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Goelzer LS, Nascimento RL, Paulin FV, Müller PT. I-EPAP Device in COPD With Dynamic Hyperinflation: Effects on Maximal Exercise Tolerance and Physiological Adjustments. Respir Care 2023; 68:270-274. [PMID: 39889137 PMCID: PMC9994285 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.10321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Goelzer
- Ergometry Unit, Cardiology Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Renata Lr Nascimento
- Coronary Unit, Cardiology Division of University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Paulin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Paulo T Müller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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Shiozawa K, Shimizu K, Saito M, Ishida K, Mizuno S, Katayama K. Sex differences in blood pressure and inactive limb blood flow responses during dynamic leg exercise with increased inspiratory muscle work. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022; 84:782-798. [PMID: 36544598 PMCID: PMC9748326 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.84.4.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that, compared with young males, young females have a smaller decrease in blood flow to the inactive limb, accompanied by a smaller increase in arterial blood pressure, during dynamic exercise with increased inspiratory muscle work. Young males and females performed dynamic knee-extension and -flexion exercises for 10 min (spontaneous breathing for 5 min and voluntary hyperpnoea with or without inspiratory resistance for 5 min). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and mean blood flow (MBF) in the brachial artery were continuously measured by means of finger photoplethysmography and Doppler ultrasound, respectively. No sex differences were found in the ΔMAP and ΔMBF (Δ: from baseline) during exercise without inspiratory resistance. In contrast, the ΔMAP during exercise with inspiratory resistive breathing was greater (P < 0.05) in males (+31.3 ± 2.1 mmHg, mean ± SE) than females (+18.9 ± 3.2 mmHg). The MBF during exercise with inspiratory resistance did not change in males (-4.4 ± 10.6 mL/min), whereas it significantly increased in females (+25.2 ± 15.4 mL/min). These results suggest that an attenuated inspiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex in young females affects blood flow distribution during submaximal dynamic leg exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Shiozawa
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Faculty of Human Development, Kokugakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Shiozawa K, Kashima H, Mizuno S, Ishida K, Katayama K. Blood pressure and celiac artery blood flow responses during increased inspiratory muscle work in healthy males. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1094-1104. [PMID: 35770992 DOI: 10.1113/ep090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Increased work of breathing and the accumulation of metabolites have neural and cardiovascular consequences through a respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex. The influence of respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex on splanchnic blood flow in humans remains unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Celiac artery blood flow decreased gradually during inspiratory resistive breathing, accompanied by a progressive increase in arterial blood pressure. It is possible that respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex contributes to splanchnic blood flow regulation. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of increasing inspiratory muscle work on celiac artery blood flow. Eleven healthy young males completed the study. The subjects performed voluntary hyperventilation with or without inspiratory resistance (loading or non-loading trial) (tidal volume of 40% of vital capacity and breathing frequency of 20 breaths/min). The loading trial was conducted with inspiratory resistance (40% of maximal inspiratory pressure) and was terminated when the subjects could no longer maintain the target tidal volume or breathing frequency. The non-loading trial was conducted without inspiratory resistance and was the same length as the loading trial. Arterial blood pressure was recorded using finger photoplethysmography, and celiac artery blood flow was measured using Doppler ultrasound. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) increased gradually during the loading trial (89.0±10.8 to 103.9±17.3 mmHg, mean ± SD) but not in the non-loading trial (88.7±5.9 to 90.4±9.9 mmHg). Celiac artery blood flow and celiac vascular conductance decreased gradually during the loading trial (601.2±155.7 to 482.6±149.5 mL/min and 6.9±2.2 to 4.8±1.7 mL/min/mmHg, respectively), but were unchanged in the non-loading trial (630.7±157.1 to 635.6±195.7 mL/min and 7.1±1.8 to 7.2±2.9 mL/min/mmHg, respectively). These results show that increasing inspiratory muscle work affects splanchnic blood flow regulation, and we suggest that it is possibly mediated by the inspiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Research and Development, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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4
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Katayama K, Dominelli PB, Foster GE, Kipp S, Leahy MG, Ishida K, Sheel AW. Respiratory modulation of sympathetic vasomotor outflow during graded leg cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:858-867. [PMID: 34197231 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00118.