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Moodley M, Moodley J, Naicker T. Placental neutrophil reverse trans-migration and maternal serum neutrophil extracellular trap expression in HIV infection co-morbid pre-eclampsia in women of African ancestry. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02298-6. [PMID: 38913117 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and placental neutrophil reverse transmigration (r-TM) are implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). However, the role of the comorbidity of PE and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in placental neutrophil r-TM and serum NETs remains unknown. Human placental tissue (n = 160) and serum (n = 80) samples were obtained post-ethical approval and divided by pregnancy type and HIV status and across the study population. Immunohistochemistry and morphometry were performed to localize and quantify junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) expression as an inverse marker of neutrophil r-TM within placental villi. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to quantify the concentration of citrullinated histone H3 (cit-H3) as a marker of NETs. GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.2) was used to compare the results, and a p value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The localization of JAM-C was observed on the syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) and endothelial cells of placental villi. The immunoexpression of JAM-C was elevated in PE vs. normotensive (N) placentae. In the exchange villi, JAM-C immunoexpression was higher in the N+ve vs. N-ve group. However, in PE comorbid HIV infection, JAM-C expression was lower in the PE+ve vs. PE-ve group. Citrullinated histone-H3 concentration was lower in the N+ve vs. N-ve group but elevated in early-onset PE (EOPE)+ve vs. late-onset PE (LOPE)+ve group. These results indicate that PE and HIV-infected placentae individually express elevated JAM-C, manifesting in less neutrophil r-TM. However, in exchange villi of PE comorbid with HIV infection reduced JAM-C enhances neutrophil r-TM, thus supporting the synergistic effect of PE comorbid with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merantha Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and HIV Research Group, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and HIV Research Group, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Tandem Mass Tag Analysis of the Effect of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Nonerosive Reflux Disease Rats with Shugan Jiangni Hewei Granules Treatment. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8104337. [PMID: 35941898 PMCID: PMC9356813 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8104337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The current study aims to analyze the improvement mechanism of visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and targets of Shugan Jiangni Hewei granules (SJHG) for nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) treatment as well as to offer an experimental foundation for its clinical use. Methods. Healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats (
= 36) were acquired in the current study that was further split into three groups: blank, model, and drug (SJHG). Subsequently, differentially expressed proteins and bioinformatics analysis were performed on the collected tissue samples acquired from the anterior cingulate cortex of the model and SJHG rat groups using a tandem mass tag- (TMT-) based proteomics. Eventually, the obtained data from the bioinformatic analysis was further verified through western blotting. Results. From the bioinformatics analysis, only 64 proteins were differentially expressed between the NC and SJHG groups. These molecules were found to be highly expressed in immunological response and neural signal transmission. Finally, we confirmed three therapeutic targets of SJHG, namely, kininogen 1 (Kng1), junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions. SJHG is effective in treating VH, Kng1 and JAM-A may be therapeutic targets of SJHG, and the therapeutic mechanism of SJHG may be realized by influencing immune response or transmission of neural signals.
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Wang J, Liu H. The Roles of Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs) in Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843671. [PMID: 35356274 PMCID: PMC8959349 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The review briefly summarizes the role of the family of adhesion molecules, JAMs (junctional adhesion molecules), in various cell migration, covering germ cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, several leukocytes, and different cancer cells. These functions affect multiple diseases, including reproductive diseases, inflammation-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. JAMs bind to both similar and dissimilar proteins and take both similar and dissimilar effects on different cells. Concluding relevant results provides a reference to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Han Liu,
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Aramsangtienchai P, Spiegelman NA, Cao J, Lin H. S-Palmitoylation of Junctional Adhesion Molecule C Regulates Its Tight Junction Localization and Cell Migration. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5325-5334. [PMID: 28196865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. JAM-C has been implicated in leukocyte transendothelial migration, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, cell polarity, spermatogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we show that JAM-C undergoes S-palmitoylation on two juxtamembrane cysteine residues, Cys-264 and Cys-265. We have identified DHHC7 as a JAM-C palmitoylating enzyme by screening all known palmitoyltransferases (DHHCs). Ectopic expression of DHHC7, but not a DHHC7 catalytic mutant, enhances JAM-C S-palmitoylation. Moreover, DHHC7 knockdown decreases the S-palmitoylation level of JAM-C. Palmitoylation of JAM-C promotes its localization to tight junctions and inhibits transwell migration of A549 lung cancer cells. These results suggest that S-palmitoylation of JAM-C can be potentially targeted to control cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Nicole A Spiegelman
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Ji Cao
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hening Lin
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Turaga SM, Lathia JD. Adhering towards tumorigenicity: altered adhesion mechanisms in glioblastoma cancer stem cells. CNS Oncol 2016; 5:251-9. [PMID: 27616054 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults with a high recurrence and mortality rate. GBM tumors contain a high degree of cellular heterogeneity, with cells exhibiting stem-like properties (cancer stem cells; CSCs) that are highly efficient at tumor initiation and are resistant to conventional therapies. CSCs interact with their tumor microenvironment by a large group of diverse cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that participate in intercellular, intracellular and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Despite the initial description of CAMs as tumor suppressors, recent work has highlighted specific CAMs that are essential for CSC maintenance and tumor progression. This review will highlight recent findings that provide support for a context-specific role of CAMs in CSC function and GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya M Turaga
