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Chew XZ, Cobcroft J, Hutson KS. Fish ectoparasite detection, collection and curation. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 125:105-157. [PMID: 39095111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Fish parasitology is a dynamic and internationally important discipline with numerous biological, ecological and practical applications. We reviewed optimal fish and parasite sampling methods for key ectoparasite phyla (i.e. Ciliophora, Platyhelminthes, Annelida and Arthropoda) as well as recent advances in molecular detection of ectoparasites in aquatic environments. Ideally, fish capture and anaesthesia as well as parasite recovery methods should be validated to eliminate potential sampling bias and inaccuracy in determining ectoparasite population parameters. There are considerable advantages to working with fresh samples and live parasites, when combined with appropriate fixation methods, as sampling using dead or decaying materials can lead to rapid decomposition of soft-bodied parasites and subsequent challenges for identification. Sampling methods differ between target phyla, and sometimes genera, with optimum techniques largely associated with identification of parasite microhabitat and the method of attachment. International advances in fish parasitology can be achieved through the accession of whole specimens and/or molecular voucher specimens (i.e. hologenophores) in curated collections for further study. This approach is now critical for data quality because of the increased application of environmental DNA (eDNA) for the detection and surveillance of parasites in aquatic environments where the whole organism may be unavailable. Optimal fish parasite sampling methods are emphasised to aid repeatability and reliability of parasitological studies that require accurate biodiversity and impact assessments, as well as precise surveillance and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhe Chew
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Cobcroft
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate S Hutson
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
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2
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Bonacolta AM, Krause-Massaguer J, Smit NJ, Sikkel PC, Del Campo J. A new and widespread group of fish apicomplexan parasites. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2748-2755.e3. [PMID: 38821048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites that have evolved from a free-living, phototrophic ancestor. They have been reported from marine environmental samples in high numbers,1 with several clades of apicomplexan-related lineages (ARLs) having been described from environmental sequencing data (16S rRNA gene metabarcoding).2 The most notable of these are the corallicolids (previously ARL-V), which possess chlorophyll-biosynthesis genes in their relic chloroplast (apicoplast) and are geographically widespread and abundant symbionts of anthozoans.3 Corallicolids are related to the Eimeriorina, a suborder of apicomplexan coccidians that include other notable members such as Toxoplasma gondii.4Ophioblennius macclurei, the redlip blenny, along with other tropical reef fishes, is known to be infected by Haemogregarina-like and Haemohormidium-like parasites5 supposedly belonging to the Adeleorina; however, phylogenetics shows that these parasites are instead related to the Eimeriorina.6,7 Hybrid genomic sequencing of apicomplexan-infected O. macclurei blood recovered the entire rRNA operon of this apicomplexan parasite along with the complete mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes. Phylogenetic analyses using this new genomic information consistently place these fish-infecting apicomplexans, hereby informally named ichthyocolids, sister to the corallicolids within Coccidia. The apicoplast genome did not contain chlorophyll biosynthesis genes, providing evidence for another independent loss of this pathway within Apicomplexa. Based on the 16S rRNA gene found in the apicoplast, this group corresponds to the previously described ARL-VI. Screening of fish microbiome studies using the plastid 16S rRNA gene shows these parasites to be geographically and taxonomically widespread in fish species across the globe with implications for commercial fisheries and oceanic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Bonacolta
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joana Krause-Massaguer
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nico J Smit
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Javier Del Campo
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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3
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Fouad AM, Abd El-Lateif RSA, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Abdel-Hakeem SS. Cytotoxicity and immunological impact of Trypanosoma sp. infection on blood parameters of wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:10. [PMID: 38057596 PMCID: PMC10700209 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish trypanosomiasis is a common blood parasitic disease transmitted by aquatic invertebrates, such as leeches. This study aims to shed light on the cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma sp. on erythrocytes and its impacts on the innate immune response (serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity, serum total protein, and globulin) in wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. One hundred catfish were examined using blood smears stained with Giemsa and confirmed with PCR. The prevalence of infection was found to be 10% by microscope detection and 15% by PCR. The morphological identification of Trypanosoma as Trypanosoma mukasai was determined. Additionally, this study included previously undescribed features of Trypanosoma, such as the width of the anterior and posterior body, the length of the posterior pale region, and the number of folds. Various alterations in erythrocytes were observed, totaling 54.57%. Nuclear abnormalities, including fragmented nuclei, eccentric nuclei, and micronuclei, were also reported. Infected fish showed a reduction in serum total protein and globulin levels, while nitric oxide production, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity exhibited a significant increase compared to non-infected fish. We believe that our findings will contribute valuable data to the morphological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma sp. in African catfish, as well as their cytotoxic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamira Marzouk Fouad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Rasha S A Abd El-Lateif
- Unit of Fish Diseases and Management, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Assiut Lab, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43221, Egypt.