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory modulation of sympathetic vasomotor outflow to skeletal muscles (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA) occurs in resting humans. Specifically, MSNA is highest at end-expiration and lowest at end-inspiration during quiet, resting breathing. We tested the hypothesis that within-breath modulation of MSNA would be amplified during graded leg cycling. Thirteen (n = 3 females) healthy young (age: 25.2 ± 4.7 yr) individuals completed all testing. MSNA (right median nerve) was measured at rest (baseline) and during semirecumbent cycle exercise at 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal workload (Wmax). MSNA burst frequency (BF) was 20.0 ± 4.0 bursts/min at baseline and was not different during exercise at 40%Wmax (21.3 ± 3.7 bursts/min; P = 0.292). Thereafter, MSNA BF increased significantly compared with baseline (60%Wmax: 31.6 ± 5.8 bursts/min; P < 0.001, 80%Wmax: 44.7 ± 5.3 bursts/min; P < 0.001). At baseline and all exercise intensities, MSNA BF was lowest at end-inspiration and greatest at mid-to-end expiration. The within-breath change in MSNA BF (ΔMSNA BF; end-expiration minus end-inspiration) gradually increased from baseline to 60%Wmax leg cycling, but no further increase appeared at 80%Wmax exercise. Our results indicate that within-breath modulation of MSNA is amplified from baseline to moderate intensity during dynamic exercise in young healthy individuals, and that no further potentiation occurs at higher exercise intensities. Our findings provide an important extension of our understanding of respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Within-breath modulation of sympathetic vasomotor outflow to skeletal muscle (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA) occurs in spontaneously breathing humans at rest. It is unknown if respiratory modulation persists during dynamic whole body exercise. We found that MSNA burst frequency was lowest at end-inspiration and highest at mid-to-end expiration during rest and graded leg cycling. Respiratory modulation of sympathetic vasomotor outflow remains intact and is amplified during dynamic whole body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen E Foster
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shalaya Kipp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael G Leahy
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Beltrami FG, Kurz J, Roos E, Spengler CM. Current limits for flowmeter resistance in metabolic carts can negatively affect exercise performance. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14814. [PMID: 33904647 PMCID: PMC8077138 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether a metabolic cart using a flowmeter in the upper range of accepted resistance to airflow (<1.5 cmH2 O∙L-1 ∙s-1 for flows up to 14 L∙s-1 , American Thoracic Society) negatively impacts exercise performance in healthy individuals. METHODS 16 recreationally active males (age 25 ± 1 years, height 180 ± 6 cm, weight 73.5 ± 5.8 kg, all mean ± SD) performed two incremental tests on a bicycle ergometer on each of two visits, using a metabolic cart with a flowmeter of either low (Oxycon Pro) or high (Innocor) airflow resistance. Mouth pressures, gas exchange, blood lactate concentration [La- ], perception of breathlessness, respiratory, and leg exertion were assessed throughout the tests. RESULTS Tests performed with the Innocor were significantly shorter (15.3 ± 3.2 vs. 15.8 ± 3.3 min, p < 0.0001) and showed higher maximal flow resistance (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 0.3 ± 0.0 cmH2 O∙L-1 ∙s-1 , p < 0.0001). At end-exercise, peak oxygen consumption (-200 ± 220 ml.min-1 , p < 0.0001), minute ventilation (-19.9 ± 10.5 L.min-1 , p < 0.0001), breathing frequency (-5.4 ± 5.2 breaths.min-1 , p < 0.0001), heart rate (-2.1 ± 3.6 bpm, p = 0.002) and [La- ] (-0.7 ± 1.0 mmol.L-1 , p < 0.0001), but not tidal volume (-0.1 ± 0.2 L, p = 0.172) were lower with the Innocor, while the perception of breathlessness was higher (+3.8 ± 5.1 points, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Airflow resistance in the upper range of current guidelines can significantly affect exercise performance and respiratory pattern in young, healthy males during incremental exercise. The present results indicate the need to revisit guidelines for devices used in ergospirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G. Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology LabInstitute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jérôme Kurz
- Exercise Physiology LabInstitute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena Roos
- Exercise Physiology LabInstitute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology LabInstitute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP)University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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6
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Hardy TA, Paula-Ribeiro M, Silva BM, Lyall GK, Birch KM, Ferguson C, Taylor BJ. The cardiovascular consequences of fatiguing expiratory muscle work in otherwise resting healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:421-434. [PMID: 33356985 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00116.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 11 healthy adults (25 ± 4 yr; 2 female, 9 male subjects), we investigated the effect of expiratory resistive loaded breathing [65% maximal expiratory mouth pressure (MEP), 15 breaths·min-1, duty cycle 0.5; ERLPm] on mean arterial pressure (MAP), leg vascular resistance (LVR), and leg blood flow ([Formula: see text]). On a separate day, a subset of five male subjects performed ERL targeting 65% of maximal expiratory gastric pressure (ERLPga). ERL-induced expiratory muscle fatigue was confirmed by a 17 ± 5% reduction in MEP (P < 0.05) and a 16 ± 12% reduction in the gastric twitch pressure response to magnetic nerve stimulation (P = 0.09) from before to after ERLPm and ERLPga, respectively. From rest to task failure in ERLPm and ERLPga, MAP increased (ERLPm = 31 ± 10 mmHg, ERLPga = 18 ± 9 mmHg, both P < 0.05), but group mean LVR and [Formula: see text] were unchanged (ERLPm: LVR = 0.78 ± 0.21 vs. 0.97 ± 0.36 mmHg·mL-1·min, [Formula: see text] = 133 ± 34 vs. 152 ± 74 mL·min-1; ERLPga: LVR = 0.70 ± 0.21 vs. 0.84 ± 0.33 mmHg·mL-1·min, [Formula: see text] = 160 ± 48 vs. 179 ± 110 mL·min-1) (all P ≥ 0.05). Interestingly, [Formula: see text] during ERLPga oscillated within each breath, increasing (∼66%) and decreasing (∼50%) relative to resting values during resisted expirations and unresisted inspirations, respectively. In conclusion, fatiguing expiratory muscle work did not affect group mean LVR or [Formula: see text] in otherwise resting humans. We speculate that any sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction was counteracted by transient mechanical effects of high intra-abdominal pressures during ERL.