1
|
Rolls S, Eraifej N, Craig P, Wainman H. A grey case. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:953-955. [PMID: 37079885 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
We present an unusual case of a 67-year-old woman who gradually noted blue–grey pigmentation developing in a photodistributed pattern. She felt well in herself and there were no systemic features. She had a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and absence seizures for which she took ramipril, atorvastatin, levetiracetam as well as alternative therapies for recurrent urinary tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Craig
- Pathology, Gloucestershire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Hannah Wainman
- Departments of Dermatology
- University of Bristol, Gloucestershire Academy, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buján Bonino C, Pérez Feal P, García Rodiño S, Suárez Peñaranda JM, Rodríguez Granados MT. Systemic photosensitivity due to levetiracetam: Report of a previously undescribed adverse effect. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:291-293. [PMID: 35996800 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Buján Bonino
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez Feal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh A, Kour A. Levetiracetam-induced drug reaction: Violaceous discrete maculopapular rash: A case report. APOLLO MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_142_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
5
|
Seixas R, Ribeiro N, Matos C. The Dark Side of the Tongue: The Stomatology Point of View on Oral Hyperpigmentation. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2022; 35:924. [PMID: 36271756 DOI: 10.20344/amp.19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Seixas
- Serviço de Estomatologia. Hospital São Bernardo. Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal. Setúbal.; Instituto Superior de Educaçã o e Ciências. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Natacha Ribeiro
- Serviço de Estomatologia. Hospital São Bernardo. Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal. Setúbal. Portugal
| | - Carlos Matos
- Serviço de Estomatologia. Hospital São Bernardo. Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal. Setúbal. Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inhibitory Effect of Avenanthramides (Avn) on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanogenesis in α-MSH-Activated SK-MEL-2 Cells: In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157814. [PMID: 34360580 PMCID: PMC8345984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin causes melasma, freckles, age spots, and chloasma. Anti-melanogenic agents can prevent disease-related hyperpigmentation. In the present study, the dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Avenanthramide (Avn)-A-B-C was demonstrated, and 100 µM Avn-A-B-C produced the strongest competitive inhibition against inter-cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Avn-A-B-C inhibits the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as TRP1 and 2. Molecular docking simulation revealed that AvnC (−7.6 kcal/mol) had a higher binding affinity for tyrosinase than AvnA (−7.3 kcal/mol) and AvnB (−6.8 kcal/mol). AvnC was predicted to interact with tyrosinase through two hydrogen bonds at Ser360 (distance: 2.7 Å) and Asn364 (distance: 2.6 Å). In addition, AvnB and AvnC were predicted to be skin non-sensitizers in mammals by the Derek Nexus Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Baek SH, Kang MG, Park D. Inhibitory Effect of Sesamolin on Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells Determined by In Vitro and Molecular Docking Analyses. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:169-178. [PMID: 31612825 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191011151123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin protects the skin against the harmful effects of ultraviolet irradiation. However, melanin overproduction can result in several aesthetic problems, including melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. Therefore, development of anti-melanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious hyperpigmentation diseases. Sesamolin is a lignan compound isolated from sesame seeds with several beneficial properties, including potential for melanin inhibition. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-melanogenic effect of sesamolin in cell culture in vitro and the underlying mechanism of inhibition using molecular docking simulation. METHODS Melanogenesis was induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine in B16F10 melanoma cells, and the inhibitory effects of sesamolin were evaluated using zymography, a tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay, western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Docking simulations between sesamolin and tyrosinase were performed using Autodock vina. RESULTS Sesamolin significantly inhibited the expression of melanogenesis-related factors tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 at the mRNA and protein levels. Treatment of melanoma cells with 50 µM sesamolin demonstrated the strongest inhibition against intercellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis without exerting cytotoxic effects. Sesamolin significantly reduced mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner via a competitive inhibition mechanism. Tyrosinase docking simulations supported that sesamolin (-6.5 kcal/mol) bound to the active site of tyrosinase more strongly than the positive control (arbutin, -5.7 kcal/mol). CONCLUSION Sesamolin could be developed as a melanogenesis inhibiting agent owing to its dual function in blocking the generation of melanogenesis-related enzymes and inhibiting the enzymatic response of tyrosinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Baek
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rashid M, Rajan AK, Chhabra M, Kashyap A. Levetiracetam and cutaneous adverse reactions: A systematic review of descriptive studies. Seizure 2020; 75:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|