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Anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery: A single-center experience. TURK GOGUS KALP DAMAR CERRAHISI DERGISI 2023; 31:19-28. [PMID: 36926159 PMCID: PMC10012984 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2023.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment, and follow-up of cases of anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery. Methods Between January 1998 and June 2021, a total of 14 patients (5 males, 9 females; median age: 15 months; range, 3 to 156 months) diagnosed with anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical data of the patients, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, angiographic, surgical, and follow-up findings were evaluated. Results The most common symptoms were respiratory distress (n=6) and murmur (n=3). With the exception of three cases, all other patients were diagnosed by echocardiography in the first examination. Severe mitral valve insufficiency was detected in four patients and four other patients had moderate mitral insufficiency on echocardiography. Ejection fraction values ranged between 38 and 79%. Eleven patients underwent direct implantation of the coronary artery into the aorta, and three underwent a Takeuchi procedure. Mortality occurred in only one case. After surgery, mitral insufficiency and ejection fraction values improved. Median follow-up was 62 (range, 5 to 170) months and all patients were asymptomatic, except one who required redo surgery. Conclusion Anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery is an uncommon congenital anomaly. Echocardiography is the main diagnostic tool. If all echocardiographic findings of the coronary anomaly are not investigated thoroughly, the diagnosis may be overlooked.
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Successful Repair of Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) using Pericardial Roll Graft: Case Report with Long-Term Follow-up. COR ET VASA 2022. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2022.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Moisa SM, Miron IC, Tarca E, Trandafir L, Lupu VV, Lupu A, Rusu TE. Non-Cardiac Cause of Death in Selected Group Children with Cardiac Pathology: A Retrospective Single Institute Study. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030335. [PMID: 35327707 PMCID: PMC8946943 DOI: 10.3390/children9030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pediatricians and pediatric surgeons often face children with cardiomegaly and dilatative or hypertrophic cardiomyopathies presenting with or without symptoms. Some of these patients have already been diagnosed and received medication, and some present with completely unrelated pathologies. Methods: We performed a 4-year retrospective study on the causes and mechanisms of death of children with cardiac pathology who died outside the cardiology clinic of our hospital by studying the hospital charts and necropsy reports. All children who were in this situation in our hospital were included. Results: Most children in our study group were infants (81.82%), most were boys (81.82%), and in most cases, the cause or mechanism of death was unrelated to their heart condition, whether it had already been diagnosed or not (one case probably died as a result of a malignant ventricular arrhythmia). Additionally, 27.27% of children died as a consequence of bronchopneumonia, the same percentage died as a consequence of an acquired non-pulmonary disease or after surgery, and 18.18% died as a consequence of congenital malformations. Conclusions: Cardiac disease needs to be thoroughly investigated using multiple tools for all children presenting with heart failure symptoms, those with heart murmurs, and children scheduled for surgery of any type. The intensive care specialist and surgeon need to be aware of any heart pathology before non-cardiac surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefana Maria Moisa
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Ingrith Crenguta Miron
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Elena Tarca
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Laura Trandafir
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.V.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Pediatrics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.M.M.); (I.C.M.); (E.T.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.V.L.); (A.L.)
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Dificultad respiratoria en el servicio de urgencias como manifestación de una enfermedad cardíaca rara en niños: origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria izquierda en la arteria pulmonar. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 93:208-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Li M, Wang Y, Zhu W, Zhang C, Fei H. Transthoracic echocardiography features of adult-type anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery before and after surgery: highlights from observational study in a single center of China. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:1477-1487. [PMID: 32328871 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To review the imaging characteristics of adult-type anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and evaluate the post-operative echocardiographic features. The transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) records and invasive coronary angiography (ICA), coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) or operative findings of thirty adult patients with final diagnosis of ALCAPA were reviewed at our center. The diagnostic reliability of TTE was determined by comparing its results with that of ICA/CTA, and the echocardiographic features of the patients during early visit and post-operative follow-up were summarized. The coincidence rate of TTE and ICA/CTA diagnosing ALCAPA was 96.3% (26/27), and one case was misdiagnosed as coronary artery fistula. All patients showed abnormal left coronary ostium arising from the pulmonary trunk with retrograde coronary artery flow, 20 patients had enlarged right coronary artery (RCA), and 20 showed abundant inter-coronary septal coronary collaterals. Left ventricle (LV) abnormalities such as wall thinning, abnormal wall motion, papillary muscle fibrosis, mitral valve (MV) prolapse and moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) were respectively observed in 4, 7, 10, 8 and 10 patients. Three patients showed ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale and tetralogy of Fallot respectively. Post-operative data was available for 12 patients, and showed that the diameter of RCA, size of left atrium (LA) and LV were decreased after surgery compared to the respective pre-operative values. Furthermore, inter-coronary septal coronary collaterals lessened in 8 of these patients. Although 6 patients showed residual mild MR, moderate or severe MR was not observed, and the ejection fraction (EF) also showed no obvious changes before and after surgery. TTE is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for adult-type ALCAPA, and can indicate abnormal coronary origin, collateral arteries and other associated malformations. Some of the structural and hemodynamic parameters of adult-type ALCAPA were improved after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510100, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510100, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510100, China
| | - Caojin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510100, China
| | - Hongwen Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510100, China.