| | - Sara Salah Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Lab., Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Population Genetic Structure of Marine Leech, Pterobdella arugamensis in Indo-West Pacific Region. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060956. [PMID: 35741718 PMCID: PMC9222843 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Grouper aquaculture is rapidly expanding in both tropical and subtropical regions. The presence of marine leeches (Pterobdella arugamensis; previously named Zeylanicobdella arugamensis) infesting cultured groupers, however, can have a fatal effect on grouper aquaculture production and cause significant economic loss. Understanding the marine leech’s population structure is therefore important to determine its possible distributional origin and distributional mechanisms, which will help monitor and mitigate the infestation. In this study, a total of 84 marine leeches collected from cultured hybrid groupers Epinephelus spp. in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Indonesia were identified as P. arugamensis, based on morphological and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequence analyses. These leech samples, together with additional sequences from the GenBank database, were grouped into four genetically distinct haplogroups: (1) Asia Pacific, (2) Borneo, (3) Surabaya and (4) Iran. The four populations were found to be highly diverged from each other. The results also suggested that the samples from the Asia Pacific population could be dispersed and transported from Indonesia.
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Turiel-Silva M, Wendt C, Silva EO, Rodrigues APD, de Souza W, Miranda K, Diniz J. Three-dimensional Architecture of Cyrilia lignieresi Gametocyte-stage Development Inside Red Blood Cells. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12894. [PMID: 35152525 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Haemogregarinidae family (Apicomplexa: Adeleina) comprises hemoprotozoa that infect mammals, birds, amphibians, fish and reptiles. Some morphological characteristics of the Cyrilia lignieresi have been described previously, but the parasite-erythrocyte relationship is still poorly understood. In order to understand the structural architecture of Cyrilia lignieresi-infected red blood cells, electron microscopy-based three-dimensional reconstruction was carried out using TEM as well as FIB-SEM tomography. Results showed that development of the macrogametocyte-stage inside the red blood cell is related to an increase in cleft-like structures in the host cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, other aspects related to parasite intraerythrocytic development were explored by 3D visualization techniques. We observed the invagination of a large extension of the Inner Membrane Complex on the parasite body, which results from or induces a folding of the posterior end of the parasite. Small tubular structures were seen associated with areas related to Inner Membrane Complex folding. Taken together, results provide new information on the remodeling of erythrocytes induced by the protozoan C. lignieresi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Turiel-Silva
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Centro de Ciëncias Biológicas e da Saúde, Marabá-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Camila Wendt
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edilene O Silva
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - José Diniz
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Belém-PA, Brazil
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Pretorius C, Smit NJ, Schaeffner BC, Cook CA. The neglected diversity: Description and molecular characterisation of Trypanosoma haploblephari Yeld and Smit, 2006 from endemic catsharks (Scyliorhinidae) in South Africa, the first trypanosome sequence data from sharks globally. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:143-152. [PMID: 34026484 PMCID: PMC8121996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
