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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Madeo G, Giladi N, Petzinger GM, Frazzitta G. Basal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:294-308. [PMID: 29733882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunctions, affecting the motor behaviour. We summarize evidence that the interplay between motor and cognitive approaches is crucial in PD rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is complementary to pharmacological therapy and effective in reducing the PD disturbances, probably acting by inducing neuroplastic effects. The motor behaviour results from a complex integration between cortical and subcortical areas, underlying the motor, cognitive and motivational aspects of movement. The close interplay amongst these areas makes possible to learn, control and express habitual-automatic actions, which are dysfunctional in PD. The physiopathology of PD could be considered the base for the development of effective rehabilitation treatments. As the volitional action control is spared in early-medium stages of disease, rehabilitative approaches engaging cognition permit to achieve motor benefits and appear to be the most effective for PD. We will point out data supporting the relevance of targeting both motor and cognitive aspects in PD rehabilitation. Finally, we will discuss the role of cognitive engagement in motor rehabilitation for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Graziella Madeo
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Sieratzki Chair in Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Giuseppe Frazzitta
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
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Darbin O, Jin X, Von Wrangel C, Schwabe K, Nambu A, Naritoku DK, Krauss JK, Alam M. Neuronal Entropy-Rate Feature of Entopeduncular Nucleus in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Neural Syst 2015; 26:1550038. [PMID: 26711712 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065715500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The function of the nigro-striatal pathway on neuronal entropy in the basal ganglia (BG) output nucleus, i.e. the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) was investigated in the unilaterally 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In both control subjects and subjects with 6-OHDA lesion of dopamine (DA) the nigro-striatal pathway, a histological hallmark for parkinsonism, neuronal entropy in EPN was maximal in neurons with firing rates ranging between 15 and 25 Hz. In 6-OHDA lesioned rats, neuronal entropy in the EPN was specifically higher in neurons with firing rates above 25 Hz. Our data establishes that the nigro-striatal pathway controls neuronal entropy in motor circuitry and that the parkinsonian condition is associated with abnormal relationship between firing rate and neuronal entropy in BG output nuclei. The neuronal firing rates and entropy relationship provide putative relevant electrophysiological information to investigate the sensory-motor processing in normal condition and conditions such as movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- 1 Department of Neurology, University South Alabama, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, AL 36688, USA.,2 Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,3 Animal Resource Program, University Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xingxing Jin
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof Von Wrangel
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- 2 Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,5 Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Dean K Naritoku
- 1 Department of Neurology, University South Alabama, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mesbah Alam
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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