagergren J, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Sander C, Rosenthal MH, Kraft P, Wolpin BM. Pancreatic cancer is associated with medication changes prior to clinical diagnosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2437. [PMID: 37117188 PMCID: PMC10147931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) commonly develop symptoms and signs in the 1-2 years before diagnosis that can result in changes to medications. We investigate recent medication changes and PDAC diagnosis in Nurses' Health Study (NHS; females) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; males), including up to 148,973 U.S. participants followed for 2,994,057 person-years and 991 incident PDAC cases. Here we show recent initiation of antidiabetic (NHS) or anticoagulant (NHS, HFS) medications and cessation of antihypertensive medications (NHS, HPFS) are associated with pancreatic cancer diagnosis in the next 2 years. Two-year PDAC risk increases as number of relevant medication changes increases (P-trend <1 × 10-5), with participants who recently start antidiabetic and stop antihypertensive medications having multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of 4.86 (95%CI, 1.74-13.6). These changes are not associated with diagnosis of other digestive system cancers. Recent medication changes should be considered as candidate features in multi-factor risk models for PDAC, though they are not causally implicated in development of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao-Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinka Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chen Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice A Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Babic
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Perez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesper Lagergren
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Rosenthal
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lv J, Chen P, Wu J, Wen Z, Zhao C. The association between statin use and prognosis in esophageal cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33359. [PMID: 36961185 PMCID: PMC10036019 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of statin use on the survival of esophageal cancer patients remains unclear now. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between statin use and the long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched up to August 20, 2022, for relevant studies. The endpoints included overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence-free survival, and hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to assess the association between statin use and the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. Subgroup analysis based on the pathological type (adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma), dose of statin use and tumor stage (tumor-node-metastasis I-III vs IV) was further performed. All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of 7 retrospective studies involving 25,711 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that statin use was significantly associated with improved OS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.74-0.87, P < .001), CSS (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.74-0.89, P < .001), and recurrence-free survival (HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.87, P = .022). Furthermore, subgroup analysis stratified by the pathological type, dose of statin use and tumor stage for OS and CSS showed similar results and indicated the protective role of statin use in the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. CONCLUSION Statin use is significantly associated with improved long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients and might serve as a promising prognostic indicator in esophageal cancer. However, more prospective high-quality studies are still needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Peirui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Zhi Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Luojiang District People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
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Ruscica M, Ferri N, Banach M, Sirtori CR, Corsini A. Side effects of statins: from pathophysiology and epidemiology to diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 118:3288-3304. [PMID: 35238338 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, has proven beneficial preventive effects on cardiovascular events. However, discontinuation due to intolerance and non-adherence remain two of the major gaps in both primary and secondary prevention. This leads many patients with high-risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) to be inadequately treated or not to achieve target lipid level goals, and as consequence they undergo an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The aim of this review is thus to give an overview of the reasons for discontinuation and on the possible mechanisms behind them. Although statins, as a class, are generally safe, they are associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and hepatic transaminase elevations. Incidence of cataracts or cognitive dysfunction and others presented in the literature (e.g. proteinuria and haematuria) have been never confirmed to have a causal link. Conversely, debated remains the effect on myalgia. Muscle side effects are the most commonly reported, although myalgia is still believed by some to be the result of a nocebo/drucebo effect. Concerning mechanisms behind muscular side effects, no clear conclusions have been reached. Thus, if on one side it is important to identify individuals either at higher risk to develop a side effect, or with confirmed risk factors and conditions of statin intolerance, on the other side alternative strategies should be identified to avoid an increased ASCVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Qin S, Su Q, Li X, Shao M, Zhang Y, Yu F, Ni Y, Zhong J. Curcumin suppresses cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells by activating the TRPA1 channel. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:6. [PMID: 36641489 PMCID: PMC9840307 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (Cur) is a bioactive dietary polyphenol of turmeric with various biological activities against several cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Intestinal cholesterol homeostasis is associated with CRC. Chemotherapy for CRC is related to varied adverse effects. Therefore, natural products with anti-cancer properties represent a potential strategy for primary prevention of CRC. METHODS The present study used Cur as a therapeutic approach against CRC using the Caco-2 cell line. The cells were treated with different concentrations of Cur for different duration of time and then the proliferation ability of cells was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays. Oil red O staining and cholesterol assay kit were used to evaluate cellular lipid content and cholesterol outward transportation. Finally, the protein expressions of cholesterol transport-related protein and signal transduction molecules were assessed using Western blot assay. RESULTS Cur inhibited cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by activating the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) channel. Activation of the TRPA1 channel led to increased intracellular calcium, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) upregulation, and the subsequent downregulation of the specificity protein-1 (SP-1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2)/Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) signaling pathway-related proteins, and finally reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cur inhibits cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells through the Ca2+/PPARγ/SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling by activating the TRPA1 channel, suggesting that Cur can be used as a dietary supplement for the primary prevention of CRC. In Caco-2 cells, Cur first stimulates calcium influx by activating the TRPA1 channel, further upregulates PPARγ and downregulates SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling pathway, and finally inhibits the absorption of cholesterol. TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SP-1, specificity protein-1; SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2; Cur, curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Qian Su
