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Vogelsang L, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Dietz KJ. Specificity and dynamics of H 2O 2 detoxification by the cytosolic redox regulatory network as revealed by in vitro reconstitution. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103141. [PMID: 38599017 PMCID: PMC11022108 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The thiol redox state is a decisive functional characteristic of proteins in cell biology. Plasmatic cell compartments maintain a thiol-based redox regulatory network linked to the glutathione/glutathione disulfide couple (GSH/GSSG) and the NAD(P)H system. The basic network constituents are known and in vivo cell imaging with gene-encoded probes have revealed insight into the dynamics of the [GSH]2/[GSSG] redox potential, cellular H2O2 and NAD(P)H+H+ amounts in dependence on metabolic and environmental cues. Less understood is the contribution and interaction of the network components, also because of compensatory reactions in genetic approaches. Reconstituting the cytosolic network of Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro from fifteen recombinant proteins at in vivo concentrations, namely glutathione peroxidase-like (GPXL), peroxiredoxins (PRX), glutaredoxins (GRX), thioredoxins, NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase A and glutathione reductase and applying Grx1-roGFP2 or roGFP2-Orp1 as dynamic sensors, allowed for monitoring the response to a single H2O2 pulse. The major change in thiol oxidation as quantified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics occurred in relevant peptides of GPXL, and to a lesser extent of PRX, while other Cys-containing peptides only showed small changes in their redox state and protection. Titration of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) into the system together with dehydroascorbate reductase lowered the oxidation of the fluorescent sensors in the network but was unable to suppress it. The results demonstrate the power of the network to detoxify H2O2, the partially independent branches of electron flow with significance for specific cell signaling and the importance of APX to modulate the signaling without suppressing it and shifting the burden to glutathione oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vogelsang
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany; CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany; CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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2
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Meng J, Wang Y, Lv Z, Qiao X, Ye A, Zhu Q, Chen C. Redox-stress response resistance (RRR) mediated by hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 in senescent cells. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2280-2294. [PMID: 37160651 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aging is closely related to redox regulation. In our previous work, we proposed a new concept, "redox-stress response capacity (RRC)," and found that the decline in RRC was a dynamic characteristic of aging. However, the mechanism of RRC decline during aging remains unknown. In this study, using the senescent human fibroblast cell model and Caenorhabditis elegans model, we identified that peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2), as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor, was involved in mediating RRC. PRDX2 knockdown led to a decline of RRC and accelerated senescence in fibroblasts and prdx-2 mutant C. elegans also showed decreased RRC. The mechanism study showed that the decreased sensor activity of PRDX2 was related to the increase in hyperoxidation of PRDX2 in senescent cells. Moreover, the level of PRDX2 hyperoxidation also increased in old C. elegans. Simultaneous overexpression of both PRDX2 and sulfiredoxin (SRX) rescued the reduced RRC and delayed senescence. The increase in PRDX2 hyperoxidation in senescent cells led to a decrease in its sensor activity, resulting in the decreased cellular response to H2O2, which is similar to the mechanism of insulin resistance due to the lower insulin receptor sensitivity. Treatment of young cells with a high level of H2O2 to induce a higher level of PRDX2-SO3 resulted in mimicking the RRC decline in senescent cells, which is also similar to a model of insulin resistance induced by high levels of insulin. All these results thrillingly indicate that there is an insulin-resistance-like phenomenon in senescent cells, we named it redox-stress response resistance, RRR. RRR in senescent cells is an important new discovery that explains RRC decline during aging and reveals the internal relationship between redox regulation and aging from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhenyu Lv
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Aojun Ye
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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3
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Lynch J, Wang Y, Li Y, Kavdia K, Fukuda Y, Ranjit S, Robinson CG, Grace CR, Xia Y, Peng J, Schuetz JD. A PPIX-binding probe facilitates discovery of PPIX-induced cell death modulation by peroxiredoxin. Commun Biol 2023; 6:673. [PMID: 37355765 PMCID: PMC10290680 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While heme synthesis requires the formation of a potentially lethal intermediate, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), surprisingly little is known about the mechanism of its toxicity, aside from its phototoxicity. The cellular protein interactions of PPIX might provide insight into modulators of PPIX-induced cell death. Here we report the development of PPB, a biotin-conjugated, PPIX-probe that captures proteins capable of interacting with PPIX. Quantitative proteomics in a diverse panel of mammalian cell lines reveal a high degree of concordance for PPB-interacting proteins identified for each cell line. Most differences are quantitative, despite marked differences in PPIX formation and sensitivity. Pathway and quantitative difference analysis indicate that iron and heme metabolism proteins are prominent among PPB-bound proteins in fibroblasts, which undergo PPIX-mediated death determined to occur through ferroptosis. PPB proteomic data (available at PRIDE ProteomeXchange # PXD042631) reveal that redox proteins from PRDX family of glutathione peroxidases interact with PPIX. Targeted gene knockdown of the mitochondrial PRDX3, but not PRDX1 or 2, enhance PPIX-induced death in fibroblasts, an effect blocked by the radical-trapping antioxidant, ferrostatin-1. Increased PPIX formation and death was also observed in a T-lymphoblastoid ferrochelatase-deficient leukemia cell line, suggesting that PPIX elevation might serve as a potential strategy for killing certain leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kanisha Kavdia
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sabina Ranjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christy R Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Youlin Xia
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Peroxiredoxin 2: An Important Element of the Antioxidant Defense of the Erythrocyte. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051012. [PMID: 37237878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is the third most abundant erythrocyte protein. It was known previously as calpromotin since its binding to the membrane stimulates the calcium-dependent potassium channel. Prdx2 is present mostly in cytosol in the form of non-covalent dimers but may associate into doughnut-like decamers and other oligomers. Prdx2 reacts rapidly with hydrogen peroxide (k > 107 M-1 s-1). It is the main erythrocyte antioxidant that removes hydrogen peroxide formed endogenously by hemoglobin autoxidation. Prdx2 also reduces other peroxides including lipid, urate, amino acid, and protein hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite. Oxidized Prdx2 can be reduced at the expense of thioredoxin but also of other thiols, especially glutathione. Further reactions of Prdx2 with oxidants lead to hyperoxidation (formation of sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives of the peroxidative cysteine). The sulfinyl derivative can be reduced by sulfiredoxin. Circadian oscillations in the level of hyperoxidation of erythrocyte Prdx2 were reported. The protein can be subject to post-translational modifications; some of them, such as phosphorylation, nitration, and acetylation, increase its activity. Prdx2 can also act as a chaperone for hemoglobin and erythrocyte membrane proteins, especially during the maturation of erythrocyte precursors. The extent of Prdx2 oxidation is increased in various diseases and can be an index of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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5