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Biological, Geological, & Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Biological, Geological, & Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Mitroulis I, Alexaki VI, Kourtzelis I, Ziogas A, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Leukocyte integrins: role in leukocyte recruitment and as therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:123-135. [PMID: 25448040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection or sterile inflammation triggers site-specific attraction of leukocytes. Leukocyte recruitment is a process comprising several steps orchestrated by adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines and endogenous regulatory molecules. Distinct adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes and signaling mechanisms contribute to the temporal and spatial fine-tuning of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Central players in the leukocyte adhesion cascade include the leukocyte adhesion receptors of the β2-integrin family, such as the αLβ2 and αMβ2 integrins, or of the β1-integrin family, such as the α4β1-integrin. Given the central involvement of leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, the leukocyte adhesion cascade in general, and leukocyte integrins in particular, represent key therapeutic targets. In this context, the present review focuses on the role of leukocyte integrins in the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Experimental evidence that has implicated leukocyte integrins as targets in animal models of inflammatory disorders, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bone loss and inflammatory bowel disease as well as preclinical and clinical therapeutic applications of antibodies that target leukocyte integrins in various inflammatory disorders are presented. Finally, we review recent findings on endogenous inhibitors that modify leukocyte integrin function, which could emerge as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mitroulis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia I Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Athanassios Ziogas
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Inflammation, cerebral vasospasm, and evolving theories of delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2013; 2013:506584. [PMID: 24058736 PMCID: PMC3766617 DOI: 10.1155/2013/506584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a potentially lethal complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Recently, the symptomatic presentation of CVS has been termed delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), occurring as early as 3-4 days after the sentinel bleed. For the past 5-6 decades, scientific research has promulgated the theory that cerebral vasospasm plays a primary role in the pathology of DCI and subsequently delayed ischemic neurological decline (DIND). Approximately 70% of patients develop CVS after aSAH with 50% long-term morbidity rates. The exact etiology of CVS is unknown; however, a well-described theory involves an antecedent inflammatory cascade with alterations of intracellular calcium dynamics and nitric oxide fluxes, though the intricacies of this inflammatory theory are currently unknown. Consequently, there have been few advances in the clinical treatment of this patient cohort, and morbidity remains high. Identification of intermediaries in the inflammatory cascade can provide insight into newer clinical interventions in the prevention and management of cerebral vasospasm and will hopefully prevent neurological decline. In this review, we discuss current theories implicating the inflammatory cascade in the development of CVS and potential treatment targets.
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Relocalization of junctional adhesion molecule A during inflammatory stimulation of brain endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3414-27. [PMID: 22733993 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06678-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) is a unique tight junction (TJ) transmembrane protein that under basal conditions maintains endothelial cell-cell interactions but under inflammatory conditions acts as a leukocyte adhesion molecule. This study investigates the fate of JAM-A during inflammatory TJ complex remodeling and paracellular route formation in brain endothelial cells. The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) induced JAM-A redistribution from the interendothelial cell area to the apical surface, where JAM-A played a role as a leukocyte adhesion molecule participating in transendothelial cell migration of neutrophils and monocytes. JAM-A redistribution was associated with internalization via macropinocytosis during paracellular route opening. A tracer study with dextran-Texas Red indicated that internalization occurred within a short time period (~10 min) by dextran-positive vesicles and then became sorted to dextran-positive/Rab34-positive/Rab5-positive vesicles and then Rab4-positive endosomes. By ~20 min, most internalized JAM-A moved to the brain endothelial cell apical membrane. Treatment with a macropinocytosis inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, or Rab5/Rab4 depletion with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides prevented JAM-A relocalization, suggesting that macropinocytosis and recycling to the membrane surface occur during JAM-A redistribution. Analysis of the signaling pathways indicated involvement of RhoA and Rho kinase in JAM-A relocalization. These data provide new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in blood-brain barrier remodeling during inflammation.
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Chavakis E, Choi EY, Chavakis T. Novel aspects in the regulation of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102:191-7. [PMID: 19652868 DOI: 10.1160/th08-12-0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment plays a major role in the immune response to infectious pathogens and during inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The process of leukocyte extravasation from the blood into the inflamed tissue requires a complex cascade of adhesive events between the leukocytes and the endothelium including leukocyte rolling, adhesion and transendothelial migration. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions are mediated by tightly regulated binding interactions between adhesion receptors on both cells. In this regard, leukocyte adhesion onto the endothelium is governed by leukocyte integrins and their endothelial counter-receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The present review will focus on novel aspects with respect to the modulation of the leukocyte adhesion cascade.