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fatiguing expiratory muscle work in otherwise resting humans elicits an increase in sympathetic motor outflow; whether limb blood flow ([Formula: see text]) and leg vascular resistance (LVR) are affected remains unknown. We found that fatiguing expiratory resistive loaded breathing (ERL) did not affect group mean [Formula: see text] or LVR. However, within-breath oscillations in [Formula: see text] may reflect a sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction that was counteracted by transient increases in [Formula: see text] due to the mechanical effects of high intra-abdominal pressure during ERL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Hardy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelle Paula-Ribeiro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gemma K Lyall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M Birch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Hardy TA, How SC, Taylor BJ. The Effect of Preexercise Expiratory Muscle Loading on Exercise Tolerance in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:421-430. [PMID: 32735113 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute nonfatiguing inspiratory muscle loading transiently increases diaphragm excitability and global inspiratory muscle strength and may improve subsequent exercise performance. We investigated the effect of acute expiratory muscle loading on expiratory muscle function and exercise tolerance in healthy men. METHODS Ten males cycled at 90% of peak power output to the limit of tolerance (TLIM) after 1) 2 × 30 expiratory efforts against a pressure-threshold load of 40% maximal expiratory gastric pressure (PgaMAX) (EML-EX) and 2) 2 × 30 expiratory efforts against a pressure-threshold load of 10% PgaMAX (SHAM-EX). Changes in expiratory muscle function were assessed by measuring the mouth pressure (PEMAX) and PgaMAX responses to maximal expulsive efforts and magnetically evoked (1 Hz) gastric twitch pressure (Pgatw). RESULTS Expiratory loading at 40% of PgaMAX increased PEMAX (10% ± 5%, P = 0.001) and PgaMAX (9% ± 5%, P = 0.004). Conversely, there was no change in PEMAX (166 ± 40 vs 165 ± 35 cm H2O, P = 1.000) or PgaMAX (196 ± 38 vs 192 ± 39 cm H2O, P = 0.215) from before to after expiratory loading at 10% of PgaMAX. Exercise time was not different in EML-EX versus SHAM-EX (7.91 ± 1.96 vs 8.09 ± 1.77 min, 95% CI = -1.02 to 0.67, P = 0.651). Similarly, exercise-induced expiratory muscle fatigue was not different in EML-EX versus SHAM-EX (-28% ± 12% vs -26% ± 7% reduction in Pgatw amplitude, P = 0.280). Perceptual ratings of dyspnea and leg discomfort were not different during EML-EX versus SHAM-EX. CONCLUSION Acute expiratory muscle loading enhances expiratory muscle function but does not improve subsequent severe-intensity exercise tolerance in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Hardy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Stephen C How
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Shimizu K, Shiozawa K, Ishida K, Saito M, Mizuno S, Akima H, Katayama K. Age and sex differences in blood pressure responses during hyperpnoea. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:736-747. [PMID: 33428277 DOI: 10.1113/ep089171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Increased respiratory muscle activation is associated with neural and cardiovascular consequences via the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex. Does ageing and/or sex influence the arterial blood pressure response during voluntary normocapnic incremental hyperpnoea? What is the main finding and its importance? The increase in blood pressure during hyperpnoea was smaller in younger females than in older females, whereas no difference was found between older males and older females. The blunted respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex in younger females is normalized with advancing age, whereas ageing has no such effect in males. ABSTRACT We hypothesized that older females (OF) have a greater arterial blood pressure response to increased respiratory muscle work compared with younger females (YF) and that no such difference exists between older males (OM) and younger males (YM). To test these hypotheses, cardiovascular responses during voluntary normocapnic incremental hyperpnoea were evaluated and compared between older and younger subjects. An incremental respiratory endurance test (IRET) was performed as follows: target minute ventilation was initially set at 30% of the maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV12) and was increased by 10% of MVV12 every 3 min. The test was terminated when the subject could not maintain the target percentage of MVV12. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded continuously. The increase in MAP from baseline (ΔMAP) during the IRET in OM (+24.0 ± 14.7 mmHg, mean ± SD) did not differ (P = 0.144) from that in YM (+24.3 ± 13.4 mmHg), but it was greater (P = 0.004) in OF (+31.2 ± 11.6 mmHg) than in YF (+10.3 ± 5.5 mmHg). No significant difference in ΔMAP during the IRET was observed between OM and OF (P = 0.975). These results suggest that the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex is blunted in YF, but it could be normalized with advancing age. In males, ageing has little effect on the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex. These results show no sex difference in the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kana Shiozawa
