Recent Aspects of Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Treatment odyssey to epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia: Risk factors for delayed surgical intervention

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the patient's journey to epilepsy surgery and identify the risk factors contributing to surgical delay in pediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) due to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted of 93 pediatric patients who underwent curative epilepsy surgery for FCD between January 2012 and March 2023 at a tertiary epilepsy center. The Odyssey plot demonstrated the treatment process before epilepsy surgery, including key milestones of epilepsy onset, first hospital visit, epilepsy diagnosis, MRI diagnosis, DRE diagnosis, and surgery. The primary outcome was surgical delay; the duration from DRE to surgery. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the association between surgical delay and clinical, investigative, and treatment characteristics.

RESULTS

The median age at seizure onset was 1.3 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.14-3.1), and at the time of surgery, it was 6 years (range 1-11). Notably, 46% experienced surgical delays exceeding two years. The Odyssey plot visually highlighted that surgical delay comprised a significant portion of the patient journey. Although most patients underwent MRI before referral, MRI abnormalities were identified before referral only in 39% of the prolonged group, compared to 70% of the non-prolonged group. Multivariate analyses showed that delayed notification of MRI abnormalities, longer duration from epilepsy onset to DRE, older age at onset, number of antiseizure medications tried, and moderate to severe intellectual disability were significantly associated with prolonged surgical delay.

CONCLUSION

Pediatric DRE patients with FCD experienced a long journey until surgery. Early and accurate identification of MRI abnormalities is important to minimize surgical delays.

Inhibition of Granule Cell Dispersion and Seizure Development by Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Although granule cell dispersion (GCD) in the hippocampus is known to be an important feature associated with epileptic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the endogenous molecules that regulate GCD are largely unknown. In the present study, we have examined whether there is any change in AEG-1 expression in the hippocampus of a kainic acid (KA)-induced mouse model of TLE. In addition, we have investigated whether the modulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) by intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1) influences pathological phenotypes such as GCD formation and seizure susceptibility in a KA-treated mouse. We have identified that the protein expression of AEG-1 is upregulated in the DG of a KA-induced mouse model of TLE. We further demonstrated that AEG-1 upregulation by AAV1 delivery in the DG-induced anticonvulsant activities such as the delay of seizure onset and inhibition of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) through GCD suppression in the mouse model of TLE, while the inhibition of AEG-1 expression increased susceptibility to seizures. The present observations suggest that AEG-1 is a potent regulator of GCD formation and seizure development associated with TLE, and the significant induction of AEG-1 in the DG may have therapeutic potential against epilepsy.

Quality of life and its relation with sleep habits of children with epilepsy from Eastern India

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic disorders of the central nervous system. The quality of life of children with epilepsy is influenced by various factors including their sleep. To assess the quality of life and sleep habits among children with epilepsy and to determine the association of QOL and sleep habits, with sociodemographic and clinical variables.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 50 epileptic children aged 4-18 years, recruited using a convenient sampling technique from the IPDs and OPDs of the Paediatrics department of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. The data were collected using QOLCE-16 and CSHQ from parents of children with epilepsy. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as ANOVA and Pearson correlation test.

RESULTS

The overall mean score of QOL was 50.78 ± 17.98, with the cognitive domain having the highest mean score of 65.50 ± 27.79 and the social domain having the lowest mean score of 29.87 ± 22.81. The overall mean sleep score was found to be 56.98 ± 8.13. Daytime sleepiness, parasomnias, and bedtime resistance were found to be frequent sleep problems in children with epilepsy. There was a significant negative correlation between QOL and sleep disturbances in children with epilepsy (r = -0.65, P ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The QOL of children with epilepsy should be improved to reduce the effect of sleep problems. Epilepsy children should be treated appropriately with due focus on medication compliance as it was found to be one of the determinants in improving their QOL.

Seizure outcomes in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome undergoing epilepsy surgery: An individual participant data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

A subpopulation of patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) develop medically intractable epilepsy. There is a paucity of literature on preoperative factors that predict postoperative seizure outcomes in these patients. An individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) was performed to discern preoperative variables associated with favorable seizure outcomes in pediatric SWS patients undergoing epilepsy surgery.