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Shah GV, Muralidharan A, Thomas S, Gokulgandhi M, Mudit M, Khanfar M, El Sayed K. Identification of a small molecule class to enhance cell-cell adhesion and attenuate prostate tumor growth and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:509-20. [PMID: 19276166 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of calcitonin (CT) and its receptor (CTR) is elevated in advanced prostate cancer, and activated CT-CTR autocrine axis plays a pivotal role in tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of multiple prostate cancer cell lines. Recent studies suggest that CT promotes prostate cancer metastasis by reducing cell-cell adhesion through the disassembly of tight and adherens junctions and activation of beta-catenin signaling. We attempted to identify a class of molecules that enhances cell-cell adhesion of prostate cells and reverses the disruptive actions of CT on tight and adherens junctions. Screening several compounds led to the emergence of phenyl-methylene hydantoin (PMH) as a lead candidate that can augment cell-cell adhesion and abolish disruptive actions of CT on junctional complexes. PMH reduced invasiveness of PC-3M cells and abolished proinvasive actions of CT. Importantly, PMH did not display significant cytotoxicity on PC-3M cells at the tested doses. I.p. administered PMH and its S-ethyl derivative remarkably decreased orthotopic tumor growth and inhibited the formation of tumor micrometastases in distant organs of nude mice. PMH treatment also reduced the growth of spontaneous tumors in LPB-Tag mice to a significant extent without any obvious cytotoxic effects. By virtue of its ability to stabilize cell junctions, PMH could reverse the effect of CT on junctional disruption and metastasis, which strengthens the possibility of using PMH as a potential drug candidate for CT-positive androgen-independent prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish V Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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Shah GV, Muralidharan A, Gokulgandhi M, Soan K, Thomas S. Cadherin switching and activation of beta-catenin signaling underlie proinvasive actions of calcitonin-calcitonin receptor axis in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1018-30. [PMID: 19001380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807823200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin, a neuroendocrine peptide, and its receptor are localized in the basal epithelium of benign prostate but in the secretory epithelium of malignant prostates. The abundance of calcitonin and calcitonin receptor mRNA displays positive correlation with the Gleason grade of primary prostate cancers. Moreover, calcitonin increases tumorigenicity and invasiveness of multiple prostate cancer cell lines by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated actions. These actions include increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase-type plasminogen activator and an increase in prostate cancer cell invasion. Activation of calcitonin-calcitonin receptor autocrine loop in prostate cancer cell lines led to the loss of cell-cell adhesion, destabilization of tight and adherens junctions, and internalization of key integral membrane proteins. In addition, the activation of calcitonin-calcitonin receptor axis induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells as characterized by cadherin switch and the expression of the mesenchymal marker, vimentin. The activated calcitonin receptor phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3, a key regulator of cytosolic beta-catenin degradation within the WNT signaling pathway. This resulted in the accumulation of intracellular beta-catenin, its translocation in the nucleus, and transactivation of beta-catenin-responsive genes. These results for the first time identify actions of calcitonin-calcitonin receptor axis on prostate cancer cells that lead to the destabilization of cell-cell junctions, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and activation of WNT/beta-catenin signaling. The results also suggest that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase plays a key role in calcitonin receptor-induced destabilization of cell-cell junctions and activation of WNT-beta-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish V Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA.
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Orlova VV, Economopoulou M, Lupu F, Santoso S, Chavakis T. Junctional adhesion molecule-C regulates vascular endothelial permeability by modulating VE-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2703-14. [PMID: 17116731 PMCID: PMC2118160 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-C plays a role in leukocyte transendothelial migration. Here, the role of JAM-C in vascular permeability was investigated in vitro and in vivo. As opposed to macrovascular endothelial cells that constitutively expressed JAM-C in cell–cell contacts, in quiescent microvascular endothelial cells, JAM-C localized mainly intracellularly, and was recruited to junctions upon short-term stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or histamine. Strikingly, disruption of JAM-C function decreased basal permeability and prevented the VEGF- and histamine-induced increases in human dermal microvascular endothelial cell permeability in vitro and skin permeability in mice. Permeability increases are essential in angiogenesis, and JAM-C blockade reduced hyperpermeability and neovascularization in hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis in mice. The underlying mechanisms of the JAM-C–mediated increase in endothelial permeability were studied. JAM-C was essential for the regulation of endothelial actomyosin, as revealed by decreased F-actin, reduced myosin light chain phosphorylation, and actin stress fiber formation due to JAM-C knockdown. Moreover, the loss of JAM-C expression resulted in stabilization of VE-cadherin–mediated interendothelial adhesion in a manner dependent on the small GTPase Rap1. Together, through modulation of endothelial contractility and VE-cadherin–mediated adhesion, JAM-C helps to regulate vascular permeability and pathologic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Orlova
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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