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Sintuprom C, Nuchchanart W, Dokkaew S, Aranyakanont C, Ploypan R, Shinn AP, Wongwaradechkul R, Dinh-Hung N, Dong HT, Chatchaiphan S. Effects of clove oil concentrations on blood chemistry and stress-related gene expression in Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens) during transportation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1392413. [PMID: 38840639 PMCID: PMC11151877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Siamese fishing fish (Betta splendens) or betta are usually subjected to a special method of transportation for global trade, where they are individually conveyed in plastic bags containing just enough water to cover their bodies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transportation on their stress response by measuring hematological values, stress hormone levels, glucose levels, and stress-related gene expression. Betta fish (average body weight 1.91 ± 0.42 g; n = 30) were exposed to simulated transport in a water volume of 40 mL for 12, 24, and 48 h. Baseline levels (pre-transport) were measured prior to the experiment. The control group was transported using water without adding clove oil. Two treatment groups were transported using water with the addition of 1 and 3 mg/L concentrations of clove oil, respectively. The results revealed that transportation can be a factor that affects water quality. The pH and dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower than baseline, while nitrite and total ammonia concentrations significantly increased. Correlating to the stress responses, significantly increasing total red blood cell counts, plasma cortisol levels, and up-regulating the expression of stress-related genes, including HSP70, GR, MR, and HIF-1α. The addition of 1 mg/L clove oil was found to reduce stress during the transport simulation, as evidenced by a reduction in these stress parameters. Conversely, increasing the concentration of clove oil to 3 mg/L significantly increased plasma cortisol after 12 h of simulated transport, and up-regulated GR, MR, and HIF-1α expression. This study revealed that the transport process can stimulates stress in betta fish but adding a concentration of 1 mg/L clove oil to the transport water could mitigate this stress response and promote animal welfare during their transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanoknan Sintuprom
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirawan Nuchchanart
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sahabhop Dokkaew
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chak Aranyakanont
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Raveewan Ploypan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Food Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Burggren WW, Mendez-Sanchez JF. "Bet hedging" against climate change in developing and adult animals: roles for stochastic gene expression, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and adaptation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1245875. [PMID: 37869716 PMCID: PMC10588650 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1245875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals from embryos to adults experiencing stress from climate change have numerous mechanisms available for enhancing their long-term survival. In this review we consider these options, and how viable they are in a world increasingly experiencing extreme weather associated with climate change. A deeply understood mechanism involves natural selection, leading to evolution of new adaptations that help cope with extreme and stochastic weather events associated with climate change. While potentially effective at staving off environmental challenges, such adaptations typically occur very slowly and incrementally over evolutionary time. Consequently, adaptation through natural selection is in most instances regarded as too slow to aid survival in rapidly changing environments, especially when considering the stochastic nature of extreme weather events associated with climate change. Alternative mechanisms operating in a much shorter time frame than adaptation involve the rapid creation of alternate phenotypes within a life cycle or a few generations. Stochastic gene expression creates multiple phenotypes from the same genotype even in the absence of environmental cues. In contrast, other mechanisms for phenotype change that are externally driven by environmental clues include well-understood developmental phenotypic plasticity (variation, flexibility), which can enable rapid, within-generation changes. Increasingly appreciated are epigenetic influences during development leading to rapid phenotypic changes that can also immediately be very widespread throughout a population, rather than confined to a few individuals as in the case of favorable gene mutations. Such epigenetically-induced phenotypic plasticity can arise rapidly in response to stressors within a generation or across a few generations and just as rapidly be "sunsetted" when the stressor dissipates, providing some capability to withstand environmental stressors emerging from climate change. Importantly, survival mechanisms resulting from adaptations and developmental phenotypic plasticity are not necessarily mutually exclusive, allowing for classic "bet hedging". Thus, the appearance of multiple phenotypes within a single population provides for a phenotype potentially optimal for some future environment. This enhances survival during stochastic extreme weather events associated with climate change. Finally, we end with recommendations for future physiological experiments, recommending in particular that experiments investigating phenotypic flexibility adopt more realistic protocols that reflect the stochastic nature of weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Jose Fernando Mendez-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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Méndez-Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:523-543. [PMID: 37639061 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that reduces water dependence after metamorphosis. We tested for early expression and plasticity