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Addleman JS, Lackey NS, DeBlauw JA, Hajduczok AG. Heart Rate Variability Applications in Strength and Conditioning: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:93. [PMID: 38921629 PMCID: PMC11204851 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the fluctuation of time intervals between adjacent heartbeats and is commonly used as a surrogate measure of autonomic function. HRV has become an increasingly measured variable by wearable technology for use in fitness and sport applications. However, with its increased use, a gap has arisen between the research and the application of this technology in strength and conditioning. The goal of this narrative literature review is to discuss current evidence and propose preliminary guidelines regarding the application of HRV in strength and conditioning. A literature review was conducted searching for HRV and strength and conditioning, aiming to focus on studies with time-domain measurements. Studies suggest that HRV is a helpful metric to assess training status, adaptability, and recovery after a training program. Although reduced HRV may be a sign of overreaching and/or overtraining syndrome, it may not be a sensitive marker in aerobic-trained athletes and therefore has different utilities for different athletic populations. There is likely utility to HRV-guided programming compared to predefined programming in several types of training. Evidence-based preliminary guidelines for the application of HRV in strength and conditioning are discussed. This is an evolving area of research, and more data are needed to evaluate the best practices for applying HRV in strength and conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Addleman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Lackey
- Center for Applied Biobehavioral Sciences (CABS), Alliant International University, San Diego, CA 92131, USA;
| | - Justin A. DeBlauw
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Alexander G. Hajduczok
- Department of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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Solaro N, Pagani M, Spataro A, Lucini D. Assessing the cardiac autonomic response to bicycle exercise in Olympic athletes with different loads of endurance training: new insights from statistical indicators based on multilevel exploratory factor analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1245310. [PMID: 37916219 PMCID: PMC10616979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1245310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The mechanisms governing the organism's response to exercise are complex and difficult to study. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) could represent a convenient methodology for studying humans' autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, difficulties in interpreting the multitude of correlated HRV-derived indices, mainly when computed over different time segments, may represent a barrier to its usage. This preliminary investigation addressed to elite athletes proposes a novel method describing the cardiac autonomic response to exercise based on multilevel exploratory factor analysis (MEFA), which reduces the multitude of HRV-derived indices to fewer uncorrelated ANS indicators capable of accounting for their interrelationships and overcoming the above difficulties. Methods: The study involved 30 Italian Olympic athletes, divided into 15 cyclists (prevalent high-intensity endurance training) and 15 shooters (prevalent technical training with low-intensity endurance component). All athletes underwent a complete test of a dynamic protocol, constituted by a rest-stand test followed by a stepwise bicycle stress test subdivided into a single bout of progressive endurance (from aerobic to anaerobic) exercise and recovery. Then, by spectral analysis, values of 12 ANS proxies were computed at each time segment (9 epochs in all) of the complete test. Results: We obtained two global ANS indicators (amplitude and frequency), expressing the athletes' overall autonomic response to the complete test, and three dynamic ANS indicators (amplitude, signal self-similarity, and oscillatory), describing the principal dynamics over time of the variability of RR interval (RRV). Globally, cyclists have significantly higher amplitude levels (median ± MAD: cyclists 69.9 ± 20.5; shooters 37.2 ± 19.4) and lower frequency levels (median ± MAD: cyclists 37.4 ± 14.8; shooters 78.2 ± 10.2) than shooters, i.e., a parasympathetic predominance compared to shooters. Regarding the RRV dynamics, the signal self-similarity and oscillatory indicators have the strongest sensitivity in detecting the rest-stand change; the amplitude indicator is highly effective in detecting the athletes' autonomic changes in the exercise fraction; the amplitude and oscillatory indicators present significant differences between cyclists and shooters in specific test epochs. Conclusion: This MEFA application permits a more straightforward representation of the complexity characterizing ANS modulation during exercise, simplifying the interpretation of the HRV-derived indices and facilitating the possible real-life use of this non-invasive methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Solaro
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Pagani
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lucini
- Exercise Medicine Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Jurasz M, Boraczyński M, Laskin JJ, Kamelska-Sadowska AM, Podstawski R, Jaszczur-Nowicki J, Nowakowski JJ, Gronek P. Acute Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Incremental Cycling Exercise in Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050643. [PMID: 35625371 PMCID: PMC9138148 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a progressive submaximal cycling exercise on selected cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in endurance and strength trained athletes. The sample comprised 32 participants aged 22.0 ± 0.54 years who were assigned into three groups: an endurance trained group (END, triathletes, n = 10), a strength trained group (STR, bodybuilders, n = 10), and a control group (CON, recreationally active students, n = 12). The incremental cycling exercise was performed using a progressive protocol starting with a 3 min resting measurement and then a 50 W workload with subsequent constant increments of 50 W every 3 min until 200 W. The following cardiometabolic variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and blood lactate (BLa−). We found the between-group differences in metabolic variables (the average RER and BLa−) were statistically significant (Tukey’s HSD test: CON vs. STR, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively; CON vs. END, p < 0.001; END vs. STR, p < 0.001). RER and BLa− differences in all groups depended on the workload level (G-G-epsilon = 0.438; p < 0.004 and G-G-epsilon = 0.400; p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory variables between endurance- and strength-trained groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that acute cardiorespiratory responses at each of the four submaximal workloads were comparable in endurance- compared to strength-trained athletes, but significantly different compared to recreationally active men. However, there were significant differences in the metabolic responses of RER and BLa−. Based on our findings we recommend that endurance-trained athletes follow a concurrent training program, combined strength and endurance training, to improve neuromuscular parameters and thus optimize their economy of movement and endurance-specific muscle power capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jurasz
- Department of Sport Medicine and Traumatology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Michał Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-533-101-720
| | - James J. Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
| | - Anna M. Kamelska-Sadowska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Clinic of Rehabilitation, Provincial Specialist Children’s Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (R.P.); (J.J.-N.)
| | - Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (R.P.); (J.J.-N.)
| | - Jacek J. Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Piotr Gronek
- Laboratory of Healthy Aging, Department of Dance, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Chihaoui Mamlouk A, Younes M, Zarrouk F, Shephard R, Bouhlel E. Heart rate variability and stress perception: The influence of physical fitness. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Perrone MA, Volterrani M, Manzi V, Barchiesi F, Iellamo F. Heart rate variability modifications in response to different types of exercise training in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1411-1415. [PMID: 34137572 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a long-standing technique to indirectly assess neural cardiac regulation. This article specifically addressed how spectral analysis of HRV could help to understand neural cardiovascular adaptations to long-term exercise training and inform us on training status in athletes. METHODS We reviewed literature searching for articles investigating resting cardiovascular adaptations to long-tem exercise training through spectral analysis of HRV in athletes, from amateur to world class categories, practicing different sport disciplines, focusing, in particular, on a series of work performed over time in our laboratory, which may highlight how different types of exercise training differently affect neural cardiac regulation. RESULTS Spectral analysis of HRV has been shown its capability of detecting different adaptational changes in cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation attending physical training in athletes of different sport disciplines. Studies showed that spectral analysis of HRV provide results that are sport-dependent and differ at individual level. ANS adaptations to exercise training are presented and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Reported studies indicate that spectral analysis of HRV is an effective tool to monitor and optimize the training process and also to predict athletic achievements in competitions. Cardiac ANS adaptations are strongly dependant on the type of training being performed. The individual nature of cardiac ANS adaptations should be considered to properly interpret the observed findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Perrone
- Department of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy -
| | - Maurizio Volterrani
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Manzi
- Department of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Barchiesi
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Sport e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Iellamo
- Department of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Hung BL, Chen LJ, Chen YY, Ou JB, Fang SH. Nicotine supplementation enhances simulated game performance of archery athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:16. [PMID: 33602279 PMCID: PMC7890628 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotine is beneficial to mood, arousal and cognition in humans. Due to the importance of cognitive functioning for archery athletes, we investigated the effects of nicotine supplementation on the cognitive abilities, heart rate variability (HRV), and sport performance of professional archers. Methods Eleven college archers were recruited and given 2 mg of nicotine supplementation (NIC group) and placebo (PLA group) in a crossover design. Results The results showed that at 30 min after the intake of nicotine gum, the “correct rejection” time in the NIC group was significantly lower than that of the PLA group (7.29 ± 0.87 vs. 8.23 ± 0.98 msec, p < 0.05). In addition, the NIC group completed the grooved pegboard test in a shorter time than the PLA group (48.76 ± 3.18 vs. 53.41 ± 4.05 s, p < 0.05), whereas motor reaction times were not different between the two groups. Saliva α-amylase activity was significantly lower after nicotine supplementation (p < 0.01) but increased immediately after the archery test in the NIC group (p < 0.05). In addition, nicotine supplementation significantly decreased HRV and increased the archery score (290.58 ± 10.09 vs. 298.05 ± 8.56, p < 0.01). Conclusions Nicotine enhances the performance of archery athletes by increasing cognitive function and stimulating the sympathetic adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Lien Hung
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jung Chen
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Bang Ou
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Road, Taichung, 40404, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Background: Although regular exercise is beneficially acknowledged in promoting general health status, the cardiovascular risk of sudden cardiac death in highly training athletes has been reported. Unfortunately, the primary key factor in inducing cardiac problems in athletic populations is still questioned. Objectives: In the present study, we aim to determine factors that could affect the relationship between physical activity level and cardiac autonomic function in the Thai population. Methods: Forty participants were recruited and classified into three groups based on their physical activity level and sport profession, including sedentary men, elite handball players, and professional futsal players. In all participants, we measured predicted maximal oxygen consumption, time- and frequency- domain heart rate variability (HRV) variables at rest. Results: Results demonstrated a positive correlation between time-domain HRV and estimated maximal oxygen consumption, but not with frequency-domain HRV, in which athletes aged lower than 25 years old (18 - 25 years old) had a significantly higher in the standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) than that in age-matched sedentary subjects. Interestingly, athletes aged above 25 years old (25 - 32 years old) had lower SDNN and RMSSD with higher low frequency/high-frequency ratio than those athletes aged under 25. Since all athletes aged above 25 years old were world-class national futsal players, stress due to the competitive level might be another factor influencing cardiac autonomic activity in athletes. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggested the importance of age and stress exposure on cardiac autonomic regulation in elite athletes. The observed correlation also reinforced HRV as a potential marker in detecting abnormal changes in cardiac health even in an athletic population.