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Xiang Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Muqing Shao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Yindi Zhang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Fadong Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Yinxing Ni
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Jian Zhong
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
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Min Y, Wei X, Liu Z, Wei Z, Pei Y, Li R, Jin J, Su Y, Hu X, Peng X. Assessing the role of lipid-lowering therapy on multi-cancer prevention: A mendelian randomization study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1109580. [PMID: 37153802 PMCID: PMC10154601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Statin use for cancer prevention has raised wide attention but the conclusions are still controversial. Whether statins use have exact causal effects on cancer prevention remains unclear. Methods: Based on the Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) datasets from the large prospective UK Biobank and other consortium databases, two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to explore the causal effects of statins use on varied site-specific cancer risks. Five MR methods were applied to investigate the causality. The stability, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy of MR results were also evaluated. Results: The atorvastatin use could increase the risk of colorectal cancer (odd ratio (OR) = 1.041, p = 0.035 by fixed-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method (IVWFE), OR = 1.086, p = 0.005 by weighted median; OR = 1.101, p = 0.048 by weighted mode, respectively). According to the weighted median and weighted mode, atorvastatin could modestly decrease the risk of liver cell cancer (OR = 0.989, p = 0.049, and OR = 0.984, p = 0.004, respectively) and head and neck cancer (OR = 0.972, p = 0.020). Besides, rosuvastatin use could reduce the bile duct cancer risk by 5.2% via IVWEF method (OR = 0.948, p = 0.031). No significant causality was determined in simvastatin use and pan-cancers via the IVWFE or multiplicative random-effects IVW (IVWMRE) method if applicable (p > 0.05). There was no horizontal pleiotropy observed in the MR analysis and the leave-one-out analysis proved the stability of the results. Conclusion: The causalities between statin use and cancer risk were only observed in colorectal cancer and bile duct cancer in the European ancestry population. Future works are warranted to provide more robust evidence for supporting statin repurposing for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Min
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Cancer Center, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheran Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigong Wei
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyan Pei
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruidan Li
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongllin Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xingchen Peng, ; Xiaolin Hu,
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xingchen Peng, ; Xiaolin Hu,
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Response to Scherübl. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:2085-2088. [PMID: 36455225 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Metabolic Syndrome and Estrogen Use Are Important Confounders in the Multifactorial Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Risk. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:2085. [PMID: 36114774 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Zhang Y, Song M, Chan AT, Meyerhardt JA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Long-term use of antihypertensive medications, hypertension and colorectal cancer risk and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1974-1982. [PMID: 36138074 PMCID: PMC9681847 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and the use of antihypertensive medications have been intensively investigated in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC). Prior epidemiologic studies have not been able to examine this topic with adequate confounding control and follow-up time, or disentangle the effects of antihypertensive agents and hypertension. METHODS Eligible participants in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study were followed for up to 28 years, with repeat assessments of exposures. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS In fully adjusted analyses based on both new-user and prevalent-user designs, there was no association between the use of beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, furosemide, other antihypertensive drugs and CRC risk and mortality reached the statistically significant threshold after Bonferroni correction. The results remained similar in sensitivity analyses among participants with hypertension. Before Bonferroni correction, suggestive associations between beta-blocker use and CRC risk and between furosemide use and CRC-specific mortality were observed specifically in analyses using a new-user design. Hypertension was not associated with CRC risk in analyses based on both new-user and prevalent-user designs. CONCLUSIONS Hypertension and long-term use of major classes of antihypertensive medications are unlikely to be associated with CRC risk and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Statins and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study and Synthesis of the Epidemiological Evidence. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061528. [PMID: 35329853 PMCID: PMC8953421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The pleiotropic effects of statins may explain a chemoprotective action against colorectal cancer (CRC). Many studies have tested this hypothesis, but results have been inconsistent so far. Moreover, few have examined statins individually which is important for determining whether there is a class effect and if lipophilicity and intensity may play a role. (2) Methods: From 2001–2014, we carried out a study comprised of 15,491 incident CRC cases and 60,000 matched controls extracted from the primary healthcare database BIFAP. We fit a logistic regression model to compute the adjusted-odds ratios (AOR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additionally, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis. (3) Results: Current use of statins showed a reduced risk of CRC (AOR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.83–0.91) not sustained after discontinuation. The association was time-dependent, starting early (AOR6months–1year = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76–0.96) but weakened beyond 3-years. A class effect was suggested, although only significant for simvastatin and rosuvastatin. The risk reduction was more marked among individuals aged 70 or younger, and among moderate-high intensity users. Forty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis (pooled-effect-size = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86–0.93). (4) Conclusions: Results from the case-control study and the pooled evidence support a moderate chemoprotective effect of statins on CRC risk, modified by duration, intensity, and age.
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