of enzymatic mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in three terrestrial-breeding frogs: foam-nest-dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis (Lf) and arboreal embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Hf) and Agalychnis callidryas (Ac). Activity of two ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes, arginase and CPSase, and levels of their products urea and CP in tissues were high in Lf regardless of nest hydration, but reduced in experimental low- vs. high-ammonia environments. High OUC activity in wet and dry nests, comparable to that under experimental high ammonia, suggests terrestrial Lf larvae maintain high capacity for urea excretion regardless of their immediate risk of ammonia toxicity. This may aid survival through unpredictably long waiting periods before rain enables their transition to water. Moderate levels of urea and CP were present in Hf and Ac tissues and enzymatic activities were lower than in Lf. In both species, embryos in drying clutches can hatch and enter the water early, behaviorally avoiding ammonia toxicity. Moreover, glutamine synthetase was active in early stages of all three species, condensing ammonia and glutamate to glutamine as another mechanism of detoxification. Enzyme activity appeared highest in Lf, although substrate and product levels were higher in Ac and Lf. Our results reveal that multiple biochemical mechanisms of ammonia detoxification occur in early life stages of anuran lineages that evolved terrestrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez-Narváez
- Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali, Colombia.
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
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Méndez‐Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8570. [PMID: 35222954 PMCID: PMC8843769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate colonization of land has occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well-hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h-LC50 tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic-breeding frogs. Both nest-dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis and late embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of Agalychnis callidryas nor nest-dwelling larvae of Engystomops pustulosus experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggest that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial-breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez‐Narváez
- Department of BiologyBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- CalimaFundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el TrópicoCaliColombia
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of BiologyBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
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Balkrishna A, Lochab S, Joshi M, Srivastava J, Varshney A. Divya-Herbal-Peya Decoction Harmonizes the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Zebrafish Model. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:937-955. [PMID: 34880683 PMCID: PMC8648330 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s328864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Divya-Herbal-Peya (DHP) is a plant-based decoction containing fourteen herbs in precise quantities; usually prescribed by the practitioners in Ayurveda to alleviate stress and minimize the exasperating symptoms of recurring infections. Our study aims to provide an experimental validation to the immunomodulatory properties of DHP. Methods Physico-chemical analysis of DHP was performed to evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites. The phytochemicals were then identified and quantitated through HPTLC, UHPLC, and GC-MS techniques. To address the scientific rationale behind DHP, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally injected in adult zebrafish to develop inflammatory response. Following LPS-induction, abnormality in locomotory behaviour was determined by evaluating the relative swim velocity and the rate of turning in experimental zebrafish. Pathophysiological effects were determined through opercular frequency, behavioural fever, and caudal fin damage. LPS-mediated inflammation was measured of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β expression in the serum of study animals, by RT-PCR. Results Our study phytochemically characterized and ascertained the presence of glycyrrhizin, rosmarinic acid, gingerol, cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, piperine and cinnamaldehyde in DHP decoction. LPS induced aberrant locomotory patterns, behavioural fever and caudal fin damage in zebrafish. A significant increase in gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β was also determined. However, these locomotory deviations and behavioural fever were negligible in zebrafish groups pre-administered either with DHP in a dose dependent manner or dexamethasone (DEX). The altered opercular rate, caudal fin damage and elevated transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes upon LPS-induction were averted in groups pre-treated with DHP and DEX. Conclusion DHP prophylactically prevented the LPS-induced abnormal behaviour and inflammation-related pathophysiology in zebrafish. Immunomodulatory properties of DHP may not have therapeutic intervention, but do confer nutraceutical health benefits against mild infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, G41 1AU, UK
| | - Savita Lochab