With over 200 species of sharks reported from South African waters, the potential of discovering new blood parasites is very high. Unfortunately, this remains a poorly explored area of research, particularly in this biogeographical region. To date, only a single trypanosome species, Trypanosoma haploblephari Yeld and Smit, 2006, has been described from elasmobranchs off the coast of South Africa infecting the catsharks Haploblepharus pictus (Müller & Henle) and Haploblepharus edwardsii (Schinz). With only a single trypanosome species described and absence of molecular information, a study was conducted to provide further morphological and molecular information on T. haploblephari, a species considered not to demonstrate any pleomorphism. Thin blood smears were prepared, and blood was collected in molecular-grade ethanol from the caudal vein of two shark species, H. pictus and Poroderma pantherinum (Müller & Henle). Trypanosomes were morphologically described and molecularly characterised based on analysis of fragments of the 18S ribosomal gene. The presence of T. haploblephari in H. pictus was confirmed using the original description based on morphology, type host and locality, which allowed for the molecular characterisation of the species. In addition, this species was found parasitising P. pantherinum, its morphology considerably different in this host species as compared to that in the species of Haploblepharus, demonstrating that T. haploblephari may show extreme pleomorphism. This paper provides both morphological and molecular data for both morphotypes of T. haploblephari, with molecular comparisons to the only two other elasmobranch species of trypanosome for which sequence data is available. To elucidate the relationship of trypanosomes from aquatic hosts in general, more efforts need to be placed on elasmobranchs, as current phylogenetic studies are predominantly focused on trypanosomes infecting freshwater fishes. First molecular characterization of trypanosomes in endemic sharks in South Africa. Illustration of extreme morphological plasticity in trypanosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle Pretorius
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,South African Shark Conservancy, Old Harbour, 22 Marine Drive, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa
| | - Courtney A Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Vermaak A, Smit NJ, Kudlai O. Molecular and morphological characterisation of the metacercariae of two species of Cardiocephaloides (Digenea: Strigeidae) infecting endemic South African klipfish (Perciformes: Clinidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33847601 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
South African clinids are a major component of the temperate intertidal regions that are also known to participate in life cycles and transmission of several groups of parasites. However, the knowledge of trematode diversity of these fishes is incomplete. In this study, two species of Clinus Cuvier, the super klipfish Clinus superciliosus (Linnaeus) and the bluntnose klipfish Clinus cottoides Valenciennes, were collected from six localities along the South African coast and examined for the presence of trematodes. Metacercariae of Cardiocephaloides Sudarikov, 1959 were found in the eye vitreous humour and brain of C. superciliosus and in the eye vitreous humour of C. cottoides. Detailed analyses integrating morphological and molecular sequence data (28S rDNA, ITS2 rDNA-region, and COI mtDNA) revealed that these belong to two species, Cardiocephaloides physalis (Lutz, 1926) and an unknown species of Cardiocephaloides. This study provides the first report of clinid fishes serving as intermediate hosts for trematodes, reveals that the diversity of Cardiocephaloides in South Africa is higher than previously recorded, and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the life cycles of these trematode species. The broad geographical distribution of Cardiocephaloides spp. was confirmed in the present study based on molecular sequence data. The host-parasite interactions between clinid fishes and metacercariae of Cardiocephaloides are yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Vermaak
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010170. [PMID: 33445814 PMCID: PMC7828249 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Taxonomic classification of haemogregarines belonging to Apicomplexa can become difficult when the information about the life cycle stages is not available. Using a self-reporting, we record different haemogregarine species infecting various animal categories and exploring the most systematic features for each life cycle stage. The keystone in the classification of any species of haemogregarines is related to the sporogonic cycle more than other stages of schizogony and gamogony. Molecular approaches are excellent tools that enabled the identification of apicomplexan parasites by clarifying their evolutionary relationships. Abstract Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites.
