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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Yang Y, Zhao C, Wang Z, Liu F, Zhao M, Yang H, Chen J, Chen X, Shi M, Jiang D, Luo X, Duan Y, Bai Y. Therapeutic strategies and predictive models for Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion renal cell carcinoma in adults based on data of two Chinese medical centers. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1696-1711. [PMID: 38261736 PMCID: PMC10866448 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to establish an effective predictive model for predicting Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion renal cell carcinoma (TFE3-RCC) and develop optimal therapeutic strategies. METHODS Data from 4961 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma at two medical centers in China were retrospectively analyzed. A cohort of 1571 patients from Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Ra cohort) was selected to construct the model. Another cohort of 1124 patients from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University was used for external validation (the Ha cohort). All patients with TFE3-RCC in both cohorts were included in the Ta cohort for the prognostic analysis. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of the predictive nomogram. The apparent performance of the model was validated. Decision curve analysis was also performed to assess the clinical utility of the developed model. Factors associated with progression and prognosis in the Ta cohort were analyzed using the log-rank method, and Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to describe the effects of factors on prognosis and progression. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that age, sex, BMI, smoking, eosinophils, and LDL were independent predictors of TFE3-RCC. Therefore, a predictive nomogram for TFE3-RCC, which had good discriminatory power (AUC = 0.796), was constructed. External validation (AUC = 0.806) also revealed good predictive ability. The calibration curves displayed good consistency between the predicted and observed incidences of TFE3-RCC. Invasion of regional lymph nodes, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and surgical methods were independent factors associated with progression. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION This study not only proposed a high-precision clinical prediction model composed of various variables for the early diagnosis of Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion renal cell carcinoma but also optimized therapeutic strategies through prognostic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Yang
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Changfeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Zhida Wang
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Huiwen Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Xuejing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Medical Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Dixing Jiang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Medical and Health Group Hangzhou Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xiaoting Luo
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Yue Duan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
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Hamada T, Higashi M, Yokoyama S, Akahane T, Hisaoka M, Noguchi H, Furukawa T, Tanimoto A. MALAT1 functions as a transcriptional promoter of MALAT1::GLI1 fusion for truncated GLI1 protein expression in cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:424. [PMID: 37165307 PMCID: PMC10173563 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a cancer biomarker. Furthermore, fusion of the MALAT1 gene with glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) is a diagnostic marker of plexiform fibromyxoma and gastroblastoma; however, the function of this fusion gene remains unexplored. METHOD In this study, we elucidate the structure and function of the MALAT1::GLI1 fusion gene. To this end, we determined a transcriptional start site (TSS) and promoter region for truncated GLI1 expression using rapid amplification of the 5' cDNA end and a luciferase reporter assay in cultured cells transfected with a plasmid harboring the MALAT1::GLI1 fusion gene. RESULTS We found that the TATA box, ETS1 motif, and TSS were located in MALAT1 and that MALAT1 exhibited transcriptional activity and induced expression of GLI1 from the MALAT1::GLI1 fusion gene. Truncated GLI1, lacking SUMOylation and SUFU binding sites and located in the nucleus, upregulated mRNA expression of GLI1 target genes in the hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a distinct and alternative function of MALAT1 as a transcriptional promoter for expression of the MALAT1::GLI1 fusion gene. Our findings will aid future research on MALAT1 and its fusion gene partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Hamada
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Michiyo Higashi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Seiya Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Akahane
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
- Center for Human Genome and Gene Analysis, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masanori Hisaoka
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
- Center for Human Genome and Gene Analysis, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
- Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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