- Department of Biology, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Monali Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jyotish Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Balkrishna A, Tomer M, Manik M, Srivastava J, Dev R, Haldar S, Varshney A. Chyawanprash, An Ancient Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Food, Regulates Immune Response in Zebrafish Model of Inflammation by Moderating Inflammatory Biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:751576. [PMID: 34867361 PMCID: PMC8633414 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The time-tested Ayurvedic medicinal food, Chyawanprash, has been a part of the Indian diet since ancient times. It is an extremely concentrated mixture of extracts from medicinal herbs and processed minerals, known for its immunity boosting, rejuvenating, and anti-oxidative effects. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of Patanjali Special Chyawanprash (PSCP) using the zebrafish model of inflammation. Zebrafish were fed on PSCP-infused pellets at stipulated doses for 13 days before inducing inflammation through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The test subjects were monitored for inflammatory pathologies like behavioral fever, hyperventilation, skin hemorrhage, locomotory agility, and morphological anomaly. PSCP exerted a strong prophylactic effect on the zebrafish that efficiently protected them from inflammatory manifestations at a human equivalent dose. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), were also reduced in the LPS-stimulated zebrafish fed on PSCP-infused pellets. Skin hemorrhage, hyperventilation, and loss of caudal fins are characteristics of LPS-induced inflammation in zebrafish. PSCP prophylactically ameliorated skin hemorrhage, restored normal respiration, and prevented loss of caudal fin in inflamed zebrafish. Under in vitro conditions, PSCP reduced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion by THP-1 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner by targeting NF-κB signaling, as evident from the secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter assay. These medicinal benefits of PSCP can be attributed to its constitutional bioactive components. Taken together, these observations provide in vivo validation of the anti-inflammatory property and in vitro insight into the mode-of-action of Chyawanprash, a traditionally described medicinal food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, India
| | - Meenu Tomer
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Moumita Manik
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Jyotish Srivastava
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Rishabh Dev
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed By Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, India
- Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Li H, Lai Q, Yao Z, Liu Y, Gao P, Zhou K, Sun Z. Ammonia excretion and blood gas variation in naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) exposed to acute hypoxia and high alkalinity. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1981-1990. [PMID: 32676986 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii), endemic to the saline-alkaline Lake Qinghai, have the capacity to tolerate combined hypoxia and high alkalinity. This study evaluated the effect of the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and hypoxia on ammonia excretion and blood gas variation in naked carp. Naked carp were subjected to normoxic, hypoxic and reoxygenation phases at two different carbonate alkalinity levels (CA0 = 0 mmol/L; CA32 = 32 mmol/L) for 4 days. The ammonia excretion rate (JAmm) of the CA0 group rapidly decreased under hypoxia and recovered under normoxia for four consecutive days. The JAmm under CA32 also decreased under hypoxia and recovered to its previous level in the first 2 days. However, the JAmm under CA32 was lower than that under CA0. The blood pO2, sO2 of CA0 and CA32 group was significantly reduced under hypoxia, after which both groups recovered. Blood pCO2 of the CA32 group was lower than CA0 throughout the experiment. There were no changes in haematocrit of the naked carp exposed to carbonate alkalinity and hypoxia. The alkaline water increased the pH of the blood and contributed to increased haemoglobin O2 affinity. Overall, the present findings reveal that naked carp is a tolerant species that can maintain main ionic homeostasis under severe alkalinity and hypoxia. The high alkaline water is beneficial for naked carp to adapt to hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifang Lai
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongli Yao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- , Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Andersen Ø, Rubiolo JA, De Rosa MC, Martinez P. The hemoglobin Gly16β1Asp polymorphism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is differentially distributed across European populations. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2367-2376. [PMID: 33011865 PMCID: PMC7584550 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turbot is an important flatfish widely distributed along the European coasts, whose fishery is centered in the North Sea. The commercial value of the species has boosted a successful aquaculture sector in Europe and China. Body growth is the main target of turbot breeding programs and is also a key trait related to local adaptation to temperature and salinity. Differences in growth rate and optimal growth temperature in turbot have been shown to be associated with a hemoglobin polymorphism reported more than 50 years ago. Here, we identified a Gly16Asp amino acid substitution in the β1 globin subunit by searching for genetic variation in the five functional globin genes within the whole annotated turbot genome. We predicted increased stability of the turbot hemoglobin by the replacement of the conserved Gly with the negative charged Asp residue that is consistent with the higher rate of αβ dimer assembly in the human J-Baltimore Gly16β->Asp mutant than in normal HbA. The turbot Hbβ1-Gly16 variant dominated in the northern populations examined, particularly in the Baltic Sea, while the Asp allele showed elevated frequencies in southern populations and was the prevalent variant in the Adriatic Sea. Body weight did not associate with the Hbβ1 genotypes at farming conditions (i.e., high oxygen levels, feeding ad libitum) after analyzing 90 fish with high growth dispersal from nine turbot families. Nevertheless, all data at hand suggest that the turbot hemoglobin polymorphism has an adaptive significance in the variable wild conditions regarding temperature and oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Andersen
- Nofima, PO Box 5010, N-1430, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Faculty of Life Sciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, 1433, Ås, Norway.