- Department of Sports and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Fellowship for Young Scientists of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Beltrami FG, Mzee D, Spengler CM. No Evidence That Hyperpnea-Based Respiratory Muscle Training Affects Indexes of Cardiovascular Health in Young Healthy Adults. Front Physiol 2020; 11:530218. [PMID: 33391004 PMCID: PMC7773763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.530218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The chronic effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on the cardiovascular system remain unclear. This investigation tested to which degree a single sessions of RMT with or without added vibration, which could enhance peripheral blood flow and vascular response, or a 4-week RMT program could result in changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (systolic, SBP; diastolic, DBP) and other markers of cardiovascular health. Methods Sixteen young and healthy participants (8 m/8f) performed 15 min of either continuous normocapnic hyperpnea (RMET), sprint-interval-type hyperpnea (RMSIT) or a control session (quiet sitting). Sessions were performed once with and once without passive vibration of the lower limbs. To assess training-induced adaptations, thirty-four young and healthy participants (17 m/17f) were measured before and after 4 weeks (three weekly sessions) of RMET (n = 13, 30-min sessions of normocapnic hyperpnea), RMSIT [n = 11, 6 × 1 min (1 min break) normocapnic hyperpnea with added resistance] or placebo (n = 10). Results SBP was elevated from baseline at 5 min after each RMT session, but returned to baseline levels after 15 min, whereas DBP was unchanged from baseline following RMT. Carotid-femoral PWV (PWVCF) was elevated at 5 and 15 min after RMT compared to baseline (main effect of time, P = 0.001), whereas no changes were seen for carotid-radial PWV (PWVCR) or the PWVCF/PWVCR ratio. Vibration had no effects in any of the interventions. Following the 4-week training period, no differences from the placebo group were seen for SBP (P = 0.686), DBP (P = 0.233), PWVCF (P = 0.844), PWVCR (P = 0.815) or the PWVCF/PWVCR ratio (P = 0.389). Discussion/Conclusion Although 15 min of RMT sessions elicited transient increases in PWVCF and SBP, no changes were detected following 4 weeks of either RMET or RMSIT. Adding passive vibration of the lower limbs during RMT sessions did not provide additional value to the session with regards to vascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Mzee
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Cardoso DM, Gass R, Sbruzzi G, Berton DC, Knorst MM. Effect of the expiratory positive airway pressure on dynamic hyperinflation and exercise capacity in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13292. [PMID: 32764718 PMCID: PMC7413366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) is widely applicable, either as a strategy for pulmonary reexpansion, elimination of pulmonary secretion or to reduce hyperinflation. However, there is no consensus in the literature about the real benefits of EPAP in reducing dynamic hyperinflation (DH) and increasing exercise tolerance in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To systematically review the effects of EPAP application during the submaximal stress test on DH and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. This meta-analysis was performed from a systematic search in the PubMed, EMBASE, PeDRO, and Cochrane databases, as well as a manual search. Studies that evaluated the effect of positive expiratory pressure on DH, exercise capacity, sensation of dyspnea, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, sense of effort in lower limbs, and heart rate were included. GRADE was used to determine the quality of evidence for each outcome. Of the 2,227 localized studies, seven studies were included. The results show that EPAP did not change DH and reduced exercise tolerance in the constant load test. EPAP caused a reduction in respiratory rate after exercise (− 2.33 bpm; 95% CI: − 4.56 to − 0.10) (very low evidence) when using a pressure level of 5 cmH2O. The other outcomes analyzed were not significantly altered by the use of EPAP. Our study demonstrates that the use of EPAP does not prevent the onset of DH and may reduce lower limb exercise capacity in patients with COPD. However, larger and higher-quality studies are needed to clarify the potential benefit of EPAP in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannuey Machado Cardoso
- Centro de Ensino Superior Dom Alberto, Santa Cruz Do Sul, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Gass
- Centro de Ensino Superior Dom Alberto, Santa Cruz Do Sul, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graciele Sbruzzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danilo Cortozi Berton
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marli Maria Knorst
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Pneumológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Pneumologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Lorca-Santiago J, Jiménez SL, Pareja-Galeano H, Lorenzo A. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Intermittent Sports Modalities: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4448. [PMID: 32575827 PMCID: PMC7344680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatigue of the respiratory muscles causes the so-called metabolic reflex or metaboreflex, resulting in vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the peripheral muscles, which leads to a decrease in respiratory performance. Training the respiratory muscles is a possible solution to avoid this type of impairment in intermittent sports. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the results obtained with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in intermittent sports modalities, intending to determine whether its implementation would be adequate and useful in intermittent sports. A search in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale. In conclusion, the introduction of specific devices of IMT seems to be a suitable method to improve performance in intermittent sports, mainly due to a reduction of the metaboreflex, fatigue sensation, and dyspnea. The ideal protocol would consist of a combination of acute and chronic treatment, and, even if IMT is done daily, the duration will not exceed one hour per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lorca-Santiago
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
| | - Sergio L. Jiménez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Sport Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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12