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Netherlands EC, Cook CA, Du Preez LH, Vanhove MP, Brendonck L, Smit NJ. An overview of the Dactylosomatidae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Dactylosomatidae), with the description of Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. parasitising Ptychadena anchietae and Sclerophrys gutturalis from South Africa. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11:246-260. [PMID: 32195110 PMCID: PMC7078462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) blood parasites are commonly reported from anuran hosts. Dactylosomatidae (Jakowska and Nigrelli, 1955) is a group of haemogregarines comprising Dactylosoma Labbé, 1894 and Babesiosoma Jakowska and Nigrelli, 1956. Currently Dactylosoma and Babesiosoma contain five recognised species each. In the current study, a total of 643 anurans, comprising 38 species, 20 genera, and 13 families were collected from South Africa (n = 618) and Belgium (n = 25), and their blood screened for the presence of dactylosomatid parasites. Three anuran species were found infected namely, Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage, 1868) and Sclerophrys gutturalis (Power, 1927) from South Africa, and Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) from Belgium. Based on morphological characteristics, morphometrics and molecular results a new dactylosomatid, Dactylosoma kermiti n. sp. is described form Pty. anchietae and Scl. gutturalis. The species of Dactylosoma isolated from Pel. lessonae could not, based on morphological or molecular analysis, be identified to species level. Phylogenetic analysis shows species of Dactylosoma infecting anurans as a monophyletic group separate from the other haemogregarine groups. Additionally, the mosquitoes Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) mashonaensis Theobald, 1901 and U. (Pfc.) montana Ingram and De Meillon, 1927 were observed feeding on Scl. gutturalis in situ and possible dividing stages of this new parasite were observed in the mosquitoes. This study is the first to describe a dactylosomatid parasite based on morphological and molecular data from Africa as well as observe potential stages in possible dipteran vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Netherlands
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Courtney A. Cook
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Louis H. Du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Maarten P.M. Vanhove
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Agoralaan Gebouw D, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O.Box 17, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, University of Leuven, Charles Debériotstraat 32, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Azmey S, Taruna M, Taha H, Arai T. Prevalence and infestation intensity of a piscicolid leech, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis on cultured hybrid grouper in Brunei Darussalam. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100398. [PMID: 32448517 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Grouper is an important food fish due to its commercial value. A major production constraint in culturing grouper is that the fish can be fatally affected by leeches and diseases. Leeches are an ectoparasite of grouper, which can cause significant loss in fish number, and thus controlling their prevalence is indispensable as a tool of aquaculture management. In order to understand the prevalence and infestation intensity of a piscicolid leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, field observation of hybrid grouper was conducted in two aquaculture farms in Brunei Darussalam. The prevalence rates were 100% for the two farms throughout the study period, while the infestation intensity levels were significantly different between the two farms. The farm with the higher salinity ranging from 26 to 28 psu was found to have a significantly higher number of leeches (505 ± 271 leeches fish-1; mean ± SD) than the other farm with the lower salinity ranging from 17 to 23 psu that had 27 ± 23 leeches fish-1, although the ranges of recorded water temperatures overlapped between the two farms. This study suggests salinity might be an important factor in the propagation of Z. arugamensis. Furthermore, the prevalence and intensity of the leech in Brunei Darussalam were higher than those reported in other Southeast Asian countries. These results indicate that the hybrid grouper culture in Brunei Darussalam might have a higher risk in disease than those countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syakirah Azmey
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mariahtul Taruna
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Hussein Taha
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Takaomi Arai
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
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11
