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CASTRO-ROMERO RAUL, MONTES MARTINMIGUEL, MARTORELLI SERGIO. Maxiclavella and Praeclavella (Siphonostomatoida: Lernaeopodidae) new genera confirmed by molecular and morphological evidence. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200992. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Modelling seasonal patterns of larval fish parasitism in two northern nearshore areas in the Humboldt Current System. Sci Rep 2021; 11:579. [PMID: 33436740 PMCID: PMC7804093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro- and micro-environmental factors modulate parasite loads in fish, determining parasitic abundances, diversity, and interaction dynamics. In this study, seasonal variations in larval ectoparasites on fish larvae in the northern Humboldt Current System (HCS) were evaluated using a delta-gamma generalized linear model to predict their occurrence frequencies. Fish larvae were collected from two nearshore areas during austral spring-summer and autumn-winter. Only five (of 38) larval fish species were parasitized by copepods: Gobiesox marmoratus, Ophiogobius jenynsi, Helcogrammoides cunninghami, Myxodes sp., and Auchenionchus crinitus. A binomial model showed that the presence/absence of parasitized fish larvae varied among the fish species and their larval abundances, while a positive delta-gamma model showed that ectoparasite frequency varied among the seasons and fish species. Seasonal variations in parasitized fish larvae frequency could be associated with host and parasite reproductive processes, which are related to oceanographic features responsible for larval retention and subsequent higher infestation probabilities. Host length was positively correlated with ectoparasite length, suggesting early infection and combined growth until the detachment of the ectoparasite. Our results suggest that infestation patterns in larval fish species can be identified using delta-gamma models and that they respond to local (retention) and high-scale (HCS) processes.
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Landaeta MF, Díaz-Richter C, Muñoz G. Larval parasitic copepods affect early life history traits of a temperate clingfish. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3977-3985. [PMID: 32833050 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Larval copepods are frequent parasites that infest fish larvae along the Chilean coast. Because these parasites develop on fish during the early development, when their bodies are fragile and in a recent stage, they can affect the fishes' early life history traits (ELHT). The goal of this study was to determine the effect of parasitic copepods on the ELHT of the larvae of the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) using otolith microstructure analysis. Ichthyoplankton samples were collected during austral winter (July and August 2012), in the inner shelf waters off Valparaiso Bay, central Chile. A total of 95 non-parasitized larvae (NPL) and 95 parasitized (PL) with copepods were randomly selected for subsequent analyses. Parasitized larvae of G. marmoratus were larger than NPL. The right otolith tended to be larger than the left otolith in the fish larvae, but with a higher asymmetry in PL. The PL showed larger otoliths-at-size than the NPL, particularly in smaller larvae (< 8 mm of standard length, SL). Nonetheless, parasitized larvae larger than 8 mm SL showed the opposite trend that is smaller-at-size otoliths than NPL. The Gompertz models indicated that the asymptotic length of NPL doubled the length of PL; this suggests that parasitic copepods affect the maximum size attained by the PL. In conclusion, parasitic copepods negatively affect the ELHT of G. marmoratus larvae and the greater asymmetry can be attributed to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio F Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño, 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Richter
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratorio de Parasitología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriela Muñoz
- Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero (COSTA-R), Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño, 16344, Viña del Mar, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Parasitología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Smit NJ, Bruce NL, Hadfield KA. Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea. PARASITIC CRUSTACEA 2019; 3. [PMCID: PMC7124122 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Different parasitic life strategies are described including four new life cycles: complex rebrooding, micro-male, mesoparasite and prey-predator transfer. Four new life cycle behaviours are named: nursery hiding, mid-moult stage, positive precursor (intraspecific antagonism) and negative precursor (ambush strategy). Further strategies discussed are opossum attack, double parasitism (doubling of the normal reproductive set), duplex arrangement (separated male-female pairs), simple rebrooding, and describing how displaced parasites and superinfections may partly elucidate life cycles. Proportional stunting masks life history effects of parasitism; cuckoo copepods are true parasites and not just associates; burrowing barnacles (acrothoracicans) are not parasites. Further findings based on life cycle information: branchiurans and pentastomes are possibly not related; firefly seed shrimp are not parasites; copepod pre-adult life cycle stages are common in the western pacific but rare in Caribbean; harpacticoids on vertebrates are not parasites; cuckoo copepods are true parasites; explained the importance of pennellid intermediate hosts. Crustacean parasite life cycles are largely unknown (1% of species). Most crustacean life cycles represent minor modifications from the ancestral free-living mode. Crustacean parasites have less complex and less modified life cycles than other major parasite groups. This limits their exploitation of, and effectiveness, in parasitism. However, these life cycles will be an advantage in Global Change. Most metazoan parasites will be eliminated while crustaceans (and nematodes) will inherit the new world of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J. Smit
- North-West University, and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management , Potchefstroom, Northwest South Africa
| | - Niel L. Bruce
- Biodiversity & Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia, and Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kerry A. Hadfield