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Smith JR, Bruhn EJ, Berg JD, Nur AA, Villarraga N, Olson TP. Combined influence of inspiratory loading and locomotor subsystolic cuff inflation on cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1338-1345. [PMID: 32240016 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00781.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown if simultaneous stimulation of the respiratory and locomotor muscle afferents via inspiratory loading (IL) and locomotor subsystolic cuff inflation (CUFF) influences the cardiovascular responses during exercise. We hypothesized that combined IL and CUFF (IL + CUFF) will result in greater increases in blood pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) than IL and CUFF alone during exercise. Eight adults (6 males/2 females) were enrolled and performed four 10-min bouts of constant-load cycling eliciting 40% maximal oxygen uptake on a single day. For each exercise bout, the first 5 min consisted of spontaneous breathing. The second 5 min consisted of voluntary hyperventilation (i.e., breathing frequency of 40 breaths/min) with IL (30% maximum inspiratory pressure), CUFF (80 mmHg), IL + CUFF, or no intervention (CTL) in randomized order. During exercise, cardiac output and MAP were determined via open-circuit acetylene wash-in and manual sphygmomanometry, respectively, and SVR was calculated. Across CTL, IL, CUFF, and IL + CUFF, MAP was greater with each condition (CTL: 97 ± 14; IL: 106 ± 13; CUFF: 114 ± 14; IL + CUFF: 119 ± 15 mmHg, all P < 0.02). Furthermore, SVR was greater with IL + CUFF compared with IL, CUFF, and CTL (CTL: 6.6 ± 1.1; IL: 7.5 ± 1.4; CUFF: 7.5 ± 1.3; IL + CUFF: 8.2 ± 1.4 mmHg·L-1·min-1, all P < 0.02). Cardiac output was not different across conditions (CTL: 15.2 ± 3.8; IL: 14.8 ± 3.7; CUFF: 15.6 ± 3.5; IL + CUFF: 14.7 ± 4.3 L/min, all P > 0.05). These data demonstrate that simultaneous stimulation of respiratory and locomotor muscle afferent feedback results in additive MAP and SVR responses than IL and CUFF alone during submaximal exercise. These findings have important clinical implications for populations with exaggerated locomotor and respiratory muscle reflex feedbacks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Reflexes arising from the respiratory and locomotor muscles influence cardiovascular regulation during exercise. However, it is unclear how the respiratory and locomotor muscle reflexes interact when simultaneously stimulated. Herein, we demonstrate that stimulation of the respiratory and locomotor muscle reflexes yielded additive cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Eric J Bruhn
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Jessica D Berg
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Amran A Nur
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | | | - Thomas P Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
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13
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Vogiatzis I, Louvaris Z, Wagner PD. Respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow during exercise in health and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1990-1996. [PMID: 32103536 DOI: 10.1113/ep088104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The work presented here focuses mostly on testing the theory of blood flow redistribution from the locomotor to the respiratory muscles during heavy exercise in healthy participants and in patients with COPD. What advances does it highlight? Studies presented and the direct experimental approach to measure muscle blood flow by indocyanine green dye detected by near infrared spectroscopy, show that exercise interferes with respiratory muscle blood flow especially in COPD, but even in healthy. ABSTRACT We have developed an indicator-dilution method to measure muscle blood flow at rest and during exercise using the light absorbing tracer indocyanine green dye (ICG) injected as an intravenous bolus, with surface optodes placed over muscles of interest to record the ICG signal by near-infrared spectroscopy. Here we review findings for both quadriceps and intercostal muscle blood flow (measured simultaneously) in trained cyclists and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During resting hyperpnoea in both athletes and patients, intercostal muscle blood flow increased with ventilation, correlating closely and linearly with the work of breathing, with no change in quadriceps flow. During graded exercise in athletes, intercostal flow at first increased, but then began to fall approaching peak effort. Unexpectedly, in COPD, intercostal muscle blood flow during exercise fell progressively from resting values, contrasting sharply with the response to resting hyperpnoea. During exercise at peak intensity, we found no quadriceps blood flow reduction in favour of the respiratory muscles in either athletes or patients. In COPD at peak exercise, when patients breathed 21% oxygen in helium or 100% oxygen, there was no redistribution of blood flow observed between legs and respiratory muscles in either direction. Evidence of decrease in leg blood flow and increase in respiratory muscle flow was found only when imposing expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during exercise in healthy individuals. However, because EFL caused substantial physiological derangement, lowering arterial oxygen saturation and raising end-tidal P C O 2 and heart rate, these results cannot be projected onto normal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vogiatzis
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zafeiris Louvaris