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Schaeffner BC, Smit NJ. Parasites of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) in South Africa - a neglected field of marine science. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2019; 66. [PMID: 30919826 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Southern Africa is considered one of the world's 'hotspots' for the diversity of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), with currently 204 reported species. Although numerous literature records and treatises on chondrichthyan fishes are available, a paucity of information exists on the biodiversity of their parasites. Chondrichthyan fishes are parasitised by several groups of protozoan and metazoan organisms that live either permanently or temporarily on and within their hosts. Reports of parasites infecting elasmobranchs and holocephalans in South Africa are sparse and information on most parasitic groups is fragmentary or entirely lacking. Parasitic copepods constitute the best-studied group with currently 70 described species (excluding undescribed species or nomina nuda) from chondrichthyans. Given the large number of chondrichthyan species present in southern Africa, it is expected that only a mere fraction of the parasite diversity has been discovered to date and numerous species await discovery and description. This review summarises information on all groups of parasites of chondrichthyan hosts and demonstrates the current knowledge of chondrichthyan parasites in South Africa. Checklists are provided displaying the host-parasite and parasite-host data known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Hayes PM, Smit NJ. Molecular insights into the identification and phylogenetics of the cosmopolitan marine fish blood parasite, Haemogregarina bigemina (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 8:216-220. [PMID: 30891401 PMCID: PMC6404647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemogregarina bigemina is one of the most prevalent haemogregarines of marine fishes and has long been considered an enigmatic and cosmopolitan species. However, to determine whether H. bigemina truly represents a single global species, or whether it should be partitioned into several species or subspecies, and to confirm its taxonomic status among the Haemogregarina, molecular analysis is required. Here, we provide the first molecular characterisation of H. bigemina from one of its type hosts, Lipophrys pholis, in the UK using 18S rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic and p-distance comparisons of the newly generated H. bigemina sequences with those published from other haemogregarine taxa and related apicomplexans suggest that H. bigemina falls outside of the "Haemogregarina" clade as well as the Adeleorina altogether, forming a separate apicomplexan marine clade, and appears to be in fact more closely related to other non-haemogregarine Apicomplexa genera. Further work including sequences of H. bigemina and H. bigemina-like parasites observed from fishes in other localities is now needed to investigate this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly M Hayes
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St., London, W1W 6UW, UK.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Oliveira AT, Araújo MLG, Pantoja-Lima J, Aride PHR, Tavares-Dias M, Brinn RP, Marcon JL. Cyrilia sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) in the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (cururu stingray) in different hydrological phases of the Rio Negro. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 77:413-416. [PMID: 27533723 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraerythrocytic parasites are frequently found in fish, including elasmobranchs. The Amazonian rivers present well defined annual hydrological cycles that results in drastic modifications of the environmental conditions with deep implications in the life cycle of the whole associated biota in those fluvial systems. The freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (stingray cururu) is a new species restricted to the Middle Rio Negro basin and it is subject to strong alterations in their natural habitats (igapós) a result of the constant variations in the water level of Rio Negro. This work demonstrates the occurrence of intraerythrocytic parasite Cyrilia sp. in this stingray species. Additionally, the prevalence and quantification of hemoparasites in different phases of Rio Negro were also established. Field sampling was carried in the Archipelago of Mariuá, Middle Rio Negro, involving different stages of the water cycle. The intraerythrocytic parasites were quantified by direct counting in blood smears using a total counting of 2000 erythrocytes in each blood smear. The presence of parasites intraerythrocytic generates changes in the morphology of blood cell. The largest amount of the hemoparasites was recorded in the drought period. We observed a decreasing tendency in the number of parasites in the blood between the drought periods and inundation. We concluded that the level of Negro River influences the incidence of intraerythrocytic parasites in the cururu stingray and the drought represents the period of larger susceptibility to the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas - IFAM, Campus Manaus Centro, Avenida 7 de Setembro, 1975, CEP 69020-120, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - M L G Araújo
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Campus Recife, Avenida Dois Irmãos, s/n, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - J Pantoja-Lima
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas - IFAM, Campus Presidente Figueiredo, Avenida Onça Pintada, 1308, CEP 69735-000, Presidente Figueiredo, AM, Brazil
| | - P H R Aride
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas - IFAM, Campus Manaus Distrito Industrial, Avenida Danilo Areosa, 1672, CEP 69735-690, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - M Tavares-Dias
