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Nguyen PN. Biomarker discovery with quantum neural networks: a case-study in CTLA4-activation pathways. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:149. [PMID: 38609844 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-024-05755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarker discovery is a challenging task due to the massive search space. Quantum computing and quantum Artificial Intelligence (quantum AI) can be used to address the computational problem of biomarker discovery from genetic data. METHOD We propose a Quantum Neural Networks architecture to discover genetic biomarkers for input activation pathways. The Maximum Relevance-Minimum Redundancy criteria score biomarker candidate sets. Our proposed model is economical since the neural solution can be delivered on constrained hardware. RESULTS We demonstrate the proof of concept on four activation pathways associated with CTLA4, including (1) CTLA4-activation stand-alone, (2) CTLA4-CD8A-CD8B co-activation, (3) CTLA4-CD2 co-activation, and (4) CTLA4-CD2-CD48-CD53-CD58-CD84 co-activation. CONCLUSION The model indicates new genetic biomarkers associated with the mutational activation of CLTA4-associated pathways, including 20 genes: CLIC4, CPE, ETS2, FAM107A, GPR116, HYOU1, LCN2, MACF1, MT1G, NAPA, NDUFS5, PAK1, PFN1, PGAP3, PPM1G, PSMD8, RNF213, SLC25A3, UBA1, and WLS. We open source the implementation at: https://github.com/namnguyen0510/Biomarker-Discovery-with-Quantum-Neural-Networks .
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Nam Nguyen
- Faculty of Computer Science, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.
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2
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Papadopoulou D, Mavrikaki V, Charalampous F, Tzaferis C, Samiotaki M, Papavasileiou KD, Afantitis A, Karagianni N, Denis MC, Sanchez J, Lane JR, Faidon Brotzakis Z, Skretas G, Georgiadis D, Matralis AN, Kollias G. Discovery of the First-in-Class Inhibitors of Hypoxia Up-Regulated Protein 1 (HYOU1) Suppressing Pathogenic Fibroblast Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319157. [PMID: 38339863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are key regulators of inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Targeting their activation in these complex diseases has emerged as a novel strategy to restore tissue homeostasis. Here, we present a multidisciplinary lead discovery approach to identify and optimize small molecule inhibitors of pathogenic fibroblast activation. The study encompasses medicinal chemistry, molecular phenotyping assays, chemoproteomics, bulk RNA-sequencing analysis, target validation experiments, and chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET)/pharmacokinetic (PK)/in vivo evaluation. The parallel synthesis employed for the production of the new benzamide derivatives enabled us to a) pinpoint key structural elements of the scaffold that provide potent fibroblast-deactivating effects in cells, b) discriminate atoms or groups that favor or disfavor a desirable ADMET profile, and c) identify metabolic "hot spots". Furthermore, we report the discovery of the first-in-class inhibitor leads for hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 (HYOU1), a member of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family often associated with cellular stress responses, particularly under hypoxic conditions. Targeting HYOU1 may therefore represent a potentially novel strategy to modulate fibroblast activation and treat chronic inflammatory and fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papadopoulou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Mavrikaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Filippos Charalampous
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Christos Tzaferis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Papavasileiou
- Department of ChemoInformatics, Novamechanics Ltd., 1070, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Chemoinformatics, Novamechanics MIKE, 18545, Piraeus, Greece
- Division of Data Driven Innovation, Entelos Institute, 6059, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, Novamechanics Ltd., 1070, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Chemoinformatics, Novamechanics MIKE, 18545, Piraeus, Greece
- Division of Data Driven Innovation, Entelos Institute, 6059, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Julie Sanchez
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, Nottingham, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, NG2 7AG, Midlands, U.K
| | - J Robert Lane
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, Nottingham, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, NG2 7AG, Midlands, U.K
| | - Zacharias Faidon Brotzakis
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios N Matralis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Research Institute of New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
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3
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Mann MJ, Melendez-Suchi C, Vorndran HE, Sukhoplyasova M, Flory AR, Irvine MC, Iyer AR, Guerriero CJ, Brodsky JL, Hendershot LM, Buck TM. Loss of Grp170 results in catastrophic disruption of endoplasmic reticulum function. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar59. [PMID: 38446639 PMCID: PMC11064666 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