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Hewitt OH, Degnan SM. Antioxidant enzymes that target hydrogen peroxide are conserved across the animal kingdom, from sponges to mammals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2510. [PMID: 36781921 PMCID: PMC9925728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is the sustenance of aerobic life and yet is highly toxic. In early life, antioxidants functioned solely to defend against toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Later, as aerobic metabolisms evolved, ROS became essential for signalling. Thus, antioxidants are multifunctional and must detoxify, but also permit ROS signalling for vital cellular processes. Here we conduct metazoan-wide genomic assessments of three enzymatic antioxidant families that target the predominant ROS signaller, hydrogen peroxide: namely, monofunctional catalases (CAT), peroxiredoxins (PRX), and glutathione peroxidases (GPX). We reveal that the two most evolutionary ancient families, CAT and PRX, exhibit metazoan-wide conservation. In the basal animal lineage, sponges (phylum Porifera), we find all three antioxidant families, but with GPX least abundant. Poriferan CATs are distinct from bilaterian CATs, but the evolutionary divergence is small. Amongst PRXs, subfamily PRX6 is the most conserved, whilst subfamily AhpC-PRX1 is the largest; PRX4 is the only core member conserved from sponges to mammals and may represent the ancestral animal AhpC-PRX1. Conversely, for GPX, the most recent family to arise, only the cysteine-dependent subfamily GPX7 is conserved across metazoans, and common across Porifera. Our analyses illustrate that the fundamental functions of antioxidants have resulted in gene conservation throughout the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Hewitt
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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6
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Bi G, Hu M, Fu L, Zhang X, Zuo J, Li J, Yang J, Zhou JM. The cytosolic thiol peroxidase PRXIIB is an intracellular sensor for H 2O 2 that regulates plant immunity through a redox relay. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1160-1175. [PMID: 36241731 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid production of H2O2 is a hallmark of plant responses to diverse pathogens and plays a crucial role in signalling downstream of various receptors that perceive immunogenic patterns. However, mechanisms by which plants sense H2O2 to regulate immunity remain poorly understood. We show that endogenous H2O2 generated upon immune activation is sensed by the thiol peroxidase PRXIIB via oxidation at Cys51, and this is essential for stomatal immunity against Pseudomonas syringae. We further show that in immune-stimulated cells, PRXIIB conjugates via Cys51 with the type 2C protein phosphatase ABA insensitive 2 (ABI2), subsequently transducing H2O2 signal to ABI2. This oxidation dramatically sensitizes H2O2-mediated inhibition of the ABI2 phosphatase activity in vitro and is required for stomatal immunity in plants. Together, our results illustrate a redox relay, with PRXIIB as a sensor for H2O2 and ABI2 as a target protein, that mediates reactive oxygen species signalling during plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
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7
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Distinct mechanisms underlie H2O2 sensing in C. elegans head and tail. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274226. [PMID: 36173997 PMCID: PMC9521893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental oxidative stress threatens cellular integrity and should therefore be avoided by living organisms. Yet, relatively little is known about environmental oxidative stress perception. Here, using microfluidics, we showed that like I2 pharyngeal neurons, the tail phasmid PHA neurons function as oxidative stress sensing neurons in C. elegans, but display different responses to H2O2 and light. We uncovered that different but related receptors, GUR-3 and LITE-1, mediate H2O2 signaling in I2 and PHA neurons. Still, the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2 is essential for both, and might promote H2O2-mediated receptor activation. Our work demonstrates that C. elegans can sense a broad range of oxidative stressors using partially distinct H2O2 signaling pathways in head and tail sensillae, and paves the way for further understanding of how the integration of these inputs translates into the appropriate behavior.
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8
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Queiroz RF, Stanley CP, Wolhuter K, Kong SMY, Rajivan R, McKinnon N, Nguyen GTH, Roveri A, Guttzeit S, Eaton P, Donald WA, Ursini F, Winterbourn CC, Ayer A, Stocker R. Hydrogen peroxide signaling via its transformation to a stereospecific alkyl hydroperoxide that escapes reductive inactivation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6626. [PMID: 34785665 PMCID: PMC8595612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During systemic inflammation, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) becomes expressed in endothelial cells where it uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxidize L-tryptophan to the tricyclic hydroperoxide, cis-WOOH, that then relaxes arteries via oxidation of protein kinase G 1α. Here we show that arterial glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins that rapidly eliminate H2O2, have little impact on relaxation of IDO1-expressing arteries, and that purified IDO1 forms cis-WOOH in the presence of peroxiredoxin 2. cis-WOOH oxidizes protein thiols in a selective and stereospecific manner. Compared with its epimer trans-WOOH and H2O2, cis-WOOH reacts slower with the major arterial forms of glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins while it reacts more readily with its target, protein kinase G 1α. Our results indicate a paradigm of redox signaling by H2O2 via its enzymatic conversion to an amino acid-derived hydroperoxide that 'escapes' effective reductive inactivation to engage in selective oxidative activation of key target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael F Queiroz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southwest Bahia State University, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher P Stanley
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Wolhuter
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ragul Rajivan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi McKinnon
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Philip Eaton
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anita Ayer
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Roland Stocker
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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9
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Sharapov MG, Gudkov SV, Lankin VZ. Hydroperoxide-Reducing Enzymes in the Regulation of Free-Radical Processes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1256-1274. [PMID: 34903155 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The review presents current concepts of the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress development and describes main stages of the free-radical reactions in oxidative stress. Endogenous and exogenous factors of the oxidative stress development, including dysfunction of cell oxidoreductase systems, as well as the effects of various external physicochemical factors, are discussed. The review also describes the main components of the antioxidant defense system and stages of its evolution, with a special focus on peroxiredoxins, glutathione peroxidases, and glutathione S-transferases, which share some phylogenetic, structural, and catalytic properties. The substrate specificity, as well as the similarities and differences in the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes, are discussed in detail. The role of peroxiredoxins, glutathione peroxidases, and glutathione S-transferases in the regulation of hydroperoxide-mediated intracellular and intercellular signaling and interactions of these enzymes with receptors and non-receptor proteins are described. An important contribution of hydroperoxide-reducing enzymes to the antioxidant protection and regulation of such cell processes as growth, differentiation, and apoptosis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia.,All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshiye Vyazemy, 143050, Russia
| | - Vadim Z Lankin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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10
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Specificity of Human Sulfiredoxin for Reductant and Peroxiredoxin Oligomeric State. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060946. [PMID: 34208049 PMCID: PMC8230665 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peroxiredoxins (Prx) are a family of antioxidant enzymes involved in a myriad of cellular functions and diseases. During the reaction with peroxides (e.g., H2O2), the typical 2-Cys Prxs change oligomeric structure between higher order (do)decamers and disulfide-linked dimers, with the hyperoxidized inactive state (-SO2H) favoring the multimeric structure of the reduced enzyme. Here, we present a study on the structural requirements for the repair of hyperoxidized 2-Cys Prxs by human sulfiredoxin (Srx) and the relative efficacy of physiological reductants hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) in this reaction. The crystal structure of the toroidal Prx1-Srx complex shows an extended active site interface. The loss of this interface within engineered Prx2 and Prx3 dimers yielded variants more resistant to hyperoxidation and repair by Srx. Finally, we reveal for the first time Prx isoform-dependent use of and potential cooperation between GSH and H2S in supporting Srx activity.