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuárias - EMBRAPA, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, Km 5, CEP 68903-419, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - R P Brinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University - FIU, 3000 NE 150 St. 33181, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J L Marcon
- Laboratório de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Magro NM, de Oliveira AT, O'Dwyer LH. First report and description of a Cyrilia sp. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) from a freshwater Cururu Stingray Potamotrygon cf. histrix (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae), from the Amazon Region, Brazil. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:907-911. [PMID: 26642832 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A haemogregarine is described in 12 cururu stingray (Potamotrygon cf. histrix), from Mariuá Archipelago, Negro River, in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. All animals, both male and female, were parasitized by the haemogregarine and parasitaemia varied between 0.8% and 10% of erythrocytes. The stages observed included trophozoites or merozoites, suspected meronts, and gamonts presumed to be of two types, macrogamonts and microgamonts. Most stages were observed inside mature erythrocytes, while others were extracellular. The stages observed were most similar to those characteristics of the genus Cyrilia, than to any other fish haemogregarine and may represent a new Cyrilia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Magro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Unesp-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A T de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM), Centro, Manaus/AM, Brazil
| | - L H O'Dwyer
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Unesp-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Smit NJ, Hadfield KA. Marine fish parasitology in South Africa: history of discovery and future direction. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2015.1043644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Van As J, Davies AJ, Smit NJ. Life cycle of Hepatozoon affluomaloti sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) in crag lizards (Sauria: Cordylidae) and in culicine mosquitoes from South Africa. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Scattered records of parasitic species infecting commercially important marine fishes in sub-Saharan Africa are known from just a few countries where concerted efforts have been made by local parasitologists (e.g. Senegal, Nigeria, South Africa). Most of these consist of taxonomic records or general surveys of parasite faunas associated with marine hosts, which may or may not have been of commercial value. Little to no multi-disciplinary research is conducted in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa and hence parasitological data are not commonly used to advise fisheries management procedures. This review summarizes current knowledge on all parasitological research associated with commercially important marine fish species in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:50. [PMID: 24460725 PMCID: PMC3904685 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomes are ubiquitous blood parasites of marine and freshwater fishes, typically transmitted by aquatic leeches. Phylogenetic studies have been dominated by examples derived from freshwater fishes, with few marine representatives. Furthermore, life cycle studies on marine fish trypanosomes have focused on those of the northern hemisphere. In this investigation, we have examined the life cycle and molecular taxonomy of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa. Methods To locate trypanosome stages, leeches were removed from fishes captured on the west and south coasts of South Africa, and fish blood films and leech squashes were Giemsa-stained and screened; leeches were also examined histologically. To determine whether trypanosome stages in fishes and leeches were of the same genotype, DNA was extracted from Giemsa-stained fish blood films and leech squashes, and from fish whole blood. Fragments of the 18S rRNA gene were amplified by PCR using trypanosome-specific primers and sequenced. Resulting sequence data were compared with each other and with published trypanosome 18S rDNA sequences, and used for phylogenetic analysis. Results Trypanosomes were detected in blood films from fishes of the families Clinidae, Blenniidae and Gobiidae. The flagellates ranged in size and staining properties within the films and across fish hosts. In squashes and histological sections of adult and juvenile leeches, identified as Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, trypanosome developmental stages were predominantly slender epimastigotes. Sequence data showed that trypanosomes derived from fishes were identical, irrespective of whether they were small or large forms; sequences derived largely from leech epimastigotes were also identical to those obtained from fish trypanosomes. Fish and leech trypanosome sequences fell into a marine fish aquatic clade, and aligned most closely with two trypanosome sequences from marine fishes off Norway. Conclusions Combined morphological and molecular methods indicate that the trypanosomes examined here represent a single pleomorphic species, rather than the three species described originally. This species is identified