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Oktamianti P, Kusuma D, Amir V, Tjandrarini DH, Paramita A. District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013268. [PMID: 36293846 PMCID: PMC9602574 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 1.28 billion adults 30-79 years old had hypertension globally in 2021, of which two-thirds lived in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Previous studies on geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults have limitations: (a) most studies used individual-level data, while evidence from locality-level data is also crucial for policymaking; (b) studies from LMICs are limited. Thus, our study examines geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults across districts in Indonesia. METHODS We combined geospatial and quantitative analyses to assess the inequalities in hypertension across 514 districts in Indonesia. Hypertension data were obtained from the Indonesian Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018. Socioeconomic data were obtained from the World Bank. Six dependent variables included hypertension prevalence among all adults (18+ years), male adults, female adults, young adults (18-24 years), adults (25-59 years), and older adults (60+ years). RESULTS We also found significant geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults across 514 districts. All hypertension indicators were higher in the most developed region than in the least developed region. Districts in the Java region had up to 50% higher prevalence of hypertension among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults. Notably, districts in the Kalimantan region had the highest prevalence of hypertension, even compared to those in Java. Moreover, income level was positively associated with hypertension; the wealthiest districts had higher hypertension than the poorest districts by up to 30%, but only among males and older adults were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS There were significant inequalities in hypertension among adults across 514 districts in the country. Policies to reduce such inequalities may need to prioritize more affluent urban areas and rural areas with a higher burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puput Oktamianti
- Health Administration and Policy Department, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Dian Kusuma
- Department of Health Services Research and Management, School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Vilda Amir
- Center for Health Administration and Policy Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
| | - Astridya Paramita
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
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Venkatesh U, Grover A, Vignitha B, Ghai G, Malhotra S, Kishore J, Jaswal N, Yashwanth RD, Durga R, Goel S, Kishore S. Urban-rural disparities in blood pressure and lifestyle risk factors of hypertension among Indian individuals. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:5746-5756. [PMID: 36505536 PMCID: PMC9730999 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_573_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to assess the urban-rural difference in prevalence of hypertension (HT) and to explore the disparities in lifestyle risk factors of HT among urban and rural individuals aged 15-49 years in India. Study Design The cross-sectional data collected as a part of the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) was analysed in this observational study. NFHS-4 was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016 amongst men aged 15-54 years and women aged 15-49 years. In order to maintain uniformity, age group of 15-49 years was considered. Descriptive analyses were performed for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Binary logistic regression was conducted to assess the predictors of HT in men and women in urban and rural settings. The presence of HT was considered as the outcome variable. Results The overall age adjusted prevalence of HT was 17.2% and was greater in urban (18.3%) than in rural population (15.5%). The age adjusted prevalence was also higher in males (18.2%) as compared to females (16.1%). Age and wealth were associated with HT in both urban and rural population. Education and dietary habits played a role in all except rural men. Alcohol consumption, diabetic status and marital status were significantly associated with HT in both urban and rural women. Occupation was associated with HT only in urban women. Conclusions The study has shown higher HT prevalence in urban areas despite higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors in rural settings. This calls for more robust screening and health education in the entire population, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Venkatesh
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashoo Grover
- Scientist F, Division of Non Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - B. Vignitha
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Glory Ghai
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Malhotra
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jugal Kishore
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Jaswal
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - R Durga
- Department of Paediatric and Prevention Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonu Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sonu Goel, Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Public Health Master’s Program, School of Medicine and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Ireland. Honorary Professor, Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| | - Surekha Kishore
- Executive Director, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
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Asri M, Irwan AM, Sjattar EL, Hardianto Y. Effectiveness of a low-salt diet in rural hypertensive patients: A systematic review. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Shao Y, Jin J, Rong X, Qiu H, Wu R, Chu M. Clinical follow-up study of 166 cases of children with hypertension. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1834-1842. [PMID: 34430431 PMCID: PMC8349960 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood hypertension is a challenge for pediatricians to discover and diagnose. We sought to analyze its clinical characteristics and related risk factors in patients at a single center. METHODS From 2009 to 2019, 166 children with hypertension were retrospectively analyzed, and their clinical manifestations and relevant laboratory data were collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 120 males and 46 females were included in this study. Males were more common than females (P=0.012), and 86.7% were from rural areas. Hypertension appeared in all age groups, but most of them were puberty (52.4%). Most primary hypertension cases (57/91) had no obvious clinical symptoms, and BMI (OR 1.085, 95% CI: 1.004-1.173, P=0.038) and a family history of hypertension (OR 5.605, 95% CI: 2.229-14.092, P<0.001) were the risk factors. In the 75 secondary hypertension cases, renal hypertension (62.7%) was the main cause and headache and dizziness were the most common symptoms, and the serum urea is a risk factor (OR 1.524, 95% CI: 1.037-2.239, P=0.032). CONCLUSIONS BMI and a family history of hypertension were associated with primary hypertension. The serum urea was related to secondary hypertension. Emphasis on family history, strengthening family health management and education and publicity of hypertension, were important for diagnosis and detection of children with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenquan Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Shao
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahui Jin
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huixian Qiu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongzhou Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Gender Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adult Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126259. [PMID: 34207848 PMCID: PMC8296037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although hypertension is among the main public health concerns in Indonesia, due to the scarcity of data, few studies have investigated the factors associated with hypertension in men and women. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension among adult men and women in Indonesia. The 2018 Survey of the Sleman Health Demographic and Surveillance System was utilized, consisting of 4328 individuals aged 18+ years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the sociodemographic and health behavior factors of hypertension. Overall, the prevalence of hypertension was 40% (42% in men and 38% in women). Age, abdominal obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases were the common predictors of hypertension in men and women (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of hypertension among men with low education was lower than among those with high education (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29–0.94). For women, being in the poorest socioeconomic condition increased the risk of hypertension by 1.67 times compared to the richest (95% CI: 1.21–2.32). Gender differences in the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension were observed among adult populations in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Therefore, a gender-based approach in the health prevention strategy to control hypertension for men and women is needed.