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11
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McGinnis A, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Hyperoxidation of Peroxiredoxins and Effects on Physiology of Drosophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040606. [PMID: 33920774 PMCID: PMC8071185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of peroxiredoxins (Prx) is determined by the conserved peroxidatic cysteine (CysP), which reacts with peroxides to form sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH). Under conditions of oxidative stress, CysP is oxidized to catalytically inactive sulfinic (Cys-SO2) and sulfonic (Cys-SO3) forms. The Cys-SO2 form can be reduced in a reaction catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). To explore the physiological significance of peroxiredoxin overoxidation, we investigated daily variations in the oxidation state of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in flies of different ages, or under conditions when the pro-oxidative load is high. We found no statistically significant changes in the 2-Cys Prxs monomer:dimer ratio, which indirectly reflects changes in the Prx catalytic activity. However, we found daily variations in Prx-SO2/3 that were more pronounced in older flies as well as in flies lacking Srx. Unexpectedly, the srx mutant flies did not exhibit a diminished survivorship under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, the srx mutant was characterized by a higher physiological activity. In conclusion, catalytically inactive forms of Prx-SO2/3 serve not only as a marker of cellular oxidative burden, but may also play a role in an adaptive response, leading to a positive effect on the physiology of Drosophila melanogaster.
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12
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Peskin AV, Winterbourn CC. The Enigma of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins: What Are Their Roles? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:84-91. [PMID: 33705284 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins are abundant thiol proteins that react efficiently with a wide range of peroxides. Unlike other enzymes, their exceptionally high reactivity does not rely on cofactors. The mechanism of oxidation and reduction of peroxiredoxins places them in a good position to act as antioxidants as well as key players in redox signaling. Understanding of the intimate details of peroxiredoxin functioning is important for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Otago, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Otago, 8140, New Zealand
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13
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Abstract
A number of diseases and conditions have been associated with prolonged or persistent exposure to non-physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, ROS underproduction due to loss-of-function mutations in superoxide or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-generating enzymes is a risk factor or causative for certain diseases. However, ROS are required for basic cell functions; in particular the diffusible second messenger H2O2 that serves as signaling molecule in redox processes. This activity sets H2O2 apart from highly reactive oxygen radicals and influences the approach to drug discovery, clinical utility, and therapeutic intervention. Here we review the chemical and biological fundamentals of ROS with emphasis on H2O2 as a signaling conduit and initiator of redox relays and propose an integrated view of physiological versus non-physiological reactive species. Therapeutic interventions that target persistently altered ROS levels should include both selective inhibition of a specific source of primary ROS and careful consideration of a targeted pro-oxidant approach, an avenue that is still underdeveloped. Both strategies require attention to redox dynamics in complex cellular systems, integration of the overall spatiotemporal cellular environment, and target validation to yield effective and safe therapeutics. The only professional primary ROS producers are NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5, DUOX1-2). Many other enzymes, e.g., xanthine oxidase (XO), monoamine oxidases (MAO), lysyl oxidases (LO), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX), produce superoxide and H2O2 secondary to their primary metabolic function. Superoxide is too reactive to disseminate, but H2O2 is diffusible, only limited by adjacent PRDXs or GPXs, and can be apically secreted and imported into cells through aquaporin (AQP) channels. H2O2 redox signaling includes oxidation of the active site thiol in protein tyrosine phosphatases, which will inhibit their activity and thereby increase tyrosine phosphorylation on target proteins. Essential functions include the oxidative burst by NOX2 as antimicrobial innate immune response; gastrointestinal NOX1 and DUOX2 generating low H2O2 concentrations sufficient to trigger antivirulence mechanisms; and thyroidal DUOX2 essential for providing H2O2 reduced by TPO to oxidize iodide to an iodinating form which is then attached to tyrosyls in TG. Loss-of-function (LoF) variants in TPO or DUOX2 cause congenital hypothyroidism and LoF variants in the NOX2 complex chronic granulomatous disease.