| | - Juan Andrés Rubiolo
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina De Rosa
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC) - CNR c/o Catholic University of Rome, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Paulino Martinez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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9
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Damsgaard C, Baliga VB, Bates E, Burggren W, McKenzie DJ, Taylor E, Wright PA. Evolutionary and cardio-respiratory physiology of air-breathing and amphibious fishes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13406. [PMID: 31630483 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing and amphibious fishes are essential study organisms to shed insight into the required physiological shifts that supported the full transition from aquatic water-breathing fishes to terrestrial air-breathing tetrapods. While the origin of air-breathing in the evolutionary history of the tetrapods has received considerable focus, much less is known about the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing among fishes. This review summarizes recent advances within the field with specific emphasis on the cardiorespiratory regulation associated with air-breathing and terrestrial excursions, and how respiratory physiology of these living transitional forms are affected by development and personality. Finally, we provide a detailed and re-evaluated model of the evolution of air-breathing among fishes that serves as a framework for addressing new questions on the cardiorespiratory changes associated with it. This review highlights the importance of combining detailed studies on piscine air-breathing model species with comparative multi-species studies, to add an additional dimension to our understanding of the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram B. Baliga
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eric Bates
- Derailleur Interactive Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas Denton TX USA
| | - David J. McKenzie
- UMR Marbec, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Edwin Taylor
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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Abstract
The diversity of fish hemoglobins and the association with oxygen availability and physiological requirements during the life cycle has attracted scientists since the first report on multiple hemoglobin in fishes (Buhler and Shanks 1959). The functional heterogeneity of the fish hemoglobins enables many species to tolerate hypoxic conditions and exhausting swimming, but also to maintain the gas pressure in the swim bladder at large depths. The hemoglobin repertoire has further increased in various species displaying polymorphic hemoglobin variants differing in oxygen binding properties. The multiplicity of fish hemoglobins as particularly found in the tetraploid salmonids strongly contrasts with the complete loss of hemoglobins in Antarctic icefishes and illustrates the adaptive radiation in the oxygen transport of this successful vertebrate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Andersen
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (NOFIMA), PO BOX 210,1431, Ås, Norway.
