Statement on the Use of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine - 13 Valent in Adults (Pneu-C-13): An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Can Commun Dis Rep 2013;39:1-52. [PMID: 31682649 PMCID: PMC6802426 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v39i00a05]

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of a sequential pneumococcal vaccination compared to single-dose vaccination strategy for adults in Hong Kong

Two vaccines, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), are widely available for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in adults. However, it is unclear how cost-effective these pneumococcal vaccine choices are in the Hong Kong healthcare environment. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of a sequential administration of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 compared to a single dose of PPSV23 vaccination for pneumococcal disease control in Hong Kong adults aged ≥65 years and individuals aged 20-64 years with immunocompromising and chronic conditions. A previously developed deterministic cohort sequential model was applied to compare the outcomes of two vaccination strategies from a societal perspective. Population-specific model input, including incidence, mortality, case-fatality, risk group distribution, vaccination costs, disease management, and productivity loss, was estimated from a Hong Kong-wide electronic medical database. Costs were valued in US$ in 2017. Vaccination strategies with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER, defined as incremental cost per QALY saved) less than one local GDP per capita ($46,193 in 2017) were defined as highly cost-effective. Deterministic sensitivity analyses (SA) were conducted. Compared with single-dose PPSV23, sequential vaccination of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 was cost-saving for adults aged ≥20 years. In the deterministic SA, the base-case results were robust for tested parameter uncertainties. Future vaccination policies should consider the cost-effectiveness of a sequential vaccination strategy as a measure to reduce the vaccine-preventable pneumococcal disease burden in Hong Kong.

Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Canadian adults

Objectives

The Canadian National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in a sequential schedule (PCV13 → PPV23) among adults aged ≥ 65 years and those aged ≥ 18 years who are immunocompromised. In light of recent PCV13 efficacy data from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA), and new sero-epidemiology data on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we examined the economic implications of funding an expanded adult pneumococcal immunization program in Canada.

Methods

A microsimulation model depicting expected lifetime risks, consequences, and costs of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and CAP was developed. PPV23 effectiveness was based on published literature, and PCV13 effectiveness was based on CAPiTA; all other model parameters were based on published data or secondary sources. Herd effects from the PCV13 pediatric program were considered. Outcomes and costs were evaluated assuming use of PPV23 alone, and alternatively, use of PCV13 → PPV23 among (1) all adults aged ≥ 65 years (n = 5.4 M) and (2) immunocompromised and high-risk adults aged ≥ 65 years (n = 3.0 M).

Results

For population no. 1, PCV13 → PPV23 reduced IPD cases by 1100, CAP cases by 7000, and disease costs by $135.8M; vaccination costs increased by $254.3M, and cost per QALY gained was $35,484. For population no. 2, PCV13 → PPV23 reduced IPD cases by 900, CAP cases by 6000, and disease costs by $120.3M; vaccination costs increased by $149.8M, and cost per QALY gained was $10,728.

Conclusion

Expanding use of PCV13 → PPV23 by funding PCV13 among Canadian adults aged ≥ 65 would be a cost-effective use of healthcare resources.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.17269/s41997-018-0050-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Whole-genome Sequencing for Surveillance of Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases in Ontario, Canada: Rapid Prediction of Genotype, Antibiotic Resistance and Characterization of Emerging Serotype 22F

Background: Molecular typing is essential for inferring genetic relatedness between bacterial pathogens. In this study, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) for rapid prediction of sequence type and antibiotic resistance for invasive pneumococcal isolates. Methods: 240 isolates from adults (≥50 years old) in Ontario, Canada during 2009 to 2013 were subjected to WGS. Sequence type, antibiotic susceptibility and resistance were predicted directly from short reads. Emerging non-vaccine serotype 22F was further characterized by WGS. Results: Sequence type was successfully determined for 98.3% of isolates. The overall sensitivity and specificity for antibiotic resistance prediction were 95 and 100% respectively, compared to standard susceptibility testing methods. WGS-based phylogeny divided emerging 22F (ST433) strains into two distinct clades: clade A harboring a 23 kb-prophage and anti-phage PhD/Doc system and clade B with virulence-related proteases. Five isolates in clade A developed macrolide resistance via 5.1 kb mega element recombination (encoding mefE and msrD), while one isolate in clade B displayed quinolone resistance via a gyrA mutation. Conclusions: WGS is valuable for routine surveillance of pneumococcal clinical isolates and facilitates prediction of genotype and antibiotic resistance. The emergence of 22F in Ontario in the post-vaccine era and evidence of evolution and divergence of the 22F population warrants heightened pneumococcal molecular surveillance.

Summary of NACI Statement: Interim Recommendations on the Use of Pneumococcal Vaccines in Immunocompetent Adults 65 Years of Age and Older

Background

Since 2015, pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PNEU-C-13) has been authorized for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. Adults with immunocompromising conditions are still recommended to receive PNEU-C-13 followed by the pneumococcal 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PNEU-P-23). NACI guidance has been requested on the use of PNEU-C-13 vaccine in immunocompetent adults 65 years of age and older.

Objectives

To make recommendations, at the individual level, for the use of PNEU-C-13 in immunocompetent adults 65 years of age and over.

Methods

The NACI Pneumococcal Working Group (PWG) reviewed key questions and performed an evidence review and synthesis. In consideration of the burden of illness to be prevented, the target population, safety, immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness of the vaccine, the PWG proposed recommendations for vaccine use to NACI. All evidence was rated and reported in evidence tables. NACI approved specific evidence-based recommendations and elucidated the rationale and relevant considerations in the statement update.

Results

NACI identified and reviewed evidence from one randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of PNEU-C-13 to prevent IPD and CAP in adults who were immunocompetent at enrollment and three clinical trials assessing the immunogenicity in immunocompetent and immunocompromised adults.

Conclusions

Based on reviewed evidence, NACI issued new recommendations for the use of pneumococcal vaccines in immunocompetent adults 65 years of age and older.

The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults from 2007 to 2014 in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

In Ontario, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been sequentially introduced into the publicly funded childhood vaccination program since 2005. A 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) has been routinely recommended for adults aged 65 years and older since 1996. To determine the effect of herd immunity, we examined the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in adults aged 65 years and older.

METHODS

Invasive pneumococcal disease is a provincially reportable disease. We were therefore able to conduct a descriptive epidemiologic analysis that included assessing time trends for patients aged 65 years and older using surveillance data from 2007 to 2014. Using serotype information within the surveillance data, cases were grouped into categories according to vaccine type and periods and then compared using Poisson regression.

RESULTS

A total of 3825 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were reported among adults aged 65 years and older, for an overall annualized incidence of 25.4 cases per 100 000 population. There was a decrease in incidence due to serotypes included in 7-valent PCV (3.0 to 0.7 cases per 100 000 population) (p < 0.001). For 13-valent PCV serotypes, there was a decrease in incidence between 2011 and 2014 (9.8 to 5.3 cases per 100 000 population (p < 0.001)). Serotypes unique to PPV23 and those not included in a vaccine increased from 2.3 to 5.8 and from 2.4 to 7.2 cases per 100 000 population, respectively (p < 0.001).

INTERPRETATION

In older adults, among serotypes contained in PCVs, we have shown a decrease in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. This is likely due to herd immunity from the childhood program. A burden of illness due to unique PPV23 serotypes and those that are not covered by a vaccine exists and has increased over time.