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Faltýnková A, Jouet D, Nielsen ÓK, Skírnisson K. First species record of Strigea falconis Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) from gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus in Iceland-pros and cons of a complex life cycle. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:147. [PMID: 38433153 PMCID: PMC10909778 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Strigea falconis is a common parasite of birds of prey and owls widely distributed in the Holarctic. We aimed to characterise S. falconis from Iceland via integrative taxonomic approach and to contribute to the understanding of its circulation in the Holarctic. We recovered adult S. falconis from two gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) collected in 2011 and 2012 in Iceland (Reykjanes Peninsula, Westfjords) and characterised them by morphological and molecular genetic (D2 of rDNA, cox1, ND1 of the mDNA) methods. We provide the first species record of S. falconis in Iceland which to the best of our knowledge is its northernmost distributional range. The presence of S. falconis in Iceland is surprising, as there are no suitable intermediate hosts allowing completion of its life cycle. Gyrfalcons are fully sedentary in Iceland; thus, the only plausible explanation is that they acquired their infection by preying upon migratory birds arriving from Europe. Our data indicate that the most likely candidates are Anseriformes and Charadriiformes. Also, we corroborate the wide geographical distribution of S. falconis, as we found a high degree of similarity between our haplotypes and sequences of mesocercariae from frogs in France and of a metacercaria from Turdus naumanni in Japan, and adults from Buteo buteo and Circus aeruginosus from the Czech Republic. The case of Strigea falconis shows the advantages of a complex life cycle and also depicts its pitfalls when a parasite is introduced to a new area with no suitable intermediate hosts. In Iceland, gyrfalcons are apparently dead-end hosts for S. falconis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Faltýnková
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Damien Jouet
- ESCAPE UR7510, USC ANSES PETARD, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
| | | | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Yong RQY, Martin SB, Smit NJ. A new species of Siphoderina Manter, 1934 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) infecting the Dory Snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) from the east coast of South Africa. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:673-686. [PMID: 37845589 PMCID: PMC10613151 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitological assessment of marine fishes at Sodwana Bay in the iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area on the east coast of South Africa revealed a new species of cryptogonimid trematode infecting the pyloric caeca of the Dory Snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål) (Lutjanidae). The new species is morphologically consistent with the concept of the large genus Siphoderina Manter, 1934; its phylogenetic position within this genus was validated through molecular sequencing of the ITS2 and partial 28S ribosomal DNA sub-regions. We name this species Siphoderina nana n. sp. and comment on the current state of understanding for this genus of cryptogonimids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Q-Y Yong
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences & Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Storm B Martin
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences & Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Born-Torrijos A, van Beest GS, Merella P, Garippa G, Raga JA, Montero FE. Mapping a brain parasite: Occurrence and spatial distribution in fish encephalon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2023; 21:22-32. [PMID: 37081833 PMCID: PMC10111940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasites, especially brain-encysting trematodes, can have an impact on host behaviour, facilitating the transmission to next host and completion of the life cycle, but insufficient research has been done on whether specific brain regions are targeted. Using Cardiocephaloides longicollis as a laboratory model, the precise distribution of metacercariae in experimentally-infected, wild and farmed fish was mapped. The brain regions targeted by this parasite were explored, also from a histologic perspective, and potential pathogenic effects were evaluated. Experimental infections allowed to reproduce the natural infection intensity of C. longicollis, with four times higher infection intensity at the higher dose (150 vs 50 cercariae). The observed metacercarial distribution, similar among all fish groups, may reflect a trematode species-specific pattern: metacercariae occur with highest density in the optic lobe area (primarily infecting the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum) and the medulla oblongata, whereas other areas such as the olfactory lobes and cerebellar lobes may be occupied when the more frequently invaded parts of the brain were crowded. Mono- and multicysts (i.e. formed either with a single metacercaria, or with 2-25 metacercariae encapsulated together) may be formed depending on the aggregation and timing of metacercariae arrival, with minor host inflammatory response. Larvae of C. longicollis colonizing specific brain areas may have an effect on the functions associated with these areas, which are generally related to sensory and motor functions, but are also related to other host fitness traits such as school maintenance or recognition of predators. The detailed information on the extent and distribution of C. longicollis in fish encephalon sets the ground to understand the effects of brain parasites on fish, but further investigation to establish if C. longicollis, through purely mechanical damage (e.g., occupation, pressure and displacement), has an actual impact on host behaviour remains to be tested under controlled experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
| | - Gabrielle S. van Beest
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, PO Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paolo Merella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garippa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, PO Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco E. Montero
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, PO Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
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Erasmus A, Wepener V, Hadfield KA, Sures B, Smit NJ. Metazoan parasite diversity of the endemic South African intertidal klipfish, Clinus superciliosus: Factors influencing parasite community composition. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102611. [PMID: 35750274 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current trend in marine parasitology research, particularly in South Africa, is to focus on a specific parasite taxon and not on the total parasite community of a specific fish host. However, these records do not always reveal the ecological role of parasites in ecosystems. Thus, the present study aimed to determine which factors influence the parasite community composition of the endemic southern African intertidal klipfish, Clinus superciliosus (n = 75). Metazoan parasites were sampled from four localities (two commercial harbours - west coast; and two relatively pristine localities - southeast coast) along the South African coast. A total of 75 klipfish were examined for parasites, where 30 distinct taxa, representing seven taxonomic groups were found: Acanthocephala (4 taxa), Cestoda (2 taxa), Crustacea (5 taxa), Digenea (11 taxa), Hirudinea (2 taxa), Monogenea (1 taxon) and Nematoda (5 taxa). Results indicated that the main driver of diversity was locality, with the highest diversity on the southeast coast, most likely due to higher water temperatures and upwelling compared to the west coast. The parasite community composition of the klipfish was significantly influenced by water temperature and parasite life cycle. These results emphasise the importance of parasitological surveys including all parasite taxa in hosts from multiple localities and seasons, to better comprehend their ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Erasmus
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Kerry A Hadfield
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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