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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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2
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Yagoubi Y, Atti N. Effects of the fat-tailed ewes' body condition scores at lambing on their metabolic profile and offspring growth. Arch Anim Breed 2020; 63:183-191. [PMID: 32760785 PMCID: PMC7397720 DOI: 10.5194/aab-63-183-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) of fat-tailed Barbarine ewes at lambing on their metabolic profile around parturition and lamb's growth. The experiment was carried out on 69 Barbarine ewes, divided into three groups according to BCS, which were inferior to 2, between 2 and 2.5 and superior to 2.5 for the thin, middle and fat group, respectively. Along the trial, all groups received the same dietary treatment based on hay, pasture and concentrate. Birth weight (Bi-W), weights at 30 and 70 d (W30 and W70) and average daily gains (ADGs) of lambs were recorded. Metabolites were determined at late pregnancy and at the beginning of lactation. Ewes' BCS at lambing had no effect on lambs' Bi-W ( P > 0.05 ), which was 3.8, 3.8 and 3.9 kg, respectively, for thin, middle and fat groups. However, W30, W70 and ADG increased with a mother's BCS. A positive correlation between lamb growth parameters and ewe body weight and BCS at weaning was recorded. Energetic metabolites (glucose and triglycerides) and proteic metabolites (creatinine, total protein and urea) were similar among groups according to BCS but significantly different between pregnancy and lactation stages except triglycerides and urea. In conclusion, BCS may be used as dietary management tool during ewe lactation. With the transition from pregnancy to lactation, the content of some metabolites has changed irrespective of BCS; this aspect needs more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathreb Yagoubi
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Naziha Atti
- Laboratoire de Productions Animales et Fourragères, INRA-Tunisia, University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia
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Sales F, Peralta OA, Narbona E, McCoard S, De Los Reyes M, González-Bulnes A, Parraguez VH. Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Are Associated with Reduced Fetal Growth in Twin and Undernourished Sheep Pregnancies. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8110217. [PMID: 30463237 PMCID: PMC6262616 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight has profound implications for perinatal mortality and morbidity in lambs, causing higher mortality and lower growth potential. Low birth weight, as a consequence of fetal growth restriction, occurs in undernourished and multiple pregnancies, where hypoxia and oxidative stress could play a critical role. Our aim was to establish the effects of nutritional deprivation and pregnancy rank on fetal growth, oxygenation, and oxidative status in sheep pregnancies under extensive Patagonian conditions. At 30 days after mating, single- and twin-bearing ewes were offered only natural pasture (undernutrition group) or natural pasture plus concentrate supplementation (well-nourished group). At day 140 of gestation, blood gases and redox status were evaluated in venous cord blood, and fetal biometric characteristics were obtained after cesarean section. Both maternal undernutrition and twinning led to decreased oxygen supply to the fetuses (p = 0.016 and p = 0.050, respectively), which was associated with decreased intrauterine growth (r = 0.446, p < 0.01). Moreover, twinning increased oxidative stress in cord blood (p < 0.05), which might also contribute to fetal growth restriction. These results reinforce the importance of maternal nutrition, especially for those ewes bearing multiples, and opens new possibilities for nutritional or antioxidant interventions for preventing fetal hypoxia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar A Peralta
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Eileen Narbona
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Sue McCoard
- AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Mónica De Los Reyes
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- INIA-Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Víctor H Parraguez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile.
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Changes in renal hemodynamics of undernourished fetuses appear earlier than IUGR evidences. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:338-343. [PMID: 29374502 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441800003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a sheep model of intrauterine growth restriction, combining maternal undernutrition and twinning, to determine possible markers of early damage to the fetal kidney. The occurrence of early deviations in fetal hemodynamics which may be indicative of changes in blood perfusion was assessed by Doppler ultrasonography. A total of 24 sheep divided in two groups were fed with the same standard grain-based diet but fulfilling either their daily maintenance requirements for pregnancy (control group; n=12, six singleton and six twin pregnancies) or only the 50% of such quantity (food-restricted group; n=12; four singleton and eight twin pregnancies). All the fetuses were assessed by both B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography at Day 115 of pregnancy. Fetal blood supply was affected by maternal undernutrition, although there were still no evidences of brain-sparing excepting in fetuses at greatest challenge (twins in underfed pregnancies). However, there were early changes in the blood supply to the kidneys of underfed fetuses and underfed twins evidenced decreases in kidney size.
