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Ilyinsky NS, Nesterov SV, Shestoperova EI, Fonin AV, Uversky VN, Gordeliy VI. On the Role of Normal Aging Processes in the Onset and Pathogenesis of Diseases Associated with the Abnormal Accumulation of Protein Aggregates. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:275-289. [PMID: 33838629 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a prime systemic cause of various age-related diseases, in particular, proteinopathies. In fact, most diseases associated with protein misfolding are sporadic, and their incidence increases with aging. This review examines the process of protein aggregate formation, the toxicity of such aggregates, the organization of cellular systems involved in proteostasis, and the impact of protein aggregates on important cellular processes leading to proteinopathies. We also analyze how manifestations of aging (mitochondrial dysfunction, dysfunction of signaling systems, changes in the genome and epigenome) facilitate pathogenesis of various proteinopathies either directly, by increasing the propensity of key proteins for aggregation, or indirectly, through dysregulation of stress responses. Such analysis might help in outlining approaches for treating proteinopathies and extending healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Ilyinsky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
| | - Semen V Nesterov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Moscow, 115404, Russia
| | - Elizaveta I Shestoperova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Valentin I Gordeliy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.,Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, 52428, Germany.,Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, 38000, France
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Nesterov SV, Yaguzhinsky LS, Podoprigora GI, Nartsissov YR. Amino Acids as Regulators of Cell Metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:393-408. [PMID: 32569548 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792004001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the principles of regulation and synchronization of metabolic processes in mammalian cells using a two-component model of cell metabolism consisting of a controlling signaling system that regulates major enzymatic cascades and executive metabolic system that directly performs biosynthetic reactions. This approach has allowed us to distinguish two transitional metabolic states (from catabolism to anabolism and vice versa) accompanied by major rearrangements in the signaling system. The signaling system of natural amino acids was selected, because amino acids are involved in both signaling and executive metabolic subsystems of general cell metabolism. We have developed a graphical representation of metabolic events that allowed us to demonstrate the succession of processes occurring in both metabolic subsystems during complete metabolic cycle in a non-dividing cell. An important revealed feature of the amino acid signaling system is that the signaling properties of amino acid are determined not only by their molecular structure, but also by the location within the cell. Four major signaling groups of amino acids have been identified that localize to lysosomes, mitochondria, cytosol, and extracellular space adjacent to the plasma membrane. Although these amino acids groups are similar in the composition, they have different receptors. We also proposed a scheme for the metabolism regulation by amino acids signaling that can serve as a basis for developing more complete spatio-temporal picture of metabolic regulation involving a wide variety of intracellular signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Nesterov
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Moscow, 115404, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - L S Yaguzhinsky
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Moscow, 115404, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G I Podoprigora
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Moscow, 115404, Russia
| | - Ya R Nartsissov
- Institute of Cytochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Moscow, 115404, Russia
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