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Chandrashekar DV, Roules GC, Jagadeesan N, Panchal UR, Oyegbesan A, Imiruaye OE, Zhang H, Garcia J, Kaur K, Win S, Than TA, Kaplowitz N, Roosan M, Han D, Sumbria RK. Hepatic LRP-1 plays an important role in amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease mice: Potential role in chronic heavy alcohol feeding. Neurobiol Dis 2024:106570. [PMID: 38885850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) plays a central role in peripheral amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, but its importance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is understudied. Our previous work showed that intragastric alcohol feeding to C57BL/6 J mice reduced hepatic LRP-1 expression which correlated with significant AD-relevant brain changes. Herein, we examined the role of hepatic LRP-1 in AD pathogenesis in APP/PS1 AD mice using two approaches to modulate hepatic LRP-1, intragastric alcohol feeding to model chronic heavy drinking shown by us to reduce hepatic LRP-1, and hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing. METHODS Eight-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were fed ethanol or control diet intragastrically for 5 weeks (n = 7-11/group). Brain and liver Aβ were assessed using immunoassays. Three important mechanisms of brain amyloidosis were investigated: hepatic LRP-1 (major peripheral Aβ regulator), blood-brain barrier (BBB) function (vascular Aβ regulator), and microglia (major brain Aβ regulator) using immunoassays. Spatial LRP-1 gene expression in the periportal versus pericentral hepatic regions was confirmed using NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler. Further, hepatic LRP-1 was silenced by injecting LRP-1 microRNA delivered by the adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) and the hepato-specific thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) promoter to 4-month-old male APP/PS1 mice (n = 6). Control male APP/PS1 mice received control AAV8 (n = 6). Spatial memory and locomotion were assessed 12 weeks after LRP-1 silencing using Y-maze and open-field test, respectively, and brain and liver Aβ were measured. RESULTS Alcohol feeding reduced plaque-associated microglia in APP/PS1 mice brains and increased aggregated Aβ (p < 0.05) by ELISA and 6E10-positive Aβ load by immunostaining (p < 0.05). Increased brain Aβ corresponded with a significant downregulation of hepatic LRP-1 (p < 0.01) at the protein and transcript level, primarily in pericentral hepatocytes (zone 3) where alcohol-induced injury occurs. Hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing significantly increased brain Aβ and locomotion hyperactivity (p < 0.05) in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION Chronic heavy alcohol intake reduced hepatic LRP-1 expression and increased brain Aβ. The hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing similarly increased brain Aβ which was associated with behavioral deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our results suggest that hepatic LRP-1 is a key regulator of brain amyloidosis in alcohol-dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj V Chandrashekar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - G Chuli Roules
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Urvashi R Panchal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Adenike Oyegbesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Oghenetega E Imiruaye
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jerome Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sanda Win
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases and Southern California Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tin A Than
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases and Southern California Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases and Southern California Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Moom Roosan
- Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Derick Han
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States.
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Daudelin D, Westerhaus A, Zhang N, Leyder E, Savonenko A, Sockanathan S. Loss of GDE2 leads to complex behavioral changes including memory impairment. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2024; 20:7. [PMID: 38575965 PMCID: PMC10993612 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-024-00234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) are debilitating neurodegenerative diseases for which there are currently no cures. Familial cases with known genetic causes make up less than 10% of these diseases, and little is known about the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sporadic disease. Accordingly, it is important to expand investigations into possible pathways that may contribute to disease pathophysiology. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2 or GDPD5) is a membrane-bound enzyme that acts at the cell surface to cleave the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor that tethers distinct proteins to the membrane. GDE2 abnormally accumulates in intracellular compartments in the brain of patients with AD, ALS, and ALS/FTD, indicative of GDE2 dysfunction. Mice lacking GDE2 (Gde2KO) show neurodegenerative changes such as neuronal loss, reduced synaptic proteins and synapse loss, and increased Aβ deposition, raising the possibility that GDE2 disruption in disease might contribute to disease pathophysiology. However, the effect of GDE2 loss on behavioral function and learning/memory has not been characterized. RESULTS Here, we show that GDE2 is expressed throughout the adult mouse brain in areas including the cortex, hippocampus, habenula, thalamus, and amygdala. Gde2KO and WT mice were tested in a set of behavioral tasks between 7 and 16 months of age. Compared to WT, Gde2KO mice display moderate hyperactivity that becomes more pronounced with age across a variety of behavioral tests assessing novelty-induced exploratory activity. Additionally, Gde2KO mice show reduced startle response, with females showing additional defects in prepulse inhibition. No changes in anxiety-associated behaviors were found, but Gde2KOs show reduced sociability. Notably, aged Gde2KO mice demonstrate impaired short/long-term spatial memory and cued fear memory/secondary contextual fear acquisition. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations suggest that loss of GDE2 leads to behavioral deficits, some of which are seen in neurodegenerative disease models, implying that loss of GDE2 may be an important contributor to phenotypes associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Daudelin
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, PCTB 1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anna Westerhaus
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, PCTB 1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, PCTB 1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Erica Leyder
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Sensory-Motor Neuroscience (SMN), Center for Scientific Review, ICN Review Branch, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Suite 1010-F, Bethesda, MD, 20892 , USA.