GRP170 (Hyou1) is required for mouse embryonic development, and its ablation in kidney nephrons leads to renal failure. Unlike most chaperones, GRP170 is the lone member of its chaperone family in the ER lumen. However, the cellular requirement for GRP170, which both binds nonnative proteins and acts as nucleotide exchange factor for BiP, is poorly understood. Here, we report on the isolation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts obtained from mice in which LoxP sites were engineered in the Hyou1 loci (Hyou1LoxP/LoxP). A doxycycline-regulated Cre recombinase was stably introduced into these cells. Induction of Cre resulted in depletion of Grp170 protein which culminated in cell death. As Grp170 levels fell we observed a portion of BiP fractionating with insoluble material, increased binding of BiP to a client with a concomitant reduction in its turnover, and reduced solubility of an aggregation-prone BiP substrate. Consistent with disrupted BiP functions, we observed reactivation of BiP and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in futile attempts to provide compensatory increases in ER chaperones and folding enzymes. Together, these results provide insights into the cellular consequences of controlled Grp170 loss and provide hypotheses as to why mutations in the Hyou1 locus are linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Mann
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Chris Melendez-Suchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Hannah E. Vorndran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Maria Sukhoplyasova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Ashley R. Flory
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Mary Carson Irvine
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Anuradha R. Iyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Linda M. Hendershot
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 30105
| | - Teresa M. Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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4
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Fu W, Song Y, Zhao R, Zhao J, Yue Y, Zhang R. Proteomics analysis of serum and urine identifies VCP and CTSA as potential biomarkers associated with multiple myeloma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117701. [PMID: 38081446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in serum and urine in order to provide new potential biomarkers for MM. METHODS Data-Independent Acquisition-based proteomics of serum and urine was performed to identify potential biomarkers for MM patients. Then we performed Western Blotting (WB), ELISA along with their ROC curve analysis to confirm DEPs. RESULTS A total of 1653 proteins in serum and 4519 proteins in urine were identified using Data-Dependent Acquisition method. VCP was the only protein that showed significant differences in different comparison groups in both serum and urine. Pathway analysis revealed that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was the most relevant pathway associated with MM. Furthermore, the increased expression of HSP90B1, VCP, CTSA, HYOU1, PDIA4, and RAB7A was detected by WB. The results of ELISA indicated that a combination of VCP and CTSA provided a high area under curve (AUC) value of 0.883 (95 % CI, 0.769-0.997, p < 0.001) to diagnose NDMM. The combination of VCP, CTSA, ALB, and HGB exhibited better performance (AUC = 0.981), with 100 % specificity and 86.7 % sensitivity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest VCP and CTSA exhibit potential as biomarkers for MM, which may be helpful in the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis upon further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichuan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Mann MJ, Melendez-Suchi C, Sukhoplyasova M, Flory AR, Carson Irvine M, Iyer AR, Vorndran H, Guerriero CJ, Brodsky JL, Hendershot LM, Buck TM. Loss of Grp170 results in catastrophic disruption of endoplasmic reticulum functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.19.563191. [PMID: 37905119 PMCID: PMC10614942 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
GRP170, a product of the Hyou1 gene, is required for mouse embryonic development, and its ablation in kidney nephrons leads to renal failure. Unlike most chaperones, GRP170 is the lone member of its chaperone family in the ER lumen. However, the cellular requirement for GRP170, which both binds non-native proteins and acts as nucleotide exchange factor for BiP, is poorly understood. Here, we report on the isolation of embryonic fibroblasts from mice in which LoxP sites were engineered in the Hyou1 loci ( Hyou1 LoxP/LoxP ). A doxycycline-regulated Cre recombinase was also stably introduced into these cells. Induction of Cre resulted in excision of Hyou1 and depletion of Grp170 protein, culminating in apoptotic cell death. As Grp170 levels fell we observed increased steady-state binding of BiP to a client, slowed degradation of a misfolded BiP substrate, and BiP accumulation in NP40-insoluble fractions. Consistent with disrupted BiP functions, we observed reactivation of BiP storage pools and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in futile attempts to provide compensatory increases in ER chaperones and folding enzymes. Together, these results provide insights into the cellular consequences of controlled Grp170 loss and insights into mutations in the Hyou1 locus and human disease.