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14
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Sharapov MG, Gudkov SV. Peroxiredoxin 1 - Multifunctional antioxidant enzyme, protects from oxidative damages and increases the survival rate of mice exposed to total body irradiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108671. [PMID: 33181129 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) is known to be a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme playing an essential role in protecting the organism against oxidative stress. We hypothesized that administration of exogenous recombinant Prx1 may provide additional protection of the mammalian organism during the development of acute oxidative stress induced by ionizing radiation. Hence, the aim of the present work was to study the radioprotective properties of exogenous Prx1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant Prx1 was obtained by genetic engineering. The properties of Prx1 were studied using physicochemical methods. An immunoblotting and ELISA were used for the determination of the level of endogenous and exogenous Prx1 in animal blood. The survival rate of irradiated animals was assessed for 30 days with various modes of administration (intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenously) Prx1. Using a hematological analyzer and microscopic analysis, the changes in the level of leukocytes and platelets were assessed in animals that received and did not receive an intravenous injection of Prx1 before irradiation. Genoprotective properties of Prx1 were confirmed by micronucleus test. Real-time PCR was used to investigate the effect of Prx1 on the expression of genes involved in response to oxidative stress. RESULTS Recombinant Prx1 was shown to significantly reduce oxidative damage to biological macromolecules. Prx1 is an effective radioprotector which decreases the severity of radiation-induced leuko- and thrombocytopenia, plus protects bone marrow cells from damage. The half-life of Prx1 in the bloodstream is more than 1 h, while within 1 h there is a loss of the antioxidant activity of Prx1 by almost 50%, which limits its use long (2 h) before irradiation. The introduction of Prx1 after irradiation has no significant radiomitigating effect. The most effective way of using Prx1 is intravenous administration shortly (15-30 min) before exposure to ionizing radiation, with a dose reduction factor of 1.3. Under the action of ionizing radiation a dose-dependent appearance of endogenous Prx1 in the bloodstream was also observed. The appearance of Prx1 in the bloodstream alters the expression of stress response genes (especial antioxidant response and DNA repair) in the cells of red bone marrow, promoting the activation of repair processes. CONCLUSION The recombinant Prx1 can be considered as an effective radioprotector for minimizing the risks of injury of animal's body by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Ulrich K, Schwappach B, Jakob U. Thiol-based switching mechanisms of stress-sensing chaperones. Biol Chem 2020; 402:239-252. [PMID: 32990643 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox switches evolved as efficient post-translational regulatory mechanisms that enable individual proteins to rapidly respond to sudden environmental changes. While some protein functions need to be switched off to save resources and avoid potentially error-prone processes, protective functions become essential and need to be switched on. In this review, we focus on thiol-based activation mechanisms of stress-sensing chaperones. Upon stress exposure, these chaperones convert into high affinity binding platforms for unfolding proteins and protect cells against the accumulation of potentially toxic protein aggregates. Their chaperone activity is independent of ATP, a feature that becomes especially important under oxidative stress conditions, where cellular ATP levels drop and canonical ATP-dependent chaperones no longer operate. Vice versa, reductive inactivation and substrate release require the restoration of ATP levels, which ensures refolding of client proteins by ATP-dependent foldases. We will give an overview over the different strategies that cells evolved to rapidly increase the pool of ATP-independent chaperones upon oxidative stress and provide mechanistic insights into how stress conditions are used to convert abundant cellular proteins into ATP-independent holding chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109, USA
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16
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Peskin AV, Meotti FC, de Souza LF, Anderson RF, Winterbourn CC, Salvador A. Intra-dimer cooperativity between the active site cysteines during the oxidation of peroxiredoxin 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:115-125. [PMID: 32702382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and other typical 2-Cys Prdxs function as homodimers in which hydrogen peroxide oxidizes each active site cysteine to a sulfenic acid which then condenses with the resolving cysteine on the alternate chain. Previous kinetic studies have considered both sites as equally reactive. Here we have studied Prdx2 using a combination of non-reducing SDS-PAGE to separate reduced monomers and dimers with one and two disulfide bonds, and stopped flow analysis of tryptophan fluorescence, to investigate whether there is cooperativity between the sites. We have observed positive cooperativity when H2O2 is added as a bolus and oxidation of the second site occurs while the first site is present as a sulfenic acid. Modelling of this reaction showed that the second site reacts 2.2 ± 0.1 times faster. In contrast, when H2O2 was generated slowly and the first active site condensed to a disulfide before the second site reacted, no cooperativity was evident. Conversion of the sulfenic acid to the disulfide showed negative cooperativity, with modelling of the exponential rise in tryptophan fluorescence yielding a rate constant of 0.75 ± 0.08 s-1 when the alternate active site was present as a sulfenic acid and 2.29 ± 0.08-fold lower when it was a disulfide. No difference in the rate of hyperoxidation at the two sites was detected. Our findings imply that oxidation of one active site affects the conformation of the second site and influences which intermediate forms of the protein are favored under different cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Flávia C Meotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz F de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Armindo Salvador
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CQC, Department of Chemistry, And University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Anschau V, Ferrer-Sueta G, Aleixo-Silva RL, Bannitz Fernandes R, Tairum CA, Tonoli CCC, Murakami MT, de Oliveira MA, Netto LES. Reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate in proteins, connecting thiol-dependent to alternative redox pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:207-216. [PMID: 32615144 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfenic acids are the primary product of thiol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants. Several aspects of sulfenic acid formation through thiol oxidation were established recently. In contrast, the reduction of sulfenic acids is still scarcely investigated. Here, we characterized the kinetics of the reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate in several proteins. Initially, we described the crystal structure of our model protein (Tsa2-C170S). There are other Tsa2 structures in distinct redox states in public databases and all of them are decamers, with the peroxidatic cysteine very accessible to reductants, convenient features to investigate kinetics. We determined that the reaction between Tsa2-C170S-Cys-SOH and ascorbate proceeded with a rate constant of 1.40 ± 0.08 × 103 M-1 s-1 through a competition assay developed here, employing 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP). A series of peroxiredoxin enzymes (Prx6 sub family) were also analyzed by this competition assay and we observed that the reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate was in the 0.4-2.2 × 103 M-1 s-1 range. We also evaluated the same reaction on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain, as the reduction of their sulfenic acids by ascorbate were reported previously. Once again, the rate constants are in the 0.4-2.2 × 103 M-1 s-1 range. We also analyzed the reduction of Tsa2-C170S-SOH by ascorbate by a second, independent method, following hydrogen peroxide reduction through a specific electrode (ISO-HPO-2, World Precision Instruments) and employing a bi-substrate, steady state approach. The kcat/KMAsc was 7.4 ± 0.07 × 103 M-1 s-1, which was in the same order of magnitude as the value obtained by the DCPIP competition assay. In conclusion, our data indicates that reduction of sulfenic acid in various proteins proceed at moderate rate and probably this reaction is more relevant in biological systems where ascorbate concentrations are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valesca Anschau
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rogerio Luis Aleixo-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Bannitz Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Tairum
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celisa Caldana Costa Tonoli
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Li CC, Yang MJ, Yang J, Kang M, Li T, He LH, Song YJ, Zhu YB, Zhao NL, Zhao C, Huang Q, Mou XY, Li H, Tong AP, Tang H, Bao R. Structural and biochemical analysis of 1-Cys peroxiredoxin ScPrx1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129706. [PMID: 32805320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ScPrx1 is a yeast mitochondrial 1-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prx), a type of Prx enzyme which require thiol-containing reducing agents to resolve its peroxidatic cysteine. ScPrx1 plays important role in protection against oxidative stress. Mitochondrial thioredoxin ScTrx3 and glutathione have been reported to be the physiological electron donor for ScPrx1. However, the mechanism underlying their actions, especially the substrate recognition of ScPrx1 requires additional elucidation. METHODS The structure of ScPrx1 was obtained through crystallization experiments. The oligomeric state of ScPrx1 was monitored by Blue-Native PAGE. Mutations were generated by the QuikChange PCR-based method. The ScPrx1 activity assay was carried out by measuring the change of 340 nm absorption of the NADPH oxidation. RESULTS ScPrx1 exist as a homodimer in solution. The structure adopts a typical Prx-fold core which is preceded by an N-terminal β-hairpin and has a C-terminal extension. Mutations (Glu94Ala, Arg198Ala and Trp126) close to the active site could enhance the catalytic efficiency of ScPrx1 while His83Ala and mutations on α4-β6 region exhibited reduced activity. The biochemical data also show that the deletion or mutations on ScPrx1 C-terminal have 2-4.56 fold increased activity. CONCLUSION We inferred that conformational changes of ScPrx1 C-terminal segment were important for its reaction, and the α4-β6 loop regions around the ScPrx1 active sites were important for the catalytic function of ScPrx1. Collectively, these structural features provides a basis for understanding the diverse reductant species usage in different 1-Cys Prxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Mei-Jia Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Jing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory medicine, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Li-Hui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Ying-Jie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Yi-Bo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Ning-Lin Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Chang Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Qin Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Xing-Yu Mou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Ai-Ping Tong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West, China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center.