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Tetteh J, Entsua-Mensah K, Doku A, Mohammed S, Swaray SM, Ayanore MA, Yawson AE. Self-reported hypertension as a predictor of chronic health conditions among older adults in Ghana: analysis of the WHO Study on global Ageing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:4. [PMID: 32550967 PMCID: PMC7282610 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.4.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension has been identified as a significant predictor of many chronic health conditions. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Quality of Life (QoL) are key determinants of hypertension especially among elderly populations. In this study, we examined the effect of self-reported hypertension (SRH) on chronic health conditions and quality of life among older adults in Ghana. Methods The WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health Wave 2 data for Ghana, collected from 2014 to 2015 was applied in this study. Data for older adults aged 50 years and above were analyzed. Weighted descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using Stata 14. We predicted any potential associations between SRH and chronic health conditions using a corrected chi-square and Coarsened Exact Matching with adjusted odds ratios. Results The prevalence of SRH among older adults in Ghana was 15.8%. This was significantly associated with sex, marital status, religion, place of residence, working status, location/region, health status BMI, and QoL. In all, older adults with poor health status, obese state and high QoL had 3.15, 2.17 and 2.76 odds of SRH respectively [AOR(95%CI)p-value=3.15(1.65-6.02)0.001, 2.17(1.31-3.59)0.003 and 2.76(1.04-7.31)0.041)]. In addition, older adults with SRH were at increased risk of reporting chronic conditions such as stroke, angina, diabetes and cataract. Conclusion Overall, a key observation from this analysis is that SRH (and not only clinically diagnosed hypertension) is significantly associated with co-morbidities. In Ghana, older adults with SRH have increased risk of co-morbidities including diabetes, stroke, angina, and cataract. Interventions to improve the awareness and early detection of hypertension at the population level is key. Controlling hypertension at the population level will reduce prevalence of chronic conditions and increased protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tetteh
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana.,National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kow Entsua-Mensah
- National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alfred Doku
- National Cardiothoracic Centre, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sheriff Mohammed
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | | | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Alfred Edwin Yawson
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana
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Liang X, Zhong H, Xiao L. The effect of community hypertension management on blood pressure control and its determinants in southwest China. Int Health 2020; 12:203-212. [PMID: 32176766 PMCID: PMC7320421 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of community healthcare in controlling blood pressure (BP) and mitigating related risk factors after 5 y of follow-up. METHODS Hierarchical clustering sampling was employed to choose a representative sample of 10 rural and 10 urban community populations (N=4235). The 5y prospective cohort study was completed by the medical group in the community clinical centre. RESULTS The study included 4235 patients, median age 69 y (range 61-76), with hypertension in 2009; 2533 (59.81%) were female. The rate of BP control increased from 28.33% in 2009 to 64.05% in 2014. The BP control rate was higher in patients with CVD and kidney disease and lower in those with obesity than in those without. Comparing 2009 and 2014 values, the intervention resulted in median systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions of 7.0 mmHg and 6.5 mmHg, respectively. Age, medication treatment, antihypertensive agents, BP at baseline and follow-up, complications of diabetes, CVD, obesity and kidney disease, the aspartate aminotransferase:aminotransferase ratio and smoking were identified as risk factors for BP control. CONCLUSIONS Community management of hypertension by general practitioners achieved significant BP control over 5 y of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liang
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 136 2nd Zhongshan Avenue, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Tel: +86 23 63638270; Fax: +86 23 63638270; E-mail: ,
| | - Haiying Zhong
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 136 2nd Zhongshan Avenue, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Rural and Urban Population Differences in the Association of Dietary Calcium with Blood Pressure and Hypertension Occurrence: Analysis of Longitudinal Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. J 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/j3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of dietary calcium intake (DCI) to blood pressure (BP) and hypertension occurrence (HTN) in the general population is controversial. Few studies have reported the impact of DCI on high blood pressure (HBP) and HTN in rural and urban populations (RPs and UPs, respectively). In this study, we assessed how DCI is related to BP and HTN among the RP and the UP. This retrospective study used data from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) for 2000–2009. We analyzed 12,052 records from 3013 participants using path analysis and logistic regressions. DCI and HTN were significantly higher in the UP compared to the RP. When UPs and RPs were analyzed together, a 1 unit increase in DCI decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 0.01 (p = 0.002) but had no effect on diastolic blood pressure. Males vs. females from the RP presented significant risk of HTN by the high DCI (OR = 2.3 (1.6–3.6)). DCI and its association with BP varied based on living environment and sex.