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation for Internal Disorders Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter D Wagner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Katayama K, Saito M. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during exercise. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:589-598. [PMID: 31054082 PMCID: PMC10717921 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate cardiovascular adjustment is necessary to meet the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle during exercise. The sympathetic nervous system plays a crucial role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and blood flow during exercise, and several important neural mechanisms are responsible for changes in sympathetic vasomotor outflow. Changes in sympathetic vasomotor outflow (i.e., muscle sympathetic nerve activity: MSNA) in inactive muscles during exercise differ depending on the exercise mode (static or dynamic), intensity, duration, and various environmental conditions (e.g., hot and cold environments or hypoxic). In 1991, Seals and Victor [6] reviewed MSNA responses to static and dynamic exercise with small muscle mass. This review provides an updated comprehensive overview on the MSNA response to exercise including large-muscle, dynamic leg exercise, e.g., two-legged cycling, and its regulatory mechanisms in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Katayama K, Goto K, Ohya T, Iwamoto E, Takao K, Kasai N, Sumi D, Mori H, Ishida K, Shimizu K, Shiozawa K, Suzuki Y. Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training in Hypoxia on Running Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1477-1486. [PMID: 30789438 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) in hypoxia induces greater improvements in respiratory muscle endurance with attenuated respiratory muscle metaboreflex and consequent whole-body performance. We evaluated respiratory muscle endurance and cardiovascular response during hyperpnoea and whole-body running performance before and after RMET in normoxia and hypoxia. METHODS Twenty-one collegiate endurance runners were assigned to control (n = 7), normoxic (n = 7), and hypoxic (n = 7) groups. Before and after the 6 wk of RMET, incremental respiratory endurance test and constant exercise tests were performed. The constant exercise test was performed on a treadmill at 95% of the individual's peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak). The RMET was isocapnic hyperpnoea under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (30 min·d). The initial target of minute ventilation during RMET was set to 50% of the individual maximal voluntary ventilation, and the target increased progressively during the 6 wk. Target arterial oxygen saturation in the hypoxic group was set to 90% in the first 2 wk, and thereafter it was set to 80%. RESULTS Respiratory muscle endurance was increased after RMET in the normoxic and hypoxic groups. The time to exhaustion at 95% V˙O2peak exercise also increased after RMET in the normoxic (10.2 ± 2.4 to 11.2 ± 2.6 min) and hypoxic (11.5 ± 2.6 to 12.6 ± 3.0 min) groups, but not in the control group (9.6 ± 3.2 to 9.4 ± 4.0 min). The magnitude of these changes did not differ between the normoxic and the hypoxic groups (P = 0.84). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the improvement of respiratory muscle endurance and blunted respiratory muscle metaboreflex could, in part, contribute to improved endurance performance in endurance-trained athletes. However, it is also suggested that there are no additional effects when the RMET is performed in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, JAPAN
| | - Toshiyuki Ohya
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, JAPAN
| | - Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JAPAN
| | - Kenji Takao
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, JAPAN
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, JAPAN
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, JAPAN
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, JAPAN
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN
| | - Kana Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN
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16
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Katayama K, Goto K, Shimizu K, Saito M, Ishida K, Zhang L, Shiozawa K, Sheel AW. Effect of increased inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs during submaximal dynamic exercise. Exp Physiol 2018; 104:180-188. [PMID: 30462876 DOI: 10.1113/ep087380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Increased respiratory muscle activation is associated with neural and cardiovascular consequences via the respiratory muscle metaboreflex. Does increased sympathetic vasoconstriction originating from the respiratory musculature elicit a reduction in blood flow to an inactive limb in order to maintain blood flow to an active limb? What is the main finding and its importance? Arm blood flow was reduced whereas leg blood flow was preserved during mild leg exercise with inspiratory resistance. Blood flow to the active limb is maintained via sympathetic control of blood flow redistribution when the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex is activated. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of increasing inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs. Healthy young men (n = 10, 20 ± 2 years of age) performed two bilateral dynamic knee-extension and knee-flexion exercise tests at 40% peak oxygen uptake for 10 min. The trials consisted of spontaneous breathing for 5 min followed by voluntary hyperventilation either with or without inspiratory resistance for 5 min (40% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure, inspiratory duty cycle of 50% and a breathing frequency of 40 breaths min-1 ). Mean arterial blood pressure was acquired using finger photoplethysmography. Blood flow in the brachial artery (inactive limb) and in the femoral artery (active limb) were monitored using Doppler ultrasound. Mean arterial blood pressure during exercise was higher (P < 0.05) with inspiratory resistance (121 ± 7 mmHg) than without resistance (99 ± 5 mmHg). Brachial artery blood flow increased during exercise without inspiratory resistance (120 ± 31 ml min-1 ) compared with the resting level, whereas it was attenuated with inspiratory resistance (65 ± 43 ml min-1 ). Femoral artery blood flow increased at the onset of exercise and was maintained throughout exercise without inspiratory resistance (2576 ± 640 ml min-1 ) and was unchanged when inspiratory resistance was added (2634 ± 659 ml min-1 ; P > 0.05). These results suggest that sympathetic control of blood redistribution to active limbs is facilitated, in part, by the respiratory muscle-induced metaboreflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanako Goto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kana Shiozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Sheel AW, Boushel R, Dempsey JA. Competition for blood flow distribution between respiratory