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Fraija-Fernández N, Hernández-Hortelano A, Ahuir-Baraja AE, Raga JA, Aznar FJ. Taxonomic status and epidemiology of the mesoparasitic copepod Pennella balaenoptera in cetaceans from the western Mediterranean. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 128:249-258. [PMID: 29862982 DOI: 10.3354/dao03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pennella balaenoptera is a mesoparasitic copepod that has been reported in at least 17 cetacean species. Subtle morphological differences in the first antennae of adult females have been used to discriminate this species from P. filosa, a species infecting fishes. Other morphological traits are unreliable because of their high plasticity, and no molecular data are available to confirm the taxonomic status of P. balaenoptera as an independent species. We found no consistent morphological differences of the first antennae between P. balaenoptera and P. filosa collected from cetaceans and fish in the western Mediterranean. Molecular data on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I failed to show reciprocal monophyly for the 2 species, and nucleotide divergence between them was low (mean ± SD [range]: 4.1 ± 0.006% [0.5-8.9]). Thus, P. balaenoptera and P. filosa are considered conspecific. We also obtained data on infection parameters of P. balaenoptera based on 450 individuals of 6 cetacean species stranded on the Spanish Mediterranean coast between 1980 and 2017. Prevalence was significantly lowest in the most coastal species, the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (3.6%) and highest in the most oceanic species, Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris (100%). This suggests that the life cycle of P. balaenoptera is primarily oceanic. Interestingly, P. filosa also occurs in the oceanic realm infecting large fishes. This ecological similarity further supports the hypothesis that P. balaenoptera and P. filosa are conspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fraija-Fernández
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, Valencia 46071, Spain
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Jahnsen-Guzmán N, Bernal-Durán V, Landaeta MF. Parasitic copepods affect morphospace and diet of larvae of a temperate reef fish. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:330-346. [PMID: 29431227 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ectoparasites on larvae of the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus were evaluated at the dietary and morphometric levels. The larvae and ectoparasites were collected by nearshore plankton samplings during October, November and December 2013 off El Quisco Bay, central Chile. The standardized abundance of total larvae and those ectoparasitized larvae (PL) was positively related and high parasite prevalence was found throughout the sampling period (up to 38%). Geometric morphometrics analyses indicate main changes in the shape through early ontogeny and subtle but significant variations between PL and non-parasitized larvae (NPL). Prey composition varied between PL and NPL; small size (<6 mm standard length, LS ) parasitized larval G. marmoratus ate mostly gastropod larvae, whereas small non-parasitized specimens ate mainly cirripede nauplii. All larger (>8 mm LS ), pre-settlement stages parasitized by Trifur and, or Caligus copepods had content in their gut, suggesting that ectoparasites did not diminish prey capture in host with larger size. Morphometric and dietary changes occurring during larval development were decoupled, both for PL and NPL. The maintenance of a slender, more hydrodynamic body through pelagic development and the ingestion of less-mobile prey in PL suggests non-lethal effects of ectoparasitism on rocky-reef fish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jahnsen-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Magíster en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Bernal-Durán
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - M F Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Escuela de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Castro-romero R, Montes MM, Martorelli SR, Sepulveda D, Tapia S, Martínez-aquino A. Integrative taxonomy of Peniculus, Metapeniculus, and Trifur (Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae), copepod parasites of marine fishes from Chile: species delimitation analyses using DNA barcoding and morphological evidence. SYST BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2016.1158213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Castro-romero
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Depto. Ciencias Acuáticas y Ambientales, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Martín M. Montes
- CEPAVE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Sepulveda
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Depto. Biomédico, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Silvia Tapia
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Depto. Ciencias Acuáticas y Ambientales, Antofagasta, Chile
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Depto. Biomédico, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrés Martínez-aquino
- División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, FCNyM, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Muñoz G, Landaeta MF, Palacios-Fuentes P, George-Nascimento M. Parasites of fish larvae: do they follow metabolic energetic laws? Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3977-87. [PMID: 26193824 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eumetazoan parasites in fish larvae normally exhibit large body sizes relative to their hosts. This observation raises a question about the potential effects that parasites might have on small fish. We indirectly evaluated this question using energetic metabolic laws based on body volume and the parasite densities. We compared the biovolume as well as the numeric and volumetric densities of parasites over the host body volume of larval and juvenile-adult fish and the average of these parasitological descriptors for castrator parasites and the parasites found in the fish studied here. We collected 5266 fish larvae using nearshore zooplankton sampling and 1556 juveniles and adult fish from intertidal rocky pools in central Chile. We considered only the parasitized hosts: 482 fish larvae and 629 juvenile-adult fish. We obtained 31 fish species; 14 species were in both plankton and intertidal zones. Fish larvae exhibited a significantly smaller biovolume but larger numeric and volumetric densities of parasites than juvenile-adult fish. Therefore, fish larvae showed a large proportion of parasite biovolume per unit of body host (cm(3)). However, the general scaling of parasitological descriptors and host body volume were similar between larvae and juvenile-adult fish. The ratio between the biovolume of parasites and the host body volume in fish larvae was similar to the proportion observed in castrator parasites. Furthermore, the ratios were different from those of juvenile-adult fish, which suggests that the presence of parasites implies a high energetic cost for fish larvae that would diminish the fitness of these small hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, P.O. 5080, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Mauricio F Landaeta
- Laboratorio de Ictioplancton (LABITI), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pamela Palacios-Fuentes
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario George-Nascimento
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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