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6
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Hsieh MT, Lee PC, Chiang YT, Lin HY, Lee DY. The Effects of a Curcumin Derivative and Osimertinib on Fatty Acyl Metabolism and Mitochondrial Functions in HCC827 Cells and Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12190. [PMID: 37569564 PMCID: PMC10418893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combination therapy is a key approach in cancer treatments, aiming to improve therapeutic efficacy and overcome drug resistance. Evaluation of intracellular response in cancer cells to drug treatment may disclose the underlying mechanism of drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of osimertinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and a curcumin derivative, 35d, on HCC827 cells and tumors by analyzing alterations in metabolome and related regulations. HCC827 tumor-bearing SCID mice and cultured HCC827 cells were separately examined. The treatment comprised four conditions: vehicle-only, 35d-only, osimertinib-only, and a combination of 35d and osimertinib. The treated tumors/cells were subsequently subjected to metabolomics profiling, fatty acyl analysis, mitochondrial potential measurement, and cell viability assay. Osimertinib induced changes in the ratio of short-chain (SC) to long-chain (LC) fatty acyls, particularly acylcarnitines (ACs), in both tumors and cells. Furthermore, 35d enhanced this effect by further lowering the SC/LC ratio of most ACs. Osimertinib and 35d also exerted detrimental effects on mitochondria through distinct mechanisms. Osimertinib upregulated the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPTI), while 35d induced the expression of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). The alterations in ACs and CPTI were correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited cell growth. Our results suggest that osimertinib and 35d disrupted the fatty acyl metabolism and induced mitochondrial stress in cancer cells. This study provides insights into the potential application of fatty acyl metabolism inhibitors, such as osimertinib or other TKIs, and mitochondrial stress inducers, such as curcumin derivatives, as combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tsang Hsieh
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chih Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu Country 302, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (M.-T.H.); (Y.-T.C.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Kim S, Lee SY, Seo HR. Deciphering the underlying mechanism of liver diseases through utilization of multicellular hepatic spheroid models. BMB Rep 2023; 56:225-233. [PMID: 36814078 PMCID: PMC10140482 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very common form of cancer worldwide and is often fatal. Although the histopathology of HCC is characterized by metabolic pathophysiology, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, the focus of treatment has been on eliminating HCC. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) multicellular hepatic spheroid (MCHS) models have provided a) new therapeutic strategies for progressive fibrotic liver diseases, such as antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory drugs, b) molecular targets, and c) treatments for metabolic dysregulation. MCHS models provide a potent anti-cancer tool because they can mimic a) tumor complexity and heterogeneity, b) the 3D context of tumor cells, and c) the gradients of physiological parameters that are characteristic of tumors in vivo. However, the information provided by an multicelluar tumor spheroid (MCTS) model must always be considered in the context of tumors in vivo. This mini-review summarizes what is known about tumor HCC heterogeneity and complexity and the advances provided by MCHS models for innovations in drug development to combat liver diseases. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(4): 225-233].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Kim
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Lee
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Seo
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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Laborda-Illanes A, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Castellano-Castillo D, Boutriq S, Plaza-Andrades I, Aranega-Martín L, Peralta-Linero J, Alba E, González-González A, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Development of in vitro and in vivo tools to evaluate the antiangiogenic potential of melatonin to neutralize the angiogenic effects of VEGF and breast cancer cells: CAM assay and 3D endothelial cell spheroids. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114041. [PMID: 36423543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a molecule with different antitumor actions in breast cancer and has been described as an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Despite the recognition of the key role exerted by VEGF in tumor angiogenesis, limitations arise when developing models to test new antiangiogenic molecules. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop rapid, economic, high capacity and easy handling angiogenesis assays to test the antiangiogenic effects of melatonin and demonstrate its most effective dose to neutralize and interfere with the angiogenic sprouting effect induced by VEGF and MCF-7. To perform this, 3D endothelial cell (HUVEC) spheroids and a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay were used. The results showed that VEGF and MCF-7 were able to stimulate the sprouting of the new vessels in 3D endothelial spheroids and the CAM assay, and that melatonin had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. Specifically, as the 1 mM pharmacological dose was the only effective dose able to inhibit the formation of ramifications around the alginate in the CAM assay model, this inhibition was shown to occur in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these techniques represent novel tools for the development of antiangiogenic molecules such as melatonin, with possible implications for the therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Laborda-Illanes
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Soukaina Boutriq
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isaac Plaza-Andrades
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lucía Aranega-Martín
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús Peralta-Linero
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Emilio Alba
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics. Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Alicia González-González
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics. Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and Valdecilla Health Research Institute (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Intercenter Medical Oncology Clinical Management Unit, Regional and Virgen de la Victoria University Hospitals, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA)-CIMES-UMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Department of Surgical Specialties, Biochemical and Immunology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
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9
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Wang W, Jiang X, Xia F, Chen X, Li G, Liu L, Xu Q, Zhu M, Chen C. HYOU1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 feedback loop in bladder cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:453-464. [PMID: 36348197 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia up-regulated 1 (HYOU1) was identified as a proto-oncogene and involved in tumorigenesis and progression in several cancer. Nonetheless, the biological function and mechanism of HYOU1 in bladder cancer (BCa) remian unclear. METHODS The HYOU1 level in BCa tissues and cells was examined using RT-qPCR and western blot methods. The relationship between HYOU1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics of BCa was analyzed. The biological role of HYOU1 on BCa cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were analyzed via counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. The association between HYOU1 and the PI3K/AKT/Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) signalling was assessed via western blot assay, meanwhile the the association of FOXO1 with HYOU1 was also investigated. RESULTS HYOU1 was up-regulated in BCa tissues and cell lines, and the high level of HYOU1 was associated with bladder cancer histological grade and pathologic stage. Moreover, patients with high expression of HYOU1 showed poor overall survival from Kaplan-Meier Plotter. HYOU1 depletion impeded cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis, while HYOU1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Mechanically, our results showed that HYOU1 knockdown repressed PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway and HYOU1 was negative regulated by FOXO1 in BCa. Significantly, we confirmed that the HYOU1/PI3K-AKT/FOXO1 negative feedback loop was involved in BCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that HYOU1 acted as a pro-oncogene on BCa progression, and it will be a possible target for BCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wang
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Jiang
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xia
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Li
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lizhuan Liu
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Deparment of urology, Xiangya Changde Hospital, Moon Avenue, West of Langzhou North Road, 415000, Changde, Hunan, P.R. China.