and locomotor muscles: implications for muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:820-831. [PMID: 29878876 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetically induced vasoconstrictor modulation of local vasodilation occurs in contracting skeletal muscle during exercise to ensure appropriate perfusion of a large active muscle mass and to maintain also arterial blood pressure. In this synthesis, we discuss the contribution of group III-IV muscle afferents to the sympathetic modulation of blood flow distribution to locomotor and respiratory muscles during exercise. This is followed by an examination of the conditions under which diaphragm and locomotor muscle fatigue occur. Emphasis is given to those studies in humans and animal models that experimentally changed respiratory muscle work to evaluate blood flow redistribution and its effects on locomotor muscle fatigue, and conversely, those that evaluated the influence of coincident limb muscle contraction on respiratory muscle blood flow and fatigue. We propose the concept of a "two-way street of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity" emanating from both limb and respiratory muscle metaboreceptors during exercise, which constrains blood flow and O2 transport thereby promoting fatigue of both sets of muscles. We end with considerations of a hierarchy of blood flow distribution during exercise between respiratory versus locomotor musculatures and the clinical implications of muscle afferent feedback influences on muscle perfusion, fatigue, and exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Jerome A Dempsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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18
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Nunes Júnior ADO, Donzeli MA, Shimano SGN, Oliveira NMLD, Ruas G, Bertoncello D. EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IN RUGBY PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182403166216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Rugby is a sport characterized by high and low intensity motor action. Therefore, the respiratory muscles need adequate work to maintain sustained effective breathing. Objective: To analyze the effects of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in amateur rugby players from the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: This is a clinical study in which 20 amateur players underwent a pulmonary function test, respiratory muscle strength and physical capacity assessment. The participants were divided into two groups: 10 volunteers in the IMT group (G1) and 10 in the control group (G2). All the assessments were carried out before and after 12 weeks of IMT. Results: No significant changes were observed in the pulmonary function test. However, maximal voluntary ventilation, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure and distance increased significantly after IMT. Conclusion: IMT had beneficial effects on amateur rugby players. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dernival Bertoncello
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
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19
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Katayama K, Smith JR, Goto K, Shimizu K, Saito M, Ishida K, Koike T, Iwase S, Harms CA. Elevated sympathetic vasomotor outflow in response to increased inspiratory muscle activity during exercise is less in young women compared with men. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:570-580. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Joshua R. Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - Kanako Goto
- Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Applied Physiology Laboratory; Toyota Technological Institute; Nagoya Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwase
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine; Aichi Medical University; Nagakute Japan
| | - Craig A. Harms
- Department of Kinesiology; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
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20
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Peters CM, Welch JF, Dominelli PB, Molgat-Seon Y, Romer LM, McKenzie DC, Sheel AW. Influence of inspiratory resistive loading on expiratory muscle fatigue in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28646592 DOI: 10.1113/ep086346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? This study is the first to measure objectively both inspiratory and expiratory muscle fatigue after inspiratory resistive loading to determine whether the expiratory muscles are activated to the point of fatigue when specifically loading the inspiratory muscles. What is the main finding and its importance? The absence of abdominal muscle fatigue suggests that future studies attempting to understand the neural and circulatory consequences of diaphragm fatigue can use inspiratory resistive loading without considering the confounding effects of abdominal muscle fatigue. Expiratory resistive loading elicits inspiratory as well as expiratory muscle fatigue, suggesting parallel coactivation of the inspiratory muscles during expiration. It is unknown whether the expiratory muscles are likewise coactivated to the point of fatigue during inspiratory resistive loading (IRL). The purpose of this study was to determine whether IRL elicits expiratory as well as inspiratory muscle fatigue. Healthy male subjects (n = 9) underwent isocapnic IRL (60% maximal inspiratory pressure, 15 breaths min-1 , 0.7 inspiratory duty cycle) to task failure. Abdominal and diaphragm contractile function was assessed at baseline and at 3, 15 and 30 min post-IRL by measuring gastric twitch pressure (Pga,tw ) and transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (Pdi,tw ) in response to potentiated magnetic stimulation of the thoracic and phrenic nerves, respectively. Fatigue was defined as a significant reduction from baseline in Pga,tw or Pdi,tw . Throughout IRL, there was a time-dependent increase in cardiac frequency and mean arterial blood pressure, suggesting activation of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex. The Pdi,tw was significantly lower than baseline (34.3 ± 9.6 cmH2 O) at 3 (23.2 ± 5.7 cmH2 O, P < 0.001), 15 (24.2 ± 5.1 cmH2 O, P < 0.001) and 30 min post-IRL (26.3 ± 6.0 cmH2 O, P < 0.001). The Pga,tw was not significantly different from baseline (37.6 ± 17.1 cmH2 O) at 3 (36.5 ± 14.6 cmH2 O), 15 (33.7 ± 12.4 cmH2 O) and 30 min post-IRL (32.9 ± 11.3 cmH2 O). Inspiratory resistive loading elicits objective evidence of diaphragm, but not abdominal, muscle fatigue. Agonist-antagonist interactions for the respiratory muscles appear to be more important during expiratory versus inspiratory loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli M Peters
