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Sehati M, Rafii-Tabar H, Sasanpour P. Computational modeling of the variation of the transmembrane potential of the endothelial cells of the blood-brain-barrier subject to an external electric field. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9:065009. [PMID: 37703844 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acf937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The electromechanical properties of the membrane of endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier play a vital role in the function of this barrier. The mechanical effect exerted by external electric fields on the membrane could change its electrical properties. In this study the effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) external electric fields on the electrical activity of these cells has been studied by considering the mechanical effect of these fields on the capacitance of the membrane. The effect of time-dependent capacitance of the membrane is incorporated in the current components of the parallel conductance model for the electrical activity of the cells. The results show that the application of ELF electric fields induces hyperpolarization, having an indirect effect on the release of nitric oxide from the endothelial cell and the polymerization of actin filaments. Accordingly, this could play an important role in the permeability of the barrier. Our finding can have possible consequences in the field of drug delivery into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Sehati
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Rafii-Tabar
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- The Physics Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pezhman Sasanpour
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tharushi Perera PG, Linklater DP, Kosyer E, Croft R, Ivanova EP. Localization of nanospheres in pheochromocytoma-like cells following exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields at 18 GHz. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220520. [PMID: 35774138 PMCID: PMC9240668 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at 18 GHz was previously found to induce reversible cell permeabilization in eukaryotic cells; however, the fate of internalized foreign objects inside the cell remains unclear. Here, silica core-shell gold nanospheres (Au NS) of 20 ± 5 nm diameter were used to study the localization of Au NS in pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells after exposure to HF EMFs at 18 GHz. Internalization of Au NS was confirmed using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Analysis based on corresponding scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed the presence of the Au NS free within the PC 12 cell membrane, cytoplasm, enclosed within intracellular vesicles and sequestered in vacuoles. The results obtained in this work highlight that exposure to HF EMFs could be used as an efficient technique with potential for effective delivery of drugs, genetic material, and nanomaterials into cells for the purpose of cellular manipulation or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palalle G. Tharushi Perera
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, ViC 3122, Australia
| | - Denver P. Linklater
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
| | - Erim Kosyer
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
| | - Rodney Croft
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
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Tharushi Perera PG, Todorova N, Vilagosh Z, Bazaka O, Nguyen THP, Bazaka K, Crawford RJ, Croft RJ, Yarovsky I, Ivanova EP. Translocation of silica nanospheres through giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) induced by a high frequency electromagnetic field. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31408-31420. [PMID: 35496859 PMCID: PMC9041541 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane model systems capable of mimicking live cell membranes were used for the first time in studying the effects arising from electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of 18 GHz where membrane permeability was observed following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palalle G. Tharushi Perera
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Faculty Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Nevena Todorova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Zoltan Vilagosh
- Faculty Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Olha Bazaka
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | | | - Kateryna Bazaka
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Russell J. Crawford
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Croft
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Murauskas A, Staigvila G, Girkontaitė I, Zinkevičienė A, Ruzgys P, Šatkauskas S, Novickij J, Novickij V. Predicting electrotransfer in ultra-high frequency sub-microsecond square wave electric fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 39:1-8. [PMID: 31884821 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1710529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of cell transmembrane potential (TMP) is a complex methodology involving patch-clamp methods or fluorescence-based potentiometric markers, which have limited to no applicability during ultrafast charging and relaxation phenomena. In such a case, analytical methods are applied for evaluation of the voltage potential changes in biological cells. In this work, the TMP-based electrotransfer mechanism during ultra-high frequency (≥1 MHz) electric fields is studied and the phenomenon of rapid membrane charge accumulation, which is non-occurrent during conventional low-frequency electroporation is simulated using finite element method (FEM). The influence of extracellular medium conductivity (0.1, 1.5 S/m) and pulse rise/fall times (10-50 ns) TMP generation are presented. It is shown that the medium conductivity has a dramatic influence on the electroporation process in the high-frequency range of applied pulsed electric fields (PEF). The applied model allowed to grasp the differences in polarization between 100 and 900 ns PEF and enabled successful prediction of the experimental outcome of propidium iodide electrotransfer into CHO-K1 cells and the conductivity-dependent patterns of MHz range PEF-triggered electroporation were determined. The results of this study form recommendations for development and pre-evaluation of future PEF protocols and generators based on ultra-high frequency electroporation for anticancer and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arūnas Murauskas
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Staigvila
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irutė Girkontaitė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Auksė Zinkevičienė
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Ruzgys
- Biophysics Group, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Jurij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalij Novickij
- Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Investigation of ac-magnetic field stimulated nanoelectroporation of magneto-electric nano-drug-carrier inside CNS cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45663. [PMID: 28374799 PMCID: PMC5379488 DOI: 10.1038/srep45663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we demonstrate cell uptake of magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENPs) through nanoelectroporation (NEP) using alternating current (ac)-magnetic field stimulation. Uptake of MENPs was confirmed using focused-ion-beam assisted transmission electron microscopy (FIB-TEM) and validated by a numerical simulation model. The NEP was performed in microglial (MG) brain cells, which are highly sensitive for neuro-viral infection and were selected as target for nano-neuro-therapeutics. When the ac-magnetic field optimized (60 Oe at 1 kHz), MENPs were taken up by MG cells without affecting cell health (viability > 92%). FIB-TEM analysis of porated MG cells confirmed the non-agglomerated distribution of MENPs inside the cell and no loss of their elemental and crystalline characteristics. The presented NEP method can be adopted as a part of future nanotherapeutics and nanoneurosurgery strategies where a high uptake of a nanomedicine is required for effective and timely treatment of brain diseases.
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Towhidi L, Khodadadi D, Maimari N, Pedrigi RM, Ip H, Kis Z, Kwak BR, Petrova TW, Delorenzi M, Krams R. Comparison between direct and reverse electroporation of cells in situ: a simulation study. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/6/e12673. [PMID: 27009275 PMCID: PMC4814886 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the human genome has unveiled new fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, which has produced paradigm shifts on how to study disease mechanisms, wherein a current central focus is the understanding of how gene signatures and gene networks interact within cells. These gene function studies require manipulating genes either through activation or inhibition, which can be achieved by temporarily permeabilizing the cell membrane through transfection to deliver cDNA or RNAi. An efficient transfection technique is electroporation, which applies an optimized electric pulse to permeabilize the cells of interest. When the molecules are applied on top of seeded cells, it is called “direct” transfection and when the nucleic acids are printed on the substrate and the cells are seeded on top of them, it is termed “reverse” transfection. Direct transfection has been successfully applied in previous studies, whereas reverse transfection has recently gained more attention in the context of high‐throughput experiments. Despite the emerging importance, studies comparing the efficiency of the two methods are lacking. In this study, a model for electroporation of cells in situ is developed to address this deficiency. The results indicate that reverse transfection is less efficient than direct transfection. However, the model also predicts that by increasing the concentration of deliverable molecules by a factor of 2 or increasing the applied voltage by 20%, reverse transfection can be approximately as efficient as direct transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Towhidi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Delaram Khodadadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nataly Maimari
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M Pedrigi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Ip
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Kis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana W Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rob Krams
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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