| | - Shanthini Sockanathan
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, PCTB 1004, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Wen G, Zhan X, Xu X, Xia X, Jiang S, Ren X, Ren W, Lou H, Lu L, Hermenean A, Yao J, Gao L, Li B, Lu Y, Wu X. Ketamine Improves the Glymphatic Pathway by Reducing the Pyroptosis of Hippocampal Astrocytes in the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2049-2062. [PMID: 37840071 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine as a glutamate receptor antagonist has a rapid, potent, and long-lasting antidepressant effect, but its specific mechanism is still not fully understood. Depression is associated with elevated levels of glutamate and astrocyte loss in the brain; the exploration of the relationships between ketamine's antidepressant effect and astrocytes has drawn great attention. Astrocytes and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are essential components of the glymphatic system, which is a brain-wide perivascular pathway to help transport nutrients to the parenchyma and remove metabolic wastes. In this study, we investigated pyroptosis-associated protein Nlrp3/Caspase-1/Gsdmd-N expression in the hippocampus of mice and the toxic effect of high levels of glutamate on primary astrocytes. On this basis, the protective mechanism of ketamine is explored. A single administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg) remarkably relieved anxious and depressive behaviors in the sucrose preference test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test. Meanwhile, ketamine reduced the level of hippocampus Nlrp3 and the expression of its downstream molecules in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model by western blot and reduced the colocalization of Gfap and Gsdmd by nearly 25% via immunofluorescent staining. Ketamine also increased the Gfap-positive cells and AQP4 expression in the hippocampus of the CUMS mice. More important, ketamine increased the distribution of the fluorescent tracer of CUMS mice. Treatment with 128 mM glutamate in cortical and hippocampus astrocytes increased the level of Nlrp3, and Gsdmd-N, and ketamine alleviated high glutamate-induced pyroptosis-associated proteins. In summary, these results suggest that high glutamate-induced astrocyte pyroptosis through the Nlrp3/Caspase-1/Gsdmd-N pathway which was inhibited by ketamine and ketamine can improve the damaged glymphatic function of the CUMS mice. The present study indicates that inhibiting astrocyte pyroptosis and promoting the glymphatic circulation function are a new mechanism of ketamine's antidepressant effect, and astrocyte pyroptosis may be a new target for other antidepressant medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehua Wen
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhan
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Xia
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Shukun Jiang
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghua Ren
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Weishu Ren
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoyang Lou
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of pediatrics Neonatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, U.S., Chicago, USA, IL
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Jun Yao
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Gao
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China
| | - Baoman Li
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry in Congenital Malformation, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xu Wu
- China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, China.
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-evidence Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang, China.
