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Wu J, Song L, Lu M, Gao Q, Xu S, Zhou P, Ma T. The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e613. [PMID: 38898995 PMCID: PMC11185949 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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Justice JL, Reed TJ, Phelan B, Greco TM, Hutton JE, Cristea IM. DNA-PK and ATM drive phosphorylation signatures that antagonistically regulate cytokine responses to herpesvirus infection or DNA damage. Cell Syst 2024; 15:339-361.e8. [PMID: 38593799 PMCID: PMC11098675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK, is an essential regulator of DNA damage repair. DNA-PK-driven phosphorylation events and the activated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are also components of antiviral intrinsic and innate immune responses. Yet, it is not clear whether and how the DNA-PK response differs between these two forms of nucleic acid stress-DNA damage and DNA virus infection. Here, we define DNA-PK substrates and the signature cellular phosphoproteome response to DNA damage or infection with the nuclear-replicating DNA herpesvirus, HSV-1. We establish that DNA-PK negatively regulates the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) DDR kinase during viral infection. In turn, ATM blocks the binding of DNA-PK and the nuclear DNA sensor IFI16 to viral DNA, thereby inhibiting cytokine responses. However, following DNA damage, DNA-PK enhances ATM activity, which is required for IFN-β expression. These findings demonstrate that the DDR autoregulates cytokine expression through the opposing modulation of DDR kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tavis J Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Oh T, Kang GS, Jo HJ, Park HJ, Lee YR, Ahn GO. DNA-dependent protein kinase regulates cytosolic double-stranded DNA secretion from irradiated macrophages to increase radiosensitivity of tumors. Radiother Oncol 2024; 193:110111. [PMID: 38286241 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanism by which irradiated macrophages secrete cytosolic double-stranded DNA (c-dsDNA) to increase radiosensitivity of tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Irradiated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were co-incubated with irradiated EO771 or MC38 cancer cells to determine clonogenic survival. c-dsDNA were measured by agarose gel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BMDM or cancer cells were analyzed with immunostaining or western blot. Subcutaneously implanted MC38 cells in myeloid-specific Prkdc knockout (KO) mice or littermate control mice were irradiated with 8 Gy to determine radiosensitivity of tumors. RESULTS We observed that irradiated BMDM significantly increased radiosensitivity of cancer cells. By performing immunostaining, we found that there was a dose-dependent increase in the formation of c-dsDNA and phosphorylation in DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in irradiated BMDM. Importantly, c-dsDNA in irradiated BMDM could be secreted to the extracellular milieu and this process required DNA-PK, which phosphorylated myosin light chain to regulate the secretion. The secreted c-dsDNA from irradiated BMDM then activated toll-like receptor-9 and subsequent nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling in the adjacent cancer cells inhibiting radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair. Lastly, we observed that irradiated tumors in vivo had a significantly increased number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) with phosphorylated DNA-PK expression in the cytosol. Furthermore, tumors grown in myeloid-specific Prkdc KO mice, in which TAM lacked phosphorylated DNA-PK expression were significantly more radioresistant than those of the wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated macrophages can increase antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy through secretion of c-dsDNA under the regulation of DNA-PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Bin Y, Wei S, Chen R, Zhang H, Ren J, Liu P, Xin Z, Zhang T, Yang H, Wang K, Feng Z, Sun X, Chen Z, Zhang H. Dclre1c-Mutation-Induced Immunocompromised Mice Are a Novel Model for Human Xenograft Research. Biomolecules 2024; 14:180. [PMID: 38397417 PMCID: PMC10887050 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice serve as a critical model for human xenotransplantation studies, yet they often suffer from low engraftment rates and susceptibility to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Moreover, certain SCID strains demonstrate 'immune leakage', underscoring the need for novel model development. Here, we introduce an SCID mouse model with a targeted disruption of the dclre1c gene, encoding Artemis, which is essential for V(D)J recombination and DNA repair during T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) assembly. Artemis deficiency precipitates a profound immunodeficiency syndrome, marked by radiosensitivity and compromised T and B lymphocyte functionality. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated dclre1c-deficient mice with an NOD genetic background. These mice exhibited a radiosensitive SCID phenotype, with pronounced DNA damage and defective thymic, splenic and lymph node development, culminating in reduced T and B lymphocyte populations. Notably, both cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenografts were successfully engrafted into these mice. Furthermore, the human immune system was effectively rebuilt following peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transplantation. The dclre1c-knockout NOD mice described herein represent a promising addition to the armamentarium of models for xenotransplantation, offering a valuable platform for advancing human immunobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Bin
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Sanhua Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China;
| | - Ruo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Haowei Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Peijuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqian Xin
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Haijiao Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhuan Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (R.C.); (J.R.); (P.L.); (Z.X.); (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (K.W.); (Z.F.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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