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Appiya Santharam M, Khan FU, Naveed M, Ali U, Ahsan MZ, Khongorzul P, Shoaib RM, Ihsan AU. Interventions to chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome treatment. Where are we standing and what's next? Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172429. [PMID: 31170381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a frustrating syndrome. The pathogenesis and state of the art treatment of CP/CPPS are not known. A wide variety of therapies including anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, alpha-blockers, neuropathic pain modulators, and 5α-reductase inhibitors are in practice. These treatment strategies focus on alleviating symptoms in specific domains without treating root-cause and therapeutic outcome is far from satisfactory. We review the literature on current pharmacological treatments for CP/CPPS in detail and suggest future perspectives to modify the treatment strategies. We suggest that introducing novel treatment strategies such as gene editing, and Tregs expressing chimeric receptors may improve the treatment outcomes by inducing immune tolerance and controlling expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Farhan Ullah Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Usman Ali
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Ahsan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Puregmaa Khongorzul
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Shoaib
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Awais Ullah Ihsan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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