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19
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Carroll L, Gardiner K, Ignasiak M, Holmehave J, Shimodaira S, Breitenbach T, Iwaoka M, Ogilby PR, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Interaction kinetics of selenium-containing compounds with oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 155:58-68. [PMID: 32439383 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenium compounds have been identified as potential oxidant scavengers for biological applications due to the nucleophilicity of Se, and the ease of oxidation of the selenium centre. Previous studies have reported apparent second order rate constants for a number of oxidants (e.g. HOCl, ONOOH) with some selenium species, but these data are limited. Here we provide apparent second order rate constants for reaction of selenols (RSeH), selenides (RSeR') and diselenides (RSeSeR') with biologically-relevant oxidants (HOCl, H2O2, other peroxides) as well as overall consumption data for the excited state species singlet oxygen (1O2). Selenols show very high reactivity with HOCl and 1O2, with rate constants > 108 M-1 s-1, whilst selenides and diselenides typically react with rate constants one- (selenides) or two- (diselenides) orders of magnitude slower. Rate constants for reaction of diselenides with H2O2 and other hydroperoxides are much slower, with k for H2O2 being <1 M-1 s-1, and for amino acid and peptide hydroperoxides ~102 M-1 s-1. The rate constants determined for HOCl and 1O2 with these selenium species are greater than, or similar to, rate constants for amino acid side chains on proteins, including the corresponding sulfur-centered species (Cys and Met), suggesting that selenium containing compounds may be effective oxidant scavengers. Some of these reactions may be catalytic in nature due to ready recycling of the oxidized selenium species. These data may aid the development of highly efficacious, and catalytic, oxidant scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kelly Gardiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Marta Ignasiak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Shingo Shimodaira
- Brain Korea (BK21), Dept. of Chemistry, KAIST 373-1, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Panday S, Talreja R, Kavdia M. The role of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in regulating cellular level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Microvasc Res 2020; 131:104010. [PMID: 32335268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and GSH/glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzyme system is essential for normal intracellular homeostasis and gets disturbed under pathophysiologic conditions including endothelial dysfunction. Overproduction of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including superoxide (O2•-), and the loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a characteristic of endothelial dysfunction. The GSH/GPX system play an important role in eliminating ROS/RNS. Studies have provided important information regarding the interactions of ROS/RNS with the GSH/GPX in biological systems; however, it is not clear how this cross talk affect these reactive species and GSH/GPX enzyme system, under physiologic and oxidative/nitrosative stress conditions. In the present study, we developed a detailed endothelial cell kinetic model to understand the relationship amongst the key enzyme systems including GSH, GPX, peroxiredoxin (Prx) and reactive species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3). Our simulation results showed that the alterations in the generation rates of O2•- and NO led to the formation of a wide range of ROS and RNS. Simulations performed by varying the ratio of O2•- to NO generation rates as well as GSH and GPX concentrations showed that the GPX reducing capacity was dependent on GSH availability, level of oxidative/nitrosative stress, and can be attributed to N2O3 levels, but not to H2O2 and ONOO-. Our results showed that N2O3 mediated switch-like depletion in GSH and the incorporation of Prx had no considerable effect on the ROS/RNS species other than ONOO- and H2O2. The analysis presented in this study will improve our understanding of vascular diseases in which the levels and oxidation states of GSH, GPX and/or Prx are significantly altered and pharmacological interventions show limited benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Panday
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Raghav Talreja
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States of America.
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21
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Redox Signaling from Mitochondria: Signal Propagation and Its Targets. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010093. [PMID: 31935965 PMCID: PMC7023504 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in mass spectroscopy of posttranslational oxidative modifications has enabled researchers to experimentally verify the concept of redox signaling. We focus here on redox signaling originating from mitochondria under physiological situations, discussing mechanisms of transient redox burst in mitochondria, as well as the possible ways to transfer such redox signals to specific extramitochondrial targets. A role of peroxiredoxins is described which enables redox relay to other targets. Examples of mitochondrial redox signaling are discussed: initiation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) responses; retrograde redox signaling to PGC1α during exercise in skeletal muscle; redox signaling in innate immune cells; redox stimulation of insulin secretion, and other physiological situations.