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11
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Burggren WW, Mendez-Sanchez JF, Martínez Bautista G, Peña E, Martínez García R, Alvarez González CA. Developmental changes in oxygen consumption and hypoxia tolerance in the heat and hypoxia-adapted tabasco line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, with a survey of the metabolic literature for the genus Oreochromis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:732-744. [PMID: 30847924 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Oreochromis is among the most popular of the tilapiine cichlid tribe for aquaculture. However, their temperature and hypoxia tolerance, if tested at all, is usually tested at temperatures of 20-25°C, rather than at the considerably higher temperatures of 30-35°C typical of tropical aquaculture. We hypothesized that both larvae and adults of the heat and hypoxia-adapted Tabasco-line of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus would be relatively hypoxia-tolerant. Oxygen consumption rate ( M ˙ O 2 ), Q10 and aquatic surface respiration (ASR) was measured using closed respirometry at 2 (c. 0.2 g), 30 (c. 2-5 g), 105 c. (10-15 g) and 240 (c. 250 g) days of development, at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. M ˙ O 2 at 30°C was inversely related to body mass: c. 90 μM O2 g-1 /h in larvae down to c. 1 μM O2 g-1 /h in young adults. Q10 for M ˙ O 2 was typical for fish over the range 25-35°C of 1.5-2.0. ASR was exhibited by 50% of the fish at pO2 of 15-50 mmHg in a temperature-dependent fashion. However, the largest adults showed notable ASR only when pO2 fell to below 10 mmHg. Remarkably, pcrit for M ˙ O 2 was 12-17 mmHg at 25-30°C and still only 20-25 mmHg across development at 35°C. These values are among the lowest measured for teleost fishes. Noteworthy is that all fish maintain equilibrium, ventilated their gills and showed routine locomotor action for 10-20 min after M ˙ O 2 ceased at near anoxia and when then returned to oxygenated waters, all fish survived, further indicating a remarkable hypoxic tolerance. Remarkably, data assembled for M ˙ O 2 from >30 studies showed a > x2000 difference, which we attribute to calculation or conversion errors. Nonetheless, pcrit was very low for all Oreochromis sp. and lowest in the heat and hypoxia-adapted Tabasco line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Gil Martínez Bautista
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Emyr Peña
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Alvarez González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Hypoxia-induced developmental plasticity of larval growth, gill and labyrinth organ morphometrics in two anabantoid fish: The facultative air-breather Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the obligate air-breather the blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus). J Morphol 2018; 280:193-204. [PMID: 30570160 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Larval and juvenile air breathing fish may experience nocturnal and/or seasonal aquatic hypoxia. Yet, whether hypoxia induces respiratory developmental plasticity in larval air breathing fish is uncertain. This study predicted that larvae of two closely related anabantid fish-the facultative air breather the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the obligate air breathing blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus)-show distinct differences in developmental changes in body, gill, and labyrinth morphology because of their differences in levels of dependency upon air breathing and habitat. Larval populations of both species were reared in normoxia or chronic nocturnal hypoxia from hatching through 35-38 days postfertilization. Gill and labyrinth variables were measured at the onset of air breathing. Betta splendens reared in normoxia possessed larger, more developed gills (~3× greater area) than T. trichopterus at comparable stages. Surface area of the emerging labyrinth, the air breathing organ, was ~ 85% larger in normoxic B. splendens compared to T. trichopterus. Rearing in mild hypoxia stimulated body growth in B. splendens, but neither mild nor severe hypoxia affected growth in T. trichopterus. Condition factor, K (~ 1.3 in B. splendens, 0.7 in T. trichopterus) was unaffected by mild hypoxia in either species, but was reduced by severe hypoxia to <0.9 only in B. splendens. Severe, but not mild, hypoxia decreased branchial surface area in B. splendens by ~40%, but neither hypoxia level affected Trichopodus branchial surface. Mild, but not severe, hypoxia increased labyrinth surface area by 30% in B. splendens. However, as for branchial surface area, labyrinth surface area was not affected in Trichopodus. These differential larval responses to hypoxic rearing suggest that different larval habitats and activity levels are greater factors influencing developmental plasticity than genetic closeness of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Fernando Mendez-Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.,Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Very high blood oxygen affinity and large Bohr shift differentiates the air-breathing siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) from the closely related anabantoid the blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 229:45-51. [PMID: 30503628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, and the blue gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus, are two closely related air-breathing anabantoid fishes. B. splendens is a sedentary facultative air breather frequenting often hypoxic waters, while T. trichopterus is a more active obligatory air-breather inhabiting better oxygenated waters. Despite their close taxonomic relationship, previous studies have shown inter-specific