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Kopčilová J, Ptáčková H, Kramářová T, Fajkusová L, Réblová K, Zeman J, Honzík T, Zdražilová L, Zámečník J, Balážová P, Viestová K, Kolníková M, Hansíková H, Zídková J. Large TRAPPC11 gene deletions as a cause of muscular dystrophy and their estimated genesis. J Med Genet 2024:jmg-2024-110016. [PMID: 38955476 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2024-110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport protein particle (TRAPP) is a multiprotein complex that functions in localising proteins to the Golgi compartment. The TRAPPC11 subunit has been implicated in diseases affecting muscle, brain, eye and to some extent liver. We present three patients who are compound heterozygotes for a missense variant and a structural variant in the TRAPPC11 gene. TRAPPC11 structural variants have not yet been described in association with a disease. In order to reveal the estimated genesis of identified structural variants, we performed sequencing of individual breakpoint junctions and analysed the extent of homology and the presence of repetitive elements in and around the breakpoints. METHODS Biochemical methods including isoelectric focusing on serum transferrin and apolipoprotein C-III, as well as mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity measurements, were used. Muscle biopsy samples underwent histochemical analysis. Next-generation sequencing was employed for identifying sequence variants associated with neuromuscular disorders, and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm findings. RESULTS We suppose that non-homologous end joining is a possible mechanism of deletion origin in two patients and non-allelic homologous recombination in one patient. Analyses of mitochondrial function performed in patients' skeletal muscles revealed an imbalance of mitochondrial metabolism, which worsens with age and disease progression. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to further knowledge in the field of neuromuscular diseases and mutational mechanisms. This knowledge is important for understanding the molecular nature of human diseases and allows us to improve strategies for identifying disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Kopčilová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Ptáčková
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kramářová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Fajkusová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Réblová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Honzík
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Zdražilová
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zámečník
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrícia Balážová
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and Children Faculty Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Viestová
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and Children Faculty Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Kolníková
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University and Children Faculty Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hana Hansíková
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zídková
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gugliucci A. The chylomicron saga: time to focus on postprandial metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1322869. [PMID: 38303975 PMCID: PMC10830840 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1322869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since statins have had such tremendous therapeutic success over the last three decades, the field of atherosclerosis has become somewhat LDL-centric, dismissing the relevance of triglycerides (TG), particularly chylomicrons, in atherogenesis. Nonetheless, 50% of patients who take statins are at risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and are unable to achieve their goal LDL-C levels. This residual risk is mediated, in part by triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRL) and their remnants. Following his seminal investigation on the subject, Zilversmit proposed that atherosclerosis is a postprandial event in 1979 (1-4). In essence, the concept suggests that remnant cholesterol-rich chylomicron (CM) and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles play a role in atherogenesis. Given the foregoing, this narrative review addresses the most recent improvements in our understanding of postprandial dyslipidemia. The primary metabolic pathways of chylomicrons are discussed, emphasizing the critical physiological role of lipoprotein lipase and apoCIII, the importance of these particles' fluxes in the postprandial period, their catabolic rate, the complexities of testing postprandial metabolism, and the role of angiopoietin-like proteins in the partition of CM during the fed cycle. The narrative is rounded out by the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in insulin resistance states and consequent CVD risk, the clinical evaluation of postprandial dyslipidemia, current research limits, and potential future study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
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Abstract
Apolipoproteins, the protein component of lipoproteins, play an important role in lipid transport, lipoprotein assembly, and receptor recognition. Apolipoproteins are glycosylated and the glycan moieties play an integral role in apolipoprotein function. Changes in apolipoprotein glycosylation correlate with several diseases manifesting in dyslipidemias. Despite their relevance in apolipoprotein function and diseases, the total glycan repertoire of most apolipoproteins remains undefined. This review summarizes the current knowledge and knowledge gaps regarding human apolipoprotein glycan composition, structure, glycosylation site, and functions. Given the relevance of glycosylation to apolipoprotein function, we expect that future studies of apolipoprotein glycosylation will contribute new understanding of disease processes and uncover relevant biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Considering these future efforts, we also provide a brief overview of current mass spectrometry based technologies that can be applied to define detailed glycan structures, site-specific compositions, and the role of emerging approaches for clinical applications in biomarker discovery and personalized medicine.
