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Curry RN, Glasgow SM. The Role of Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659055. [PMID: 34012965 PMCID: PMC8127784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions to developmental cell signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades have been implicated in tumor initiation, maintenance and progression. Resurgence of aberrant neurodevelopmental programs in the context of brain tumors highlights the numerous parallels that exist between developmental and oncologic mechanisms. A deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis and disease progression will help to identify potential therapeutic targets for these malignancies. In this review, we summarize the current literature concerning developmental signaling cascades and neurodevelopmentally-regulated transcriptional programs. We also examine their respective contributions towards tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression in both pediatric and adult brain tumors and highlight relevant differentiation therapies and putative candidates for prospective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Curry
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston, TX, United States
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stacey M. Glasgow
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Yang RR, Shi ZF, Zhang ZY, Chan AKY, Aibaidula A, Wang WW, Kwan JSH, Poon WS, Chen H, Li WC, Chung NYF, Punchhi G, Chu WCY, Chan ISH, Liu XZ, Mao Y, Li KKW, Ng HK. IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas can be stratified for risk by CDKN2A, CDK4 and PDGFRA copy number alterations. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:541-553. [PMID: 31733156 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2016, WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation is a main classifier for lower grade astrocytomas and IDH-mutated astrocytomas is now regarded as a single group with longer survival. However, the molecular and clinical heterogeneity among IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas have only rarely been investigated. In this study, we recruited 160 IDH mutant lower grade (WHO Grades II/III) astrocytomas, and examined PDGFRA amplification, CDKN2A deletion and CDK4 amplification by FISH analysis, TERT promoter mutation by Sanger sequencing and ATRX loss and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry. We identified PDGFRA amplification, CDKN2A homozygous deletion and CDK4 amplification in 18.8%, 15.0% and 18.1% of our cohort respectively, and these alterations occurred in a mutually exclusive fashion. PDGFRA amplification was associated with shorter PFS (P = 0.0003) and OS (P < 0.0001). In tumors without PDGFRA amplification, CDKN2A homozygous deletion or CDK4 amplification was associated with a shorter OS (P = 0.035). Tumors were divided into three risk groups based on the presence of molecular alterations: high risk (PDGFRA amplification), intermediate risk (CDKN2A deletion or CDK4 amplification) and low risk (neither CDKN2A deletion and CDK4 amplification nor PDGFRA amplification). These three risk groups were significantly different in overall survival with mean survivals of 40.5, 62.9 and 71.5 months. The high-risk group also demonstrated a shorter PFS compared to intermediate- (P = 0.036) and low-risk (P < 0.0001) groups. One limitation of this study is the relatively short follow-up period, a common confounding factor for studies on low-grade tumors. Our data illustrate that IDH mutant lower grade astrocytomas is not a homogeneous group and should be molecularly stratified for risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ryan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Zhi-Feng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aden Ka-Yin Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | | | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Johnny Sheung Him Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Cai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nellie Yuk-Fei Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Gopika Punchhi
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - William Ching-Yuen Chu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Ivan Sik-Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Xian-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kay Ka-Wai Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China SAR
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Mendoza M, Khanna C. Revisiting the seed and soil in cancer metastasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1452-62. [PMID: 19401145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the overwhelming cause of death for cancer patients. During metastasis, cancer cells will leave the primary tumor, intravasate into the bloodstream, arrest at a distant organ, and eventually develop into gross lesions at the secondary sites. This intricate process is influenced by innumerable factors and complex cellular interactions described in 1889 by Stephen Paget as the seed and soil hypothesis. In this review, we revisit this seed and soil hypothesis with an emerging understanding of the cancer cell (i.e. seed) and its microenvironment (i.e. soil). We will provide background to suggest that a critical outcome of the seed-soil interaction is resistance of the stresses that would otherwise impede metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mendoza
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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