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Su Q, Ren YH, Liu GW, Gao YP, Zhang JX, Zhang JN, Pei XX, Li T. Trichostatin A relieves anxiety-and depression-like symptoms in APP/PS1 mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333235. [PMID: 38572429 PMCID: PMC10987769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders such as anxiety and depression are common manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous work demonstrated that Trichostatin A (TSA) could alleviate neuroinflammatory plaques and improve cognitive disorders. AD, anxiety, and depression are all associated with microglial inflammation. However, whether TSA could attenuate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in APP/PS1 mice through anti-inflammatory signaling is still unclearly. Methods In the present study, all mice were subjected to the open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim tests to assess anxiety- and depression-related behaviors after TSA administration. To understand the possible mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects observed, CST7 was measured in the hippocampus of mice and LPS-treated BV2 microglia. Results The results of this study indicated that TSA administration relieved the behaviors of depression and anxiety in APP/PS1 mice, and decreased CST7 levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice and LPS-induced BV2 cells. Conclusion Overall, these findings support the idea that TSA might be beneficial for reducing neurobehavioral disorders in AD and this could be due to suppression of CST7-related microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiu-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xia-Xia Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Yaghoobi Z, Seyed Bagher Nazeri SS, Asadi A, Derafsh E, Talebi Taheri A, Tamtaji Z, Dadgostar E, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-coding RNAs and Aquaporin 4: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:583-596. [PMID: 38114727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major group of non-communicable diseases affecting quality of life. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders. In studies on the genesis of neurological diseases, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and activity have both been linked to ncRNAs. The upregulation or downregulation of several ncRNAs leads to neurological disorder progression by targeting AQP4. The role of ncRNAs and AQP4 in neurological disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Amir Asadi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Addiction Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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Li J, Hao Y, Wang S, Li W, Yue S, Duan X, Yang Y, Li B. Yuanzhi powder facilitated Aβ clearance in APP/PS1 mice: Target to the drainage of glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117195. [PMID: 37717839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yuanzhi Powder (YZP) is a classical Chinese medicine prescription, which is suitable for the treatment of dementia by "dispelling phlegm and opening orifice". The therapeutic efficacy of YZP on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been previously reported in our work. However, it remains unclear whether the neuroprotective effect of YZP is linked to β-amyloid(Aβ) clearance through cerebral lymphatic drainage. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim was to determine the protective efficacy of YZP against AD and investigate the potential mechanism for eliminating excessive Aβ deposition. MATERIALS AND METHODS APP/PS1 mice were divided into four groups of 8 mice each: APP/PS1 group, DONE group, L-YZP group, and H-YZP group. Additionally, 8 wild-type littermates were assigned to the control group (WT group). After 8 weeks of consecutive intragastric administration, behavioral tests, including the open field test, novel object recognition test and Morris Water Maze test, were employed to assess the cognitive abilities of all groups of mice. Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were utilized to evaluate clearance of excessive Aβ deposition and pathological changes. Furthermore, immunofluorescence was applied to visualize the drainage of the cerebral lymphatic system after fluorescent tracer injection in the cisterna magna. RESULTS The administration of YZP significantly attenuated cognitive deficits, cleared excessive Aβ deposition, and improved pathological damage in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, YZP effectively enhanced glymphatic system drainage by restoring AQP4 polarization and inhibiting reactive astrogliosis. Additionally, YZP facilitated the drainage of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) by augmenting their diameter and coverage. Lastly, YZP promoted the elimination of Aβ from the brain to deep cervical lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS The administration of YZP may ameliorate the cognitive deficits and pathological damage in APP/PS1 mice by effectively clearing excessive Aβ deposition. The underlying mechanisms potentially involve Aβ clearance through the cerebral lymphatic system, which includes the glymphatic system and MLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengnan Yue
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqing Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Department of Scientific Research, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Sepehrinezhad A, Stolze Larsen F, Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S. The Glymphatic System May Play a Vital Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070979. [PMID: 37048052 PMCID: PMC10093707 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver disease resulting in cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Although hyperammonemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of HE, several other factors have recently been discovered. Among these, the impairment of a highly organized perivascular network known as the glymphatic pathway seems to be involved in the progression of some neurological complications due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and waste substances in the brain interstitial fluids (ISF). The glymphatic system plays an important role in the clearance of brain metabolic derivatives and prevents aggregation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. Impairment of it will result in aggravated accumulation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. This could also be the case in patients with liver failure complicated by HE. Indeed, accumulation of some metabolic by-products and agents such as ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, and aromatic amino acids has been reported in the human brain ISF using microdialysis technique is attributed to worsening of HE and correlates with brain edema. Furthermore, it has been reported that the glymphatic system is impaired in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in an experimental model of HE. In this review, we discuss different factors that may affect the function of the glymphatic pathways and how these changes may be involved in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 999017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Dog models of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Mamm Genome 2022:10.1007/s00335-022-09965-w. [PMID: 36243810 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Eighty-five percent of CVD-associated deaths are due to heart attacks and stroke. Atherosclerosis leads to heart attack and stroke through a slow progression of lesion formation and luminal narrowing of arteries. Dogs are similar to humans in terms of their cardiovascular physiology, size, and anatomy. Dog models have been developed to recapitulate the complex phenotype of human patients and understand the underlying mechanism of CVD. Different methods, including high-fat, high-cholesterol diet and genetic modification, have been used to generate dog models of human CVD. Remarkably, the location and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and branches of the carotid arteries of dog models closely resemble those of human CVD patients. Overt clinical manifestations such as stroke caused by plaque rupture and thrombosis were observed in dog models. Thus, dog models can help define the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and develop potential strategy for preventing and treating CVD. In this review, we summarize the progress in generating and characterizing canine models to investigate CVD and discuss the advantages and limitations of canine CVD models.
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