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph F Welch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yannick Molgat-Seon
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lee M Romer
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Donald C McKenzie
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Kamada Y, Masuda T, Tanaka S, Akiyama A, Nakamura T, Hamazaki N, Okubo M, Kobayashi N, Ako J. Muscle Weakness Is Associated With an Increase of Left Ventricular Mass Through Excessive Blood Pressure Elevation During Exercise in Patients With Hypertension. Int Heart J 2017; 58:551-556. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.16-293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Sohbudai Nieren Clinic
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Ayako Akiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Nobuaki Hamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Junya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine
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22
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Itoh Y, Katayama K, Iwamoto E, Goto K, Suzuki Y, Ohya T, Takao K, Ishida K. Blunted blood pressure response during hyperpnoea in endurance runners. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 230:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Nakagaki A, Inami T, Minoura T, Baba R, Iwase S, Sato M. Differences in autonomic neural activity during exercise between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:951-9. [PMID: 27121772 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that autonomic neural activity in pregnant women during exercise varies according to gestational age. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 20 healthy women in their second (n = 13) or third (n = 7) trimester of pregnancy. Incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed with an electromagnetic cycle ergometer. Heart rate variability was analyzed by frequency analysis software. RESULTS The low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio, an indicator of the sympathetic nervous system, was significantly higher in third trimester than in second trimester subjects (P < 0.05) at 1, 2, and 3 min of incremental exercise testing. In contrast, the HF/total power ratio, an indicator of rapidly acting parasympathetic activity, was significantly higher in second trimester than in third trimester subjects (P < 0.05) at 2 and 3 min. In addition, a negative correlation was found between gestational age and the 'accumulation half-time' of the LH/HF ratio, the time point at which the sum of the LF/HF ratio reached 50% of that accumulated in the total 6 min of exercise testing (r = -0.49, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS The autonomic response to exercise in pregnant women differs between the second and third trimesters. These differences should be considered when prescribing exercise to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Nakagaki
- School of Nursing/Graduate School of Nursing, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Minoura
- School of Nursing & Health, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reizo Baba
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Centre, Obu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwase
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sato
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Oueslati F, Girard O, Tabka Z, Ahmaidi S. Excess VO2 during ramp exercise is positively correlated to intercostal muscles deoxyhemoglobin levels above the gas exchange threshold in young trained cyclists. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 228:83-90. [PMID: 26996071 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed respiratory muscles oxygenation responses during a ramp exercise to exhaustion and further explored their relationship with the non-linear increase of VO2 (VO2 excess) observed above the gas-exchange threshold. Ten male cyclists completed a ramp exercise to exhaustion on an electromagnetically braked cycle-ergometer with a rate of increment of 30Wmin(-1) with continuous monitoring of expired gases (breath-by-breath) and oxygenation status of intercostal muscles. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure measurements were taken at rest and at exhaustion. The VO2 excess represents the difference between VO2max observed and VO2max expected using linear equation between the VO2 and the intensity before gas-exchange threshold. The deoxyhemoglobin remained unchanged until 60% of maximal aerobic power (MAP) and thereafter increased significantly by 37±18% and 40±22% at 80% and 100% of MAP, respectively. Additionally, the amplitude of deoxyhemoglobin increase between 60 and 100% of MAP positively correlated with the VO2 excess (r=0.69, p<0.05). Compared to exercise start, the oxygen tissue saturation index decreased from 80% of MAP (-4.8±3.2%, p<0.05) onwards. At exhaustion, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures declined by 7.8±16% and 12.6±10% (both p<0.05), respectively. In summary, our results suggest a significant contribution of respiratory muscles to the VO2 excess phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferid Oueslati
- EA-3300, APERE, Sport Sciences Department, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; UR12ES06, Medicine Department, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia.
| | - Olivier Girard
- Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- UR12ES06, Medicine Department, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- EA-3300, APERE, Sport Sciences Department, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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