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10
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Lee SY, Kim S, Song Y, Kim N, No J, Kim KM, Seo HR. Sorbitol dehydrogenase induction of cancer cell necroptosis and macrophage polarization in the HCC microenvironment suppresses tumor progression. Cancer Lett 2022; 551:215960. [PMID: 36244575 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common malignant cancers worldwide, with an increasing incidence associated with an increase in deaths due to liver cancer. HCC is typically detected at an advanced stage in patients with underlying liver dysfunction, resulting in high mortality. The identification of HCC-specific targets represents a desired but unmet need for liver cancer treatment. To identify potentially novel HCC therapeutic targets, we performed a secretome analysis using HCC spheroids. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) was identified as uniquely enriched in the secretomes and lysates derived from HCC spheroids, and high SORD expression in HCC tissues was associated with favorable effects on overall survival among patients with liver cancer. We found that the introduction of excess SORD in HCC cells inhibited tumor growth and stemness by enhancing necroptosis signal and bypassing energy-yielding pathways through regulation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression and mitochondrial dynamics. Treatment with human recombinant SORD (hrSORD) controlled HCC cell growth and regulated macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. These results demonstrate that SORD plays critical functional roles in HCC suppression through polyol pathway-independent mechanisms, suggesting that targeting SORD expression might represent a promising therapeutic strategy for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Lee
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Sanghwa Kim
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Song
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Namjeong Kim
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Joohwan No
- Host-Parasite Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Kang Mo Kim
- Department Gastroenterology, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Seo
- Advanced Biomedical Research Laboratory, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
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11
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Choi NR, Choi WG, Kwon MJ, Woo JH, Kim BJ. [6]-Gingerol induces Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer cells via MAPK and ROS Signaling. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1093-1102. [PMID: 35919815 PMCID: PMC9339411 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.73077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-cancer effects of [6]-gingerol ([6]-GIN), the main active polyphenol of ginger (Zingiber officinale), were investigated in the human bladder cancer cell line 5637. [6]-GIN inhibited cell proliferation, increased sub‑G1 phase ratios, and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. [6]-GIN-induced cell death was associated with the downregulation of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‑2) and survivin and the upregulation of Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax). [6]-GIN activated caspase‑3 and caspase-9 and regulated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Further, [6]-GIN also increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and TG100-115 or tranilast increased [6]-GIN‑induced cell death. These results suggest that [6]-GIN induced apoptosis in the bladder cancer cell line 5637 and therefore has the potential to be used in the development of new drugs for bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ri Choi
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-gyun Choi
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kwon
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Woo
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, 38066. Republic of Korea
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326. Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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12
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Peerapen P, Sueksakit K, Boonmark W, Yoodee S, Thongboonkerd V. ARID1A knockdown enhances carcinogenesis features and aggressiveness of Caco-2 colon cancer cells: An in vitro cellular mechanism study. J Cancer 2022; 13:373-384. [PMID: 35069887 PMCID: PMC8771531 DOI: 10.7150/jca.65511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of ARID1A, a tumor suppressor gene, is associated with the higher grade of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the progression and aggressiveness of CRC induced by the loss of ARID1A remain poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of ARID1A knockdown on the carcinogenesis features and aggressiveness of CRC cells. A human CRC cell line (Caco-2) was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to ARID1A (siARID1A) or scrambled (non-specific) siRNA (siControl). Cell death, proliferation, senescence, chemoresistance and invasion were then evaluated. In addition, formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), self-aggregation (multicellular spheroid) and secretion of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were examined. The results showed that ARID1A knockdown led to significant decreases in cell death and senescence. On the other hand, ARID1A knockdown enhanced cell proliferation, chemoresistance and invasion. The siARID1A-transfected cells also had greater number of PGCCs and larger spheroid size and secreted greater level of VEGF compared with the siControl-transfected cells. These data, at least in part, explain the cellular mechanisms of ARID1A deficiency in carcinogenesis and aggressiveness features of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanida Boonmark
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sunisa Yoodee
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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13