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Effective myocardial perfusion and concomitant haemodynamic status determine the clinical diversity of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:362-368. [PMID: 31964440 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951119003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare congenital heart disease (CHD) with diverse clinical presentations despite the same anatomy. Factors determining this heterogeneous presentation are not well understood. METHOD AND RESULTS We retrospectively investigated 14 patients (12 females) who underwent surgical repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. These patients were divided into three groups based upon the severity of initial presentation: (1) severe, life-threatening condition (n = 5), (2) mild-to-moderate distress (n = 6), and (3) asymptomatic (n = 3). All patients presented with left ventricular dilation and retrograde flow in left coronary artery by echocardiogram. Eight patients in (1) and (2) presented with severe left ventricular dysfunction. All but one showed abnormal ECG consistent with myocardial ischemia or infarction. Asymptomatic patients had preserved left ventricular systolic function despite ischemic findings on ECG. In 13 patients after surgical repair, all but one normalised left ventricular geometry and systolic function, suggesting nearly full myocardial recovery upon improvement of myocardial perfusion; 8 patients had residual echogenic papillary muscle with variable degree of mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of myocardial ischemic injury was present in all patients with anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery regardless of their initial presentation. Retrograde flow in left coronary artery, implying collateral vessel development from right coronary artery to left coronary artery, was noted in all patients, yet only few patients had preserved systolic function at the time of diagnosis. The balance between effective myocardial perfusion and a deleterious fistulous flow provided by these collaterals and the simultaneous haemodynamic status are what determine the clinical diversity of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.
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Lin S, Xie M, Lv Q, Wang J, He L, Wang B, Li Y, Xu L, Yang Y. Misdiagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by echocardiography: Single-center experience from China. Echocardiography 2020; 37:104-113. [PMID: 31981242 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the risk factors causing misdiagnosis by echocardiography and missed diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Echocardiographic results of 16 patients with ALCAPA confirmed by surgery in Union Hospital, Wuhan, were analyzed retrospectively. The influencing factors leading to echocardiographic misdiagnosis were analyzed from the aspects of confusing image characteristics, special pathological anatomy of the left coronary artery (LCA), and operators' working years. RESULTS Echocardiography diagnosed 11 cases with an accuracy rate of 68.8%. Five cases were misdiagnosed, three cases as endocardial fibroelastosis, one case as mitral prolapse with severe insufficiency, and one case as coronary-pulmonary artery fistula. Display rate of the specific echocardiographic features for confirmed group and misdiagnosed group was statistically significantly different(P = .014). But the working years of the operator for confirmed group and misdiagnosed group were not statistically significantly different(P = .267). Some special pathological anatomy and pathophysiological features could be also the cause of misdiagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography is the first diagnostic choice of the ALCAPA in China. It is essential for the operator to have the knowledge, diagnostic awareness, and proficiency in manipulation in the accurate interpretation of echocardiography results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin He
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuman Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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Yuan XC, Hu J, Zeng X, Zhou AY, Chen L. Echocardiographic diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e18046. [PMID: 31764828 PMCID: PMC6882605 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the application value of TTE in the diagnosis of the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA).The echocardiographic findings of 11 patients with ALCAPA confirmed by surgery in our hospital from October 2007 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) diagnosis and intraoperative diagnosis.Surgery was performed in all of the patients to establish the dual coronary artery system. Four underwent the Takeuchi procedure and 7 had re-implantation of the anomalous left coronary artery. The CTA diagnoses of the 11 patients were consistent with the surgical diagnoses, and the diagnostic accuracy was 100% (11/11). Echocardiographic diagnosis showed consistent results in 10 cases, while one case was misdiagnosed as endocardial fibroelastosis; the diagnostic accuracy was 90.9% (10/11). The echocardiographic features of these patients with ALCAPA included: abnormal left coronary ostium arising from the pulmonary trunk with retrograde coronary artery flow in 10 patients; enlargement of the right coronary artery in 8 patients; abundant intercoronary septal collaterals in 6 patients; and moderate and significant mitral regurgitation in 7 patients. Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular end-systolic diameter before surgery were significantly different from those after surgery (P < .05) and that the left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening before surgery were not significantly different from those after surgery (P > .05).Transthoracic echocardiography can diagnose ALCAPA in a timely, accurate, and noninvasive manner, and it could be of great significance in guiding clinical operations and in predicting prognosis.