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Wada Y, Okamoto N. Apolipoprotein C-III O-glycoform profiling of 500 serum samples by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4597. [PMID: 32677746 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are caused by defects in various genes governing glycoconjugate biosynthesis. Several responsible genes have been identified in the protein N-glycosylation process. Analyses of mucin-type core-1 O-glycoform of apolipoprotein C-III (apoCIII) have recently revealed combined N- and O-glycosylation defects. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry profiling of apoCIII glycoforms to 500 serum samples for CDG screening, and reference values were determined. The content of unglycosylated apoCIII was low in early infancy, indicating that the O-glycan occupancy should be assessed based on age-matched reference values. The samples from patients with mutations in the ALG1, ATP6V0A2, B4GALT1, COG2, GCS1, PGM1, SLC35A2, and TRAPPC11 genes were analyzed. B4GALT1- and TRAPPC11-CDG were accompanied by under-sialylation of O-glycans and are now recognized as combined N- and O-glycosylation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Wada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital (OWCH), Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital (OWCH), Osaka, Japan
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Altassan R, Radenkovic S, Edmondson AC, Barone R, Brasil S, Cechova A, Coman D, Donoghue S, Falkenstein K, Ferreira V, Ferreira C, Fiumara A, Francisco R, Freeze H, Grunewald S, Honzik T, Jaeken J, Krasnewich D, Lam C, Lee J, Lefeber D, Marques-da-Silva D, Pascoal C, Quelhas D, Raymond KM, Rymen D, Seroczynska M, Serrano M, Sykut-Cegielska J, Thiel C, Tort F, Vals MA, Videira P, Voermans N, Witters P, Morava E. International consensus guidelines for phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency (PGM1-CDG): Diagnosis, follow-up, and management. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:148-163. [PMID: 32681750 PMCID: PMC7855268 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that affects glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and protein glycosylation. Previously known as GSD XIV, it was recently reclassified as a congenital disorder of glycosylation, PGM1-CDG. PGM1-CDG usually manifests as a multisystem disease. Most patients present as infants with cleft palate, liver function abnormalities and hypoglycemia, but some patients present in adulthood with isolated muscle involvement. Some patients develop life-threatening cardiomyopathy. Unlike most other CDG, PGM1-CDG has an effective treatment option, d-galactose, which has been shown to improve many of the patients' symptoms. Therefore, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment for PGM1-CDG patients are crucial decisions. In this article, our group of international experts suggests diagnostic, follow-up, and management guidelines for PGM1-CDG. These guidelines are based on the best available evidence-based data and experts' opinions aiming to provide a practical resource for health care providers to facilitate successful diagnosis and optimal management of PGM1-CDG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiah Altassan
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Silvia Radenkovic
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Laboratory of Medical Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew C. Edmondson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Barone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandra Brasil
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Cechova
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Coman
- Metabolic Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Donoghue
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristina Falkenstein
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hudson Freeze
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephanie Grunewald
- Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Institute for Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Center (BRC), University College London, London, UK
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donna Krasnewich
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christina Lam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joy Lee
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dirk Lefeber
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Lisbon, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dulce Quelhas
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kimiyo M. Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daisy Rymen
- Department of Paediatrics and Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Seroczynska
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Paediatrics, the Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jolanta Sykut-Cegielska
- Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Paediatrics, the Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Thiel
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederic Tort
- Section of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari-Anne Vals
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paula Videira
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
- Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicol Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Witters
- Department of Paediatrics and Metabolic Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Laboratory of Medical Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Ondruskova N, Honzik T, Kolarova H, Pakanova Z, Mucha J, Zeman J, Hansikova H. Aberrant apolipoprotein C-III glycosylation in glycogen storage disease type III and IX. Metabolism 2018; 82:135-141. [PMID: 29408683 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Pakanova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jan Mucha
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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A capillary zone electrophoresis method for detection of Apolipoprotein C-III glycoforms and other related artifactually modified species. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:238-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Palmigiano A, Bua RO, Barone R, Rymen D, Régal L, Deconinck N, Dionisi-Vici C, Fung CW, Garozzo D, Jaeken J, Sturiale L. MALDI-MS profiling of serum O-glycosylation and N-glycosylation in COG5-CDG. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:372-377. [PMID: 28444691 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are due to defective glycosylation of glycoconjugates. Conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG)-CDG are genetic diseases due to defects of the COG complex subunits 1-8 causing N-glycan and O-glycan processing abnormalities. In COG-CDG, isoelectric focusing separation of undersialylated glycoforms of serum transferrin and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) allows to detect N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation defects, respectively. COG5-CDG (COG5 subunit deficiency) is a multisystem disease with dysmorphic features, intellectual disability of variable degree, seizures, acquired microcephaly, sensory defects and autistic behavior. We applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS for a high-throughput screening of differential serum O-glycoform and N-glycoform in five patients with COG5-CDG. When compared with age-matched controls, COG5-CDG showed a significant increase of apoC-III0a (aglycosylated glycoform), whereas apoC-III1 (mono-sialylated glycoform) decreased significantly. Serum N-glycome of COG5-CDG patients was characterized by the relative abundance of undersialylated and undergalactosylated biantennary and triantennary glycans as well as slight increase of high-mannose structures and hybrid glycans. Using advanced and well-established MS-based approaches, the present findings reveal novel aspects on O-glycan and N-glycan profiling in COG5-CDG patients, thus providing an increase of current knowledge on glycosylation defects caused by impairment of COG subunits, in support of clinical diagnosis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Palmigiano
- CNR - Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via P. Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - R O Bua
- CNR - Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via P. Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - R Barone
- CNR - Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via P. Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 78 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - D Rymen
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, UZ Brussel - University Hospital Brussels, Campus Jette Laarbeeklaan 101, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Deconinck
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Jean Joseph Crocq 15, 1020, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - C-W Fung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - D Garozzo
- CNR - Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via P. Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - J Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Sturiale
- CNR - Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via P. Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
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