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Zywicki ME, Blohowiak SE, Magness RR, Segar JL, Kling PJ. Impact of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy on plasma chemistry values in ewes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:238-244. [PMID: 29291683 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717752217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normative data for plasma chemistry values in pregnant and non-pregnant reproductive age ewes are scant. Availability of data would aid monitoring of ewe health for both research and veterinary medicine. We determined specific plasma chemistry 95% confidence reference intervals (RIs) in non-pregnant and pregnant ewes. Mixed Western-breed ewes were grouped based on phase of ovarian cycle: luteal ( n = 15), follicular ( n = 17), or late-gestation pregnant ( n = 102). Plasma samples were collected for analysis on a commercial biochemical analyzer. For RIs, chemistry panels for the 3 groups of ewes included nutrients and metabolites (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, and bilirubin), enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]), and micronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, and chloride). Sample chemistry values for glucose and total protein in pregnant ewes were lower than in follicular ewes; cholesterol was lower in pregnant and luteal ewes than in follicular ewes. In addition, total bilirubin in pregnant ewes differed from that in luteal ewes, and that in follicular ewes also differed from luteal ewes. ALP in pregnant ewes was higher than other groups; phosphorus in pregnant ewes was lower than in luteal ewes. Iron was higher in pregnant ewes than in luteal ewes, with iron in luteal ewes lower than in follicular ewes. These data provide clinical RIs comparing pregnant and non-pregnant ewes for use in monitoring ewe health in both human research and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela E Zywicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (Zywicki, Blohowiak, Kling).,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (Magness).,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA (Segar)
| | - Sharon E Blohowiak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (Zywicki, Blohowiak, Kling).,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (Magness).,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA (Segar)
| | - Ronald R Magness
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (Zywicki, Blohowiak, Kling).,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (Magness).,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA (Segar)
| | - Jeffrey L Segar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (Zywicki, Blohowiak, Kling).,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (Magness).,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA (Segar)
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI (Zywicki, Blohowiak, Kling).,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (Magness).,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, and Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA (Segar)
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6
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Zywicki M, Blohowiak SE, Magness RR, Segar JL, Kling PJ. Increasing fetal ovine number per gestation alters fetal plasma clinical chemistry values. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/16/e12905. [PMID: 27565903 PMCID: PMC5002913 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is interconnected with developmental programming of lifelong pathophysiology. IUGR is seen in human multifetal pregnancies, with stepwise rises in fetal numbers interfering with placental nutrient delivery. It remains unknown whether fetal blood analyses would reflect fetal nutrition, liver, and excretory function in the last trimester of human or ovine IUGR. In an ovine model, we hypothesized that fetal plasma biochemical values would reflect progressive placental, fetal liver, and fetal kidney dysfunction as the number of fetuses per gestation rose. To determine fetal plasma biochemical values in singleton, twin, triplet, and quadruplet/quintuplet ovine gestation, we investigated morphometric measures and comprehensive metabolic panels with nutritional measures, liver enzymes, and placental and fetal kidney excretory measures at gestational day (GD) 130 (90% gestation). As anticipated, placental dysfunction was supported by a stepwise fall in fetal weight, fetal plasma glucose, and triglyceride levels as fetal number per ewe rose. Fetal glucose and triglycerides were directly related to fetal weight. Plasma creatinine, reflecting fetal renal excretory function, and plasma cholesterol, reflecting placental excretory function, were inversely correlated with fetal weight. Progressive biochemical disturbances and growth restriction accompanied the rise in fetal number. Understanding the compensatory and adaptive responses of growth‐restricted fetuses at the biochemical level may help explain how metabolic pathways in growth restriction can be predetermined at birth. This physiological understanding is important for clinical care and generating interventional strategies to prevent altered developmental programming in multifetal gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Zywicki
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sharon E Blohowiak
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald R Magness
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA Obstetrics and Gynecology Perinatal Research Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Segar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Kranch-Shorthouse RA, Bauer AS, Magness RR, Lopez GE, Segar JL, Blohowiak SE, Kling PJ. Ovine uterine space restriction causes dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system in fetal kidneys. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:211-220. [PMID: 28395333 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In ovine pregnancy, uterine space restriction (USR) resulting from decreased space for placental attachment caused intrauterine growth restriction and impaired nephrogenesis. The fetal kidney renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in nephrogenesis, fluid balance, and iron deposition. Angiotensin II exerts its effects via multiple receptors: angiotensin II 1-8 receptor type 1 (AT 1 R) and type 2 (AT 2 R), and angiotensin II 1-7 Mas receptor (MASR). Objective : To test the hypothesis that ovine USR is associated with dysregulation of the fetal renal RAS. Methods : Multiparous pregnant ewes (n = 32), 16 with surgical bifurcated disconnection of one uterine horn to further reduce placental attachment sites, were studied. USR (n = 31) ovine fetuses were compared to nonspace restricted (NSR) singleton controls (n = 22) on gestational day (GD) 120 or GD130, term GD147. Fetal plasma was collected to evaluate plasma renin activity and iron indices. Fetal kidney AT 1 R, AT 2 R, and MASR proteins were assessed by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results : AT 1 R, AT 2 R, and MASR protein expression was higher in USR at GD130 than aged-matched NSR and USR at GD120, ( P < 0.05 all). AT 1 R and AT 2 R localization was homogenous throughout proximal and distal tubules in both USR and NSR at both gestational dates. MASR localization was punctate throughout renal cortical structures including tubules and glomeruli in both USR and NSR, shifted to intranuclear at GD130. Plasma renin activity was inversely related to plasma osmolarity ( P < 0.02) and was downregulated in USR at GD130 ( P < 0.05). Conclusions : By late gestation, USR upregulated renal angiotensin receptor expression, an effect with potential functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kranch-Shorthouse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Nutritional Science, The University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Adam S Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald R Magness
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Gladys E Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Sharon E Blohowiak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pamela J Kling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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