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Moshref L, Moshref R, Faden M, Al-Radi O. The outcome of surgical repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in infants. THE CARDIOTHORACIC SURGEON 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43057-019-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Guzeltas A, Ozturk E, Tanidir IC, Kasar T, Haydin S. Evaluation of Anomalous Coronary Arteries from the Pulmonary Artery. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 32:29-37. [PMID: 28423127 PMCID: PMC5382903 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2016-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment methods, and
follow-up of cases of anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary
artery. Methods The study included all cases diagnosed with anomalous coronary arteries from
the pulmonary artery between January 2012 and January 2016. Data from
patients’ demographic characteristics, electrocardiography,
echocardiography, angiographic findings, operation, intensive care unit
stay, and follow-up were evaluated. Results The study included 12 patients (8 male, 4 female), 10 with anomalous left
coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and 2 with anomalous
right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA). Median age at
diagnosis was 4 months (range, 1 month - 10 years old) and median weight was
5.5 kg (range, 3-30 kg). The most common complaints were murmur (n=7) and
respiratory distress (n=5). In 4 cases, the initial diagnosis was dilated
cardiomyopathy. Electrocardiographs were pathologic in all cases.
Echocardiographic examination revealed medium to severe mitral valve
regurgitation in 4 cases and reduced (< 40%) ejection fraction in 6
patients. Of the 12 patients, 8 underwent direct implantation of the left
coronary artery into the aorta, 2 underwent implantation of the right
coronary artery into the aorta, and the remaining 2 underwent a Takeuchi
procedure. There were no early mortalities. Median hospital stay was 20 days
(range, 5-35 days). Median follow-up duration was 18 months (range, 5-36
months), and no cases required further surgery during follow-up. Conclusions Anomalous coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery can be successfully
repaired providing there is early diagnosis and effective, appropriate
intensive care unit follow-up. Therefore, coronary artery origins should be
evaluated carefully, especially in cases with dilated cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Guzeltas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkut Ozturk
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Cansaran Tanidir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Kasar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sertac Haydin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cantinotti M, Koestenberger M, Assanta N, Franchi E, Santoro G. Diagnostic Accuracy of Echocardiography in ALCAPA: Is It Always Correct to Rely Only on Echocardiography? The Issue of False Negatives. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 31:113-114. [PMID: 29056407 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cantinotti
- Pediatric Cardiology and G.U.C.H. Unit, Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Massa and Pisa, Italy
| | - Martin Koestenberger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nadia Assanta
- Pediatric Cardiology and G.U.C.H. Unit, Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Massa and Pisa, Italy
| | - Eliana Franchi
- Pediatric Cardiology and G.U.C.H. Unit, Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Massa and Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santoro
- Pediatric Cardiology and G.U.C.H. Unit, Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Massa and Pisa, Italy
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Matsubara D, Suzuki Y, Yada Y, Minami T, Yamagata T. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: Early manifestation preventing diagnosis. Int J Cardiol 2017; 239:7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Phuong LK, Bonetto C, Buttery J, Pernus YB, Chandler R, Goldenthal KL, Kucuku M, Monaco G, Pahud B, Shulman ST, Top KA, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Varricchio F, de Ferranti S, Newburger JW, Dahdah N, Singh S, Bonhoeffer J, Burgner D. Kawasaki disease and immunisation: Standardised case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis. Vaccine 2016; 34:6582-6596. [PMID: 27863715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linny Kimly Phuong
- Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jim Buttery
- Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Merita Kucuku
- Department of Vaccines Control, National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices, Tirana, Albania
| | | | | | | | - Karina A Top
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Surjit Singh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) - Chandigarh, India
| | - Jan Bonhoeffer
- The Brighton Collaboration Foundation, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - David Burgner
- Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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