METHODS

PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus were independently queried following PRISMA guidelines. Studies that reported seizure outcomes in individual pediatric SWS patients were selected. Preoperative demographic variables and disease characteristics were recorded and evaluated in a time-to-event fashion via Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test.

RESULTS

A total of 18 studies with 108 patients were included for meta-analysis. Median age at seizure onset was 4.5 months, and 85 patients (78.7%) were seizure-free at last follow-up (median: 72 months). On multivariable Cox regression, no variables were independent predictors of post-operative seizure freedom duration, including the extent of hemispheric resection. There were also no differences in time-to-seizure recurrence on Kaplan-Meier analysis when comparing those treated with hemispheric surgery and those with less than hemispheric surgery (p = 0.52).

CONCLUSION

This IPDMA showed that both resective and hemispheric epilepsy surgery achieve favorable and comparable seizure outcomes in pediatric SWS patients. The best available evidence using IPD suggests that resective surgery may be an appropriate alternative to hemispheric epilepsy surgery in well-selected patients. Prospective multi-institutional studies with greater follow-up are warranted to further investigate predictors of seizure outcome in pediatric SWS patients.

A Review of the Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Pediatric Epilepsies in India

Pediatric seizures are one of the most common neurological manifestations seen in pediatrics. Unravelling the etiology, timely and appropriate investigations followed by suitable therapies are essential for improving quality of life. During the pandemic, focused group discussions were conducted among 50 pediatric neurologists across five cities in India to gather insights on treatment practices in pediatric epilepsy and to optimize therapeutic strategies and alternative approaches for rational use of antiepileptic medications. These discussions were mainly aimed at reviewing current literature on prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and management of epilepsy in children and subsequently rationalizing diagnostic and treatment approaches in routine clinical practice. Epileptic encephalopathies comprise of childhood epilepsy with progressive cerebral dysfunction. Genomics plays a vital role in identifying the underlying genetic associations, empowering precision therapy. Currently, the ketogenic diet has become a well-recognized modality for reducing severity of seizures. To overcome the high incidence of adverse effects due to older antiepileptic drugs, newer drugs are being developed to improve ease of use, diminish drug interactions, decrease adverse effects, and identify drugs with unique mechanisms of action. Common lacunae in practice include information gaps, educating parents, or caregivers about rational drug use and ensuring compliance to antiepileptic medications. This article discussed the consensus clinical viewpoint of expert clinicians, as well as insights on optimized treatment of pediatric epilepsies in both infancy and childhood. It also discusses aspects, like reducing drug burden, emerging therapies in the identification of the genetic basis of epilepsies, and targeted therapy alternatives, for pediatric populations in the Indian scenario.

Seizure control after epilepsy surgery in early childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to determine the main factors influencing surgical outcomes in children <3 years old with refractory epilepsy.

METHODS

The PubMed and Cochrane database were systematically searched for epilepsy surgery outcomes from December 1, 1991, to March 30, 2021, using the following search terms: "Epilepsy surgery OR Seizure operation" AND "under three years" OR "first three years" OR "early childhood" OR "infancy OR infants." Seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, magnetic resonance imaging findings, age at the time of surgery, surgical methods, resection extent, and pathological findings were considered potential moderators of differences in seizure outcomes. The fixed-effects models, combined effect sizes, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to calculate the influence of potential factors on seizure outcomes.

RESULTS

Thirty two studies (559 cases) were included in the meta-analysis. The significant factors that correlated with a lower seizure control rate were frontal lobectomy (odds ratio [OR]: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.91; p = 0.03) and malformation of cortical development (MCD) (OR, 0.38; 95% CI: 0.24-0.62; p < 0.01). A higher seizure control rate was observed in children with tumors (92.86%) and Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS, 91.43%). Frontal lobe epilepsy induced by MCD was related to the worst postoperative efficacy (OR, 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13-0.53; p < 0.01).

SIGNIFICANCE

The results of our meta-analyses revealed that pathology and surgical location play critical roles in the outcome of epilepsy surgery in children <3 years old. Clarification of the etiology of epilepsy before surgery is critical for better postoperative outcomes.