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22
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Kumar R, Mohammad A, Saini RV, Chahal A, Wong CM, Sharma D, Kaur S, Kumar V, Winterbourn CC, Saini AK. Deciphering the in vivo redox behavior of human peroxiredoxins I and II by expressing in budding yeast. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:321-329. [PMID: 31580947 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), scavenge cellular peroxides by forming recyclable disulfides but under high oxidative stress, hyperoxidation of their active-site Cys residue results in loss of their peroxidase activity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in human Prx (hPrx) orthologue TSA1 show growth defects under oxidative stress. They can be complemented with hPRXI but not by hPRXII, but it is not clear how the disulfide and hyperoxidation states of the hPrx vary in yeast under oxidative stress. To understand this, we used oxidative-stress sensitive tsa1tsa2Δ yeast strain to express hPRXI or hPRXII. We found that hPrxI in yeast exists as a mixture of disulfide-linked dimer and reduced monomer but becomes hyperoxidized upon elevated oxidative stress as analyzed under denaturing conditions (SDS-PAGE). In contrast, hPrxII was present predominantly as the disulfide in unstressed cells and readily converted to its hyperoxidized, peroxidase-inactive form even with mild oxidative stress. Interestingly, we found that plant extracts containing polyphenol antioxidants provided further protection against the growth defects of the tsa1tsa2Δ strain expressing hPrx and preserved the peroxidase-active forms of the Prxs. The extracts also helped to protect against hyperoxidation of hPrxs in HeLa cells. Based on these findings we can conclude that resistance to oxidative stress of yeast cells expressing individual hPrxs requires the hPrx to be maintained in a redox state that permits redox cycling and peroxidase activity. Peroxidase activity decreases as the hPrx becomes hyperoxidized and the limited protection by hPrxII compared with hPrxI can be explained by its greater sensitivity to hyperoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Ashu Mohammad
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Reena V Saini
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Anterpreet Chahal
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhvir Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Faculty of Basic Sciences Shoolini University, Solan, India.
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23
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Elko EA, Cunniff B, Seward DJ, Chia SB, Aboushousha R, van de Wetering C, van der Velden J, Manuel A, Shukla A, Heintz NH, Anathy V, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Peroxiredoxins and Beyond; Redox Systems Regulating Lung Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1070-1091. [PMID: 30799628 PMCID: PMC6767868 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The lung is a unique organ, as it is constantly exposed to air, and thus it requires a robust antioxidant defense system to prevent the potential damage from exposure to an array of environmental insults, including oxidants. The peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family plays an important role in scavenging peroxides and is critical to the cellular antioxidant defense system. Recent Advances: Exciting discoveries have been made to highlight the key features of PRDXs that regulate the redox tone. PRDXs do not act in isolation as they require the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH, sulfiredoxin (SRXN1) redox system, and in some cases glutaredoxin/glutathione, for their reduction. Furthermore, the chaperone function of PRDXs, controlled by the oxidation state, demonstrates the versatility in redox regulation and control of cellular biology exerted by this class of proteins. Critical Issues: Despite the long-known observations that redox perturbations accompany a number of pulmonary diseases, surprisingly little is known about the role of PRDXs in the etiology of these diseases. In this perspective, we review the studies that have been conducted thus far to address the roles of PRDXs in lung disease, or experimental models used to study these diseases. Intriguing findings, such as the secretion of PRDXs and the formation of autoantibodies, raise a number of questions about the pathways that regulate secretion, redox status, and immune response to PRDXs. Future Directions: Further understanding of the mechanisms by which individual PRDXs control lung inflammation, injury, repair, chronic remodeling, and cancer, and the importance of PRDX oxidation state, configuration, and client proteins that govern these processes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Shi Biao Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicholas H Heintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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25
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De Armas MI, Esteves R, Viera N, Reyes AM, Mastrogiovanni M, Alegria TGP, Netto LES, Tórtora V, Radi R, Trujillo M. Rapid peroxynitrite reduction by human peroxiredoxin 3: Implications for the fate of oxidants in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:369-378. [PMID: 30391677 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are main sites of peroxynitrite formation. While at low concentrations mitochondrial peroxynitrite has been associated with redox signaling actions, increased levels can disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis and lead to pathology. Peroxiredoxin 3 is exclusively located in mitochondria, where it has been previously shown to play a major role in hydrogen peroxide reduction. In turn, reduction of peroxynitrite by peroxiredoxin 3 has been inferred from its protective actions against tyrosine nitration and neurotoxicity in animal models, but was not experimentally addressed so far. Herein, we demonstrate the human peroxiredoxin 3 reduces peroxynitrite with a rate constant of 1 × 107 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.8 and 25 °C. Reaction with hydroperoxides caused biphasic changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of peroxiredoxin 3: the first phase corresponded to the peroxidatic cysteine oxidation to sulfenic acid. Peroxynitrite in excess led to peroxiredoxin 3 hyperoxidation and tyrosine nitration, oxidative post-translational modifications that had been previously identified in vivo. A significant fraction of the oxidant is expected to react with CO2 and generate secondary radicals, which participate in further oxidation and nitration reactions, particularly under metabolic conditions of active oxidative decarboxylations or increased hydroperoxide formation. Our results indicate that both peroxiredoxin 3 and 5 should be regarded as main targets for peroxynitrite in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés De Armas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Romina Esteves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Viera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Aníbal M Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Thiago G P Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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Piecing Together How Peroxiredoxins Maintain Genomic Stability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120177. [PMID: 30486489 PMCID: PMC6316004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins, a highly conserved family of thiol oxidoreductases, play a key role in oxidant detoxification by partnering with the thioredoxin system to protect against oxidative stress. In addition to their peroxidase activity, certain types of peroxiredoxins possess other biochemical activities, including assistance in preventing protein aggregation upon exposure to high levels of oxidants (molecular chaperone activity), and the transduction of redox signals to downstream proteins (redox switch activity). Mice lacking the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 exhibit an increased incidence of tumor formation, whereas baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) lacking the orthologous peroxiredoxin Tsa1 exhibit a mutator phenotype. Collectively, these findings suggest a potential link between peroxiredoxins, control of genomic stability, and cancer etiology. Here, we examine the potential mechanisms through which Tsa1 lowers mutation rates, taking into account its diverse biochemical roles in oxidant defense, protein homeostasis, and redox signaling as well as its interplay with thioredoxin and thioredoxin substrates, including ribonucleotide reductase. More work is needed to clarify the nuanced mechanism(s) through which this highly conserved peroxidase influences genome stability, and to determine if this mechanism is similar across a range of species.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), a family of thiol-associated peroxidases, are purported to play a major role in sensing and managing hydrogen peroxide concentrations and transducing peroxide-derived signals. Recent Advances: Prxs can act as detoxifying factors and impart effects to cells that can be either sparing or suicidal. Advances have been made to address the qualitative changes in Prx function in response to quantitative changes in the signal level and to understand how Prx activity could be affected by their own substrates. Here we rationalize the basis for both positive and negative effects on signaling pathways and cell physiology, summarizing data from model organisms, including invertebrates. CRITICAL ISSUES Resolving the relationship between the promiscuous behavior of reactive oxygen species and the specificity of Prxs toward different targets in redox-sensitive signaling pathways is a key area of research. Attempts to understand Prx function and underlying mechanisms were conducted in vitro or in vivo under nonphysiological conditions, leaving the physiological relevance yet to be defined. Other issues: Why despite the high degree of homology and similarities in subcellular and tissue distribution between Prxs do they display differential effects on signaling? How is the specificity of post-translational protein modifications determined? Other than chaperone-like activity, how do hyperoxidized Prxs function? FUTURE DIRECTIONS Genetic models with mutated catalytic and resolving cysteines should be further exploited to dissect the functional significance of individual Prxs in their different states together with their alternative reducing partners. Such an analysis may then be extended to help identify Prx-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
| | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
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28
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Moldogazieva NT, Mokhosoev IM, Feldman NB, Lutsenko SV. ROS and RNS signalling: adaptive redox switches through oxidative/nitrosative protein modifications. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:507-543. [PMID: 29589770 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1457217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a dual character of cell response to oxidative stress, eustress versus distress, has become increasingly recognized. A growing body of evidence indicates that under physiological conditions, low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) maintained by the activity of endogenous antioxidant system (AOS) allow reversible oxidative/nitrosative modifications of key redox-sensitive residues in regulatory proteins. The reversibility of redox modifications such as Cys S-sulphenylation/S-glutathionylation/S-nitrosylation/S-persulphidation and disulphide bond formation, or Tyr nitration, which occur through electrophilic attack of RONS to nucleophilic groups in amino acid residues provides redox switches in the activities of signalling proteins. Key requirement for the involvement of the redox modifications in RONS signalling including ROS-MAPK, ROS-PI3K/Akt, and RNS-TNF-α/NF-kB signalling is their specificity provided by a residue microenvironment and reaction kinetics. Glutathione, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin, glutathione reductases, and glutaredoxins modulate RONS level and cell signalling, while some of the modulators (glutathione, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins) are themselves targets for redox modifications. Additionally, gene expression, activities of transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways are also under redox regulation. The present review focuses on RONS sources (NADPH-oxidases, mitochondrial electron-transportation chain (ETC), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), etc.), and their cross-talks, which influence reversible redox modifications of proteins as physiological phenomenon attained by living cells during the evolution to control cell signalling in the oxygen-enriched environment. We discussed recent advances in investigation of mechanisms of protein redox modifications and adaptive redox switches such as MAPK/PI3K/PTEN, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB/IκB, powerful regulators of numerous physiological processes, also implicated in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Moldogazieva
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - I M Mokhosoev
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - N B Feldman
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - S V Lutsenko
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
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29
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Stöcker S, Van Laer K, Mijuskovic A, Dick TP. The Conundrum of Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling and the Emerging Role of Peroxiredoxins as Redox Relay Hubs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:558-573. [PMID: 28587525 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known to act as a messenger in signal transduction. How H2O2 leads to selective and efficient oxidation of specific thiols on specific signaling proteins remains one of the most important open questions in redox biology. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence implicates thiol peroxidases as mediators of protein thiol oxidation. Recently, this evidence has been extended to include the peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Prxs are exceptionally sensitive to H2O2, abundantly expressed and capture most of the H2O2 that is generated inside cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The overall prevalence and importance of Prx-based redox signaling relays are still unknown. The same is true for alternative mechanisms of redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to clarify the relative contributions of Prx-mediated and direct thiol oxidation to H2O2 signaling. Many questions relating to Prx-based redox relays remain to be answered, including their mechanism, structural organization, and the potential role of adaptor proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 558-573.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stöcker
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Koen Van Laer
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Mijuskovic
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Yewdall NA, Peskin AV, Hampton MB, Goldstone DC, Pearce FG, Gerrard JA. Quaternary structure influences the peroxidase activity of peroxiredoxin 3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:558-563. [PMID: 29438714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are abundant peroxidase enzymes that are key regulators of the cellular redox environment. A major subgroup of these proteins, the typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, can switch between dimers and decameric or dodecameric rings, during the catalytic cycle. The necessity of this change in quaternary structure for function as a peroxidase is not fully understood. In order to explore this, human peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) protein was engineered to form both obligate dimers (S75E Prx3) and stabilised dodecameric rings (S78C Prx3), uncoupling structural transformations from the catalytic cycle. The obligate dimer, S75E Prx3, retained catalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide, albeit significantly lower than the wildtype and S78C proteins, suggesting an evolutionary advantage of having higher order self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amy Yewdall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - F Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A Gerrard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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31
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Veskoukis AS, Paschalis V, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Administration of exercise-conditioned plasma alters muscle catalase kinetics in rat: An argument for in vivo-like K m instead of in vitro-like V max. Redox Biol 2018; 15:375-379. [PMID: 29324352 PMCID: PMC5766480 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal velocity (Vmax) is a well established biomarker for the assessment of tissue redox status. There is scarce evidence, though, that it does not probably reflect sufficiently in vivo tissue redox profile. Instead, the Michaelis constant (Km) could more adequately image tissue oxidative stress and, thus, be a more physiologically relevant redox biomarker. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to side-by-side compare Vmax and Km of an antioxidant enzyme after implementing an in vivo set up that induces alterations in tissue redox status. Forty rats were divided into two groups including rats injected with blood plasma originating from rats that had previously swam until exhaustion and rats injected with blood plasma originating from sedentary rats. Tail-vein injections were performed daily for 21 days. Catalase Vmax and Km measured in gastrocnemius muscle were increased after administration of the exercise-conditioned plasma, denoting enhancement of the enzyme activity but impairment of its affinity for the substrate, respectively. These alterations are potential adaptations stimulated by the administered plasma pointing out that blood is an active fluid capable of regulating tissue homeostasis. Our findings suggest that Km adequately reflects in vivo modifications of skeletal muscle catalase and seems to surpass Vmax regarding its physiological relevance and biological interpretation. In conclusion, Km can be regarded as an in vivo-like biomarker that satisfactorily images the intracellular environment, as compared to Vmax that could be aptly parallelized with a biomarker that describes tissue oxidative stress in an in vitro manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece; Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237, Athens, Greece; Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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32