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Roberson S, Dawit R, Moore J, Odoi A. An exploratory investigation of geographic disparities of stroke prevalence in Florida using circular and flexible spatial scan statistics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218708. [PMID: 31469839 PMCID: PMC6716650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major public health concern due to the morbidity and mortality associated with it. Identifying geographic areas with high stroke prevalence is important for informing public health interventions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate geographic disparities and identify geographic hotspots of stroke prevalence in Florida. MATERIALS AND METHODS County-level stroke prevalence data for 2013 were obtained from the Florida Department of Health's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Geographic clusters of stroke prevalence were investigated using the Kulldorff's circular spatial scan statistics (CSSS) and Tango's flexible spatial scan statistics (FSSS) under Poisson model assumption. Exact McNemar's test was used to compare the proportion of cluster counties identified by each of the two methods. Both Cohen's Kappa and bias adjusted Kappa were computed to assess the level of agreement between CSSS and FSSS methods of cluster detection. Goodness-of-fit of the models were compared using Cluster Information Criterion. Identified clusters and selected stroke risk factors were mapped. RESULTS Overall, 3.7% of adults in Florida reported that they had been told by a healthcare professional that they had suffered a stroke. Both CSSS and FSSS methods identified significant high prevalence stroke spatial clusters. However, clusters identified using CSSS tended to be larger than those identified using FSSS. The FSSS had a better fit than the CSSS. Most of the identified clusters are explainable by the prevalence distributions of the known risk factors assessed. CONCLUSIONS Geographic disparities of stroke risk exists in Florida with some counties having significant hotspots of high stroke prevalence. This information is important in guiding future research and control efforts to address the problem. Kulldorff's CSSS and Tango's FSSS are complementary to each other and should be used together to provide a more complete picture of the distributions of spatial clusters of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamarial Roberson
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention, Division of Community Health Promotion, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rahel Dawit
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention, Division of Community Health Promotion, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jaleesa Moore
- Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention, Division of Community Health Promotion, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Wang J, Sun W, Wells GA, Li Z, Li T, Wu J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li L, Yu Y, Liu Y, Qi C, Lu Y, Liu N, Yan Y, Liu L, Hui G, Liu B. Differences in prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in urban and rural residents of the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195340. [PMID: 29621328 PMCID: PMC5886571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a significant global public health problem and recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to assess the current prevalence of hypertension and to explore risk factors associated with hypertension by urban and rural status to guide the prevention and control of hypertension in Jilin province. Methods A multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method was used to obtain data on hypertension, which was investigated by physical examination and face-to-face questionnaire in July 2014-December 2015. Sample data were analyzed by complex weighted statistical analysis to estimate blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension in the province. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing hypertension rates. Results The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas (25.93% versus 22.73%, respectively). The rates of hypertension known (46.7% versus 38.1%, respectively), control (13.7% versus 5.0%, respectively), and controlled among treated subjects (38.3% versus 17.5%, respectively) were higher in urban areas than in rural areas (all p < 0.001), while the treatment rate was not statistically significantly different between urban and rural areas (35.9% versus 28.4%, respectively). After adjusting for demographic covariates, hypertension prevalence in rural areas was still significantly greater than in urban areas (adjusted OR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.36; p < 0.001). Common risk factors for hypertension among urban and rural residents included older age; male; married; employed; less education; overweight/obese; greater abdominal waist circumference; family history of hypertension, stroke, or coronary heart disease; current smoker; alcohol consumption; higher visceral adiposity index; and higher body fat percentage. Conclusions This study identified an increased risk for hypertension in rural regions of Jilin province, suggesting that rural hypertension screening and treatment guidelines should receive greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - George A. Wells
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhibo Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yangyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Longbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yihang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Gang Hui
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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