as Trypanosoma nudigobii Fantham, 1919 with the leech Z. arugamensis as its vector, and T. capigobii Fantham, 1919 and T. blenniclini Fantham, 1930 are regarded as junior synonyms of the species. Phylogenetic analysis establishes its affinity with marine fish trypanosomes off Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group (Ecology), Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Curtis LM, Grutter AS, Smit NJ, Davies AJ. Gnathia aureamaculosa, a likely definitive host of Haemogregarina balistapi and potential vector for Haemogregarina bigemina between fishes of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:361-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Davies AJ, Hosein S, Merrett NR. Haematozoans from deep water fishes trawled off the Cape Verde Islands and over the Porcupine Seabight, with a revision of species within the genus Desseria (Adeleorina: Haemogregarinidae). Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2012; 59:1-11. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2012.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Davies
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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Hayes PM, Wertheim DF, Smit NJ, Seddon AM, Davies AJ. Three-dimensional visualisation of developmental stages of an apicomplexan fish blood parasite in its invertebrate host. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:219. [PMID: 22107751 PMCID: PMC3235976 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although widely used in medicine, the application of three-dimensional (3D) imaging to parasitology appears limited to date. In this study, developmental stages of a marine fish haemogregarine, Haemogregarina curvata (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina), were investigated in their leech vector, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis; this involved 3D visualisation of brightfield and confocal microscopy images of histological sections through infected leech salivary gland cells. Findings 3D assessment demonstrated the morphology of the haemogregarine stages, their spatial layout, and their relationship with enlarged host cells showing reduced cellular content. Haemogregarine meronts, located marginally within leech salivary gland cells, had small tail-like connections to the host cell limiting membrane; this parasite-host cell interface was not visible in two-dimensional (2D) light micrographs and no records of a similar connection in apicomplexan development have been traced. Conclusions This is likely the first account of the use of 3D visualisation to study developmental stages of an apicomplexan parasite in its invertebrate vector. Elucidation of the extent of development of the haemogregarine within the leech salivary cells, together with the unusual connections between meronts and the host cell membrane, illustrates the future potential of 3D visualisation in parasite-vector biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly M Hayes
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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Davies AJ, Amado LL, Cook RT, Bianchini A, Eiras JC. Potential environmental and host gender influences on prevalence of Haemogregarina platessae (Adeleorina:Haemogregarinidae) and suspected Haemohormidium terraenovae (incertae sedis) in Brazilian flounder from the Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2009; 55:161-70. [PMID: 19202674 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2008.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes), were captured in polluted and non-polluted sites within the Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil, over four seasons. Blood films showed a high prevalence of infection with a haemogregarine, or mixed parasitaemias of this and an organism resembling Haemohormidium terraenovae So, 1972. Haemogregarine gamont stages conformed to existing descriptions of Desseria platessae (Lebailly, 1904) Siddall, 1995 from flatfishes, but intraerythrocytic division of meronts was observed, leading to the recommendation for nomenclatural correction, placing the haemogregarine in the genus Haemogregarina (sensu lato) Danilewsky, 1885. Statistical analyses suggested that although sample sizes were small, infections with meront stages, immature and mature gamonts were all influenced by site, and possibly therefore, by pollution. Season also appeared to determine likelihood of infection with meronts and immature gamonts, but not mature gamonts, while adult fish gender apparently affected infection with immature and mature gamonts, but not meronts. The H. terraenovae-like organism exhibited unusual extracellular forms and did not match closely with the type description of H. terraenovae; precise identification was therefore difficult. Data analyses suggested that parasitism by this organism was influenced by site and fish gender, since females and males from non-polluted water were infected, but only females from the polluted site. Season was also important and significantly more adult fish of both sexes were infected with this parasite in the Brazilian summer and autumn, compared with winter and spring. Finally, these appeared to be the first observations of Haemogregarina platessae, and possibly H. terraenovae, from the southern hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Davies
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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