differences in both physiological and morphological plasticity. Consequently, we hypothesized that B. splendens would have the higher blood oxygen affinity characteristics typical of more hypoxia-tolerant fishes. Whole blood oxygen equilibrium curves were determined at 27 °C and pHs of 7.62, 7.44 and 7.25. At a pH of 7.62, the blood O2 affinity (P50) of B. splendens was just 2.9 mmHg, while that of T. trichopterus was ~5 times higher at 14.7 mmHg. There were no significant differences in P50 between males and females in either species. The Bohr coefficient in B. splendens and T. trichopterus was -1.79 and - 0.83, respectively. B. splendens, unlike T. trichopterus, showed a large Root effect. Hills cooperatively coefficient, n, was ~2 in both species, indicating a significant binding cooperative between oxygen and hemoglobin. Collectively, these differences in blood O2 transport characteristics in these two closely related species are likely correlated with the differing habitats in which they breed and inhabit as adults, as well as different activity levels. Finally, the very high blood O2 affinity of B. splendens is not extraordinary among air-breathing fish, as revealed by a review of the literature of blood oxygen affinity in air-breathing fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mendez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - W W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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Cadiz L, Ernande B, Quazuguel P, Servili A, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mazurais D. Moderate hypoxia but not warming conditions at larval stage induces adverse carry-over effects on hypoxia tolerance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 138:28-35. [PMID: 29628391 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental conditions, to which organisms are exposed during all their life, may cause possible adaptive responses with consequences in their subsequent life-history trajectory. The objective of this study was to investigate whether ecologically relevant combinations of hypoxia (40% and 100% air saturation) and temperature (15° and 20 °C), occurring during the larval period of European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax), could have long-lasting impacts on the physiology of resulting juveniles. Hypoxic challenge tests were performed over one year to give an integrative evaluation of physiological performance. We revealed that juvenile performance was negatively impacted by hypoxia but not by the thermal conditions experienced at larval stage. This impact was related to the prevalence of opercular abnormalities. The present study indicates that exposure to a moderate hypoxia event during larval stage may have adverse carry-over effects, which could compromise fitness and population recruitment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Ernande
- IFREMER, Centre Manche Mer du Nord, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Quazuguel
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arianna Servili
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | - David Mazurais
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, LEMAR (UMR 6539), 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air-breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13359. [PMID: 28778991 PMCID: PMC5555888 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology in response to chronic hypoxia is poorly understood in larval fishes, especially larval air‐breathing fishes, which eventually in their development can at least partially “escape” hypoxia through air breathing. Whether the development air breathing makes these larval fishes less or more developmentally plastic than strictly water breathing larval fishes remains unknown. Consequently, developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology was determined in two air‐breathing anabantid fishes (Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Larvae of both species experienced an hypoxic exposure that mimicked their natural environmental conditions, namely chronic nocturnal hypoxia (12 h at 17 kPa or 14 kPa), with a daily return to diurnal normoxia. Chronic hypoxic exposures were made from hatching through 35 days postfertilization, and opercular and heart rates measured as development progressed. Opercular and heart rates in normoxia were not affected by chronic nocturnal hypoxic. However, routine oxygen consumption M˙O2 (~4 μmol·O2/g per hour in normoxia in larval Betta) was significantly elevated by chronic nocturnal hypoxia at 17 kPa but not by more severe (14 kPa) nocturnal hypoxia. Routine M˙O2 in Trichopodus (6–7 μmol·O2/g per hour), significantly higher than in Betta, was unaffected by either level of chronic hypoxia. PCrit, the PO2 at which M˙O2 decreases as ambient PO2 falls, was measured at 35 dpf, and decreased with increasing chronic hypoxia in Betta, indicating a large, relatively plastic hypoxic tolerance. However, in contrast, PCrit in Trichopodus increased as rearing conditions grew more hypoxic, suggesting that hypoxic acclimation led to lowered hypoxic resistance. Species‐specific differences in larval physiological developmental plasticity thus emerge between the relatively closely related Betta and Trichopodus. Hypoxic rearing increased hypoxic tolerance in Betta, which inhabits temporary ponds with nocturnal hypoxia. Trichopodus, inhabiting more permanent oxygenated bodies of water, showed few responses to hypoxia, reflecting a lower degree of developmental phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas .,Department of Biology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Burggren WW, Dubansky B, Bautista NM. Cardiovascular Development in Embryonic and Larval Fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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