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Ahn J, Jang KK, Jo I, Nurhasni H, Lim JG, Yoo JW, Choi SH, Ha NC. Crystal structure of peroxiredoxin 3 from Vibrio vulnificus and its implications for scavenging peroxides and nitric oxide. IUCRJ 2018; 5:82-92. [PMID: 29354274 PMCID: PMC5755580 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251701750x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous cysteine-based peroxidase enzymes. Recently, a new type of Prx, VvPrx3, was identified in the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus as being important for survival in macrophages. It employs only one catalytic cysteine residue to decompose peroxides. Here, crystal structures of VvPrx3 representing its reduced and oxidized states have been determined, together with an H2O2-bound structure, at high resolution. The crystal structure representing the reduced Prx3 showed a typical dimeric interface, called the A-type interface. However, VvPrx3 forms an oligomeric interface mediated by a disulfide bond between two catalytic cysteine residues from two adjacent dimers, which differs from the doughnut-like oligomers that appear in most Prxs. Subsequent biochemical studies showed that this disulfide bond was induced by treatment with nitric oxide (NO) as well as with peroxides. Consistently, NO treatment induced expression of the prx3 gene in V. vulnificus, and VvPrx3 was crucial for the survival of bacteria in the presence of NO. Taken together, the function and mechanism of VvPrx3 in scavenging peroxides and NO stress via oligomerization are proposed. These findings contribute to the understanding of the diverse functions of Prxs during pathogenic processes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseong Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hasan Nurhasni
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gyu Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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33
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A role for 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in facilitating cytosolic protein thiol oxidation. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 14:148-155. [PMID: 29251718 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a signaling messenger by triggering the reversible oxidation of redox-regulated proteins. It remains unclear how proteins can be oxidized by signaling levels of H2O2 in the presence of peroxiredoxins, which are highly efficient peroxide scavengers. Here we show that the rapid formation of disulfide bonds in cytosolic proteins is enabled, rather than competed, by cytosolic 2-Cys peroxiredoxins. Under the conditions tested, the combined deletion or depletion of cytosolic peroxiredoxins broadly frustrated H2O2-dependent protein thiol oxidation, which is the exact opposite of what would be predicted based on the assumption that H2O2 oxidizes proteins directly. We find that peroxiredoxins enable rapid and sensitive protein thiol oxidation by relaying H2O2-derived oxidizing equivalents to other proteins. Although these findings do not rule out the existence of Prx-independent H2O2 signaling mechanisms, they suggest a broader role for peroxiredoxins as sensors and transmitters of H2O2 signals than hitherto recognized.
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34
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Carvalho LAC, Truzzi DR, Fallani TS, Alves SV, Toledo JC, Augusto O, Netto LES, Meotti FC. Urate hydroperoxide oxidizes human peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8705-8715. [PMID: 28348082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urate hydroperoxide is a product of the oxidation of uric acid by inflammatory heme peroxidases. The formation of urate hydroperoxide might be a key event in vascular inflammation, where there is large amount of uric acid and inflammatory peroxidases. Urate hydroperoxide oxidizes glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids and is expected to react fast toward reactive thiols from peroxiredoxins (Prxs). The kinetics for the oxidation of the cytosolic 2-Cys Prx1 and Prx2 revealed that urate hydroperoxide oxidizes these enzymes at rates comparable with hydrogen peroxide. The second-order rate constants of these reactions were 4.9 × 105 and 2.3 × 106 m-1 s-1 for Prx1 and Prx2, respectively. Kinetic and simulation data suggest that the oxidation of Prx2 by urate hydroperoxide occurs by a three-step mechanism, where the peroxide reversibly associates with the enzyme; then it oxidizes the peroxidatic cysteine, and finally, the rate-limiting disulfide bond is formed. Of relevance, the disulfide bond formation was much slower in Prx2 (k3 = 0.31 s-1) than Prx1 (k3 = 14.9 s-1). In addition, Prx2 was more sensitive than Prx1 to hyperoxidation caused by both urate hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Urate hydroperoxide oxidized Prx2 from intact erythrocytes to the same extent as hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, Prx1 and Prx2 are likely targets of urate hydroperoxide in cells. Oxidation of Prxs by urate hydroperoxide might affect cell function and be partially responsible for the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects of uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela R Truzzi
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP)
| | | | - Simone V Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências (IB-USP), and
| | - José Carlos Toledo
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP)
| | - Luís E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências (IB-USP), and
| | - Flavia C Meotti
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP),
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Jo I, Kim D, Bang YJ, Ahn J, Choi SH, Ha NC. The hydrogen peroxide hypersensitivity of OxyR2 in Vibrio vulnificus depends on conformational constraints. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7223-7232. [PMID: 28264933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Gram-negative bacteria respond to excessive levels of H2O2 using the peroxide-sensing transcriptional regulator OxyR, which can induce the expression of antioxidant genes to restore normality. Vibrio vulnificus has two distinct OxyRs (OxyR1 and OxyR2), which are sensitive to different levels of H2O2 and induce expression of two different peroxidases, Prx1 and Prx2. Although OxyR1 has both high sequence similarity and H2O2 sensitivity comparable with that of other OxyR proteins, OxyR2 exhibits limited sequence similarity and is more sensitive to H2O2 To investigate the basis for this difference, we determined crystal structures and carried out biochemical analyses of OxyR2. The determined structure of OxyR2 revealed a flipped conformation of the peptide bond before Glu-204, a position occupied by glycine in other OxyR proteins. Activity assays showed that the sensitivity to H2O2 was reduced to the level of other OxyR proteins by the E204G mutation. We solved the structure of the OxyR2-E204G mutant with the same packing environment. The structure of the mutant revealed a dual conformation of the peptide bond before Gly-204, indicating the structural flexibility of the region. This structural duality extended to the backbone atoms of Gly-204 and the imidazole ring of His-205, which interact with H2O2 and invariant water molecules near the peroxidatic cysteine, respectively. Structural comparison suggests that Glu-204 in OxyR2 provides rigidity to the region that is important in H2O2 sensing, compared with the E204G structure or other OxyR proteins. Our findings provide a structural basis for the higher sensitivity of OxyR2 to H2O2 and also suggest a molecular mechanism for bacterial regulation of expression of antioxidant genes at divergent concentrations of cellular H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Jo
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and
| | - Dukyun Kim
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and.,the National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and.,the National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinsook Ahn
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and .,the National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- From the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a very large and highly conserved family of peroxidases that reduce peroxides, with a conserved cysteine residue, designated the "peroxidatic" Cys (CP) serving as the site of oxidation by peroxides (Hall et al., 2011; Rhee et al., 2012). Peroxides oxidize the CP-SH to cysteine sulfenic acid (CP-SOH), which then reacts with another cysteine residue, named the "resolving" Cys (CR) to form a disulfide that is subsequently reduced by an appropriate electron donor to complete a catalytic cycle. This overview summarizes the status of studies on Prxs and relates the following 10 minireviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752,
Korea
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