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Rozenberg JM, Filkov GI, Trofimenko AV, Karpulevich EA, Parshin VD, Royuk VV, Sekacheva MI, Durymanov MO. Biomedical Applications of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Spheroids. Front Oncol 2021; 11:791069. [PMID: 34950592 PMCID: PMC8688758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.791069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung malignancies accounted for 11% of cancers worldwide in 2020 and remained the leading cause of cancer deaths. About 80% of lung cancers belong to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is characterized by extremely high clonal and morphological heterogeneity of tumors and development of multidrug resistance. The improvement of current therapeutic strategies includes several directions. First, increasing knowledge in cancer biology results in better understanding of the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation, alterations in signal transduction, and crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. In turn, it leads to the discovery of important molecular targets in cancer development, which might be affected pharmaceutically. The second direction focuses on the screening of novel drug candidates, synthetic or from natural sources. Finally, "personalization" of a therapeutic strategy enables maximal damage to the tumor of a patient. The personalization of treatment can be based on the drug screening performed using patient-derived tumor xenografts or in vitro patient-derived cell models. 3D multicellular cancer spheroids, generated from cancer cell lines or tumor-isolated cells, seem to be a helpful tool for the improvement of current NSCLC therapies. Spheroids are used as a tumor-mimicking in vitro model for screening of novel drugs, analysis of intercellular interactions, and oncogenic cell signaling. Moreover, several studies with tumor-derived spheroids suggest this model for the choice of "personalized" therapy. Here we aim to give an overview of the different applications of NSCLC spheroids and discuss the potential contribution of the spheroid model to the development of anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gleb I Filkov
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia.,Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexander V Trofimenko
- Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Karpulevich
- Department of Information Systems, Ivannikov Institute for System Programming of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir D Parshin
- Clinical Center, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Royuk
- Clinical Center, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I Sekacheva
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail O Durymanov
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Veliky Novgorod, Russia.,Special Cell Technology Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
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14
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An M, Zang X, Wang J, Kang J, Tan X, Fu B. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in breast cancer brain metastasis. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1113-1128. [PMID: 34148372 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To delineate the transcriptomic landscape and potential molecular mechanisms of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). Materials & methods: Whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), miRNA and mRNA expression profiles associated with BCBM. Results: A total of 739 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 115 differentially expressed miRNAs and 5749 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in 231-BR cells compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR results revealed the expression levels of candidate molecules were consistent with their correspondence RNA-seq data. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified some hub genes associated with BCBM, such as PTBP1, NUP98 and HYOU1. LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network highlighted a potential mechanism of BCBM in which lncRNA FIRRE and RP11-169F17.1 sponging hsa-miR-501-5p to regulate the expression of MMS19, PTBP1 and NUP98. Conclusion: This study provides a framework for better understanding molecular mechanisms of BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Zang
- Department of Neurology First Ward, Liaocheng Veterans Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Medical College of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, PR China
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15
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Rao S, Oyang L, Liang J, Yi P, Han Y, Luo X, Xia L, Lin J, Tan S, Hu J, Wang H, Tang L, Pan Q, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Liao Q. Biological Function of HYOU1 in Tumors and Other Diseases. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1727-1735. [PMID: 33707955 PMCID: PMC7943547 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s297332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stimuli induce an unfolded protein response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, accompanied by the expression of endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperones. Hypoxia-upregulated 1 gene (HYOU1) is a chaperone protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. HYOU1 expression was upregulated in many diseases, including various cancers and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related diseases. HYOU1 does not only play an important protective role in the occurrence and development of tumors, but also is a potential therapeutic target for cancer. HYOU1 may also be used as an immune stimulation adjuvant because of its anti-tumor immune response, and a molecular target for therapy of many endoplasmic reticulum-related diseases. In this article, we summarize the updates in HYOU1 and discuss the potential therapeutic effects of HYOU1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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