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8
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Iellamo F, Lucini D, Volterrani M, Casasco M, Salvati A, Gianfelici A, Di Gianfrancesco A, Urso A, Manzi V. Autonomic nervous system responses to strength training in top-level weight lifters. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14233. [PMID: 31642195 PMCID: PMC6805848 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In athletes, spectral analysis of HR variability (HRV) has been shown capable to detect the adaptational changes in sympatho‐vagal control attending physical training. So far, studies investigated autonomic nervous system (ANS) changes occurring with endurance training, whereas adaptations to markedly different exercise modes, for example, strength training, have never been investigated. We assessed the changes in cardiac ANS parameters during long‐term training in weight lifters of the Italian team preparing for the European Championship, where athletes competed for obtaining the pass for Olympic Games. We investigated nine athletes. Subject trained 3 sessions/day, 6 days a week. The intensity of strength exercises varied from 70% to 95% 1 RM. Training load (TL) was calculated as: volume (min) × intensity (%1RM).All ANS parameters were significantly and highly correlated on an individual basis to the dose of exercise with a second‐order regression model (r2 ranged from 0.96 to 0.99; P < 0.001). The low‐frequency (LF) component of HRV and LF/HF ratio showed an initial increase with the progression of TL and then a decrease, resembling a bell‐shaped curve with a minimum at the highest TL. The high‐frequency (HF) component of HRV and R‐R interval showed a reciprocal pattern, with an initial decrease with progression of TL followed by an increase, resembling an U‐shaped curve with a maximum at the highest TL. These adaptations were at the opposite to those previously reported in endurance athletes. These results suggest that in Olympic weight lifters, ANS adaptations to training are dose‐related on individual basis and that ANS adaptations are mainly sport‐specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Iellamo
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine and School of Sports Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Institute of Research and Scientific Institute of Research and Care Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Lucini
- BIOMETRA, Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Milan, Humanitas, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Volterrani
- Scientific Institute of Research and Scientific Institute of Research and Care Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Gianfelici
- Italian Federation of Sport Medicine, Rome, Italy.,Italian Federation of weight lifting, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Urso
- Italian Federation of weight lifting, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Manzi
- Scientific Institute of Research and Scientific Institute of Research and Care Care, San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Kamandulis S, Juodsnukis A, Stanislovaitiene J, Zuoziene IJ, Bogdelis A, Mickevicius M, Eimantas N, Snieckus A, Olstad BH, Venckunas T. Daily Resting Heart Rate Variability in Adolescent Swimmers during 11 Weeks of Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062097. [PMID: 32235693 PMCID: PMC7143004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent athletes are particularly vulnerable to stress. The current study aimed to monitor one of the most popular and accessible stress markers, heart rate variability (HRV), and its associations with training load and sleep duration in young swimmers during an 11-week training period to evaluate its relevance as a tool for monitoring overtraining. National-level swimmers (n = 22, age 14.3 ± 1.0 years) of sprint and middle distance events followed individually structured training programs prescribed by their swimming coach with the main intention of preparing for the national championships. HRV after awakening, during sleep and training were recorded daily. There was a consistent ~4.5% reduction in HRV after 3–5 consecutive days of high (>6 km/day) swimming volume, and an inverse relationship of HRV with large (>7.0 km/day) shifts in total training load (r = −0.35, p < 0.05). Day-to-day HRV did not significantly correlate with training volume or sleep duration. Taken together, these findings suggest that the value of HRV fluctuations in estimating the balance between the magnitude of a young athlete’s physical load and their tolerance is limited on a day-to-day basis, while under sharply increased or extended training load the lower HRV becomes an important indicator of potential overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Antanas Juodsnukis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Jurate Stanislovaitiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Ilona Judita Zuoziene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Andrius Bogdelis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-302-621
| | - Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Institute of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (A.J.); (J.S.); (I.J.Z.); (A.B.); (M.M.); (N.E.); (T.V.)
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Thamm A, Freitag N, Figueiredo P, Doma K, Rottensteiner C, Bloch W, Schumann M. Can Heart Rate Variability Determine Recovery Following Distinct Strength Loadings? A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224353. [PMID: 31703468 PMCID: PMC6888606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the acute effects of hypertrophic (HYP) and maximum strength (MAX) loadings on heart rate variability (HRV) and to compare possible loading-specific alterations with other markers of recovery. Ten young men with strength training experience performed two leg press loadings (HYP: five times 10 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 minutes inter-set rest; MAX: 15 times one repetition at 100% of 1RM with 3 minutes inter-set rest) in a randomized order. The root mean square of successive differences statistically decreased after both protocols (HYP: 65.7 ± 26.6 ms to 23.9 ± 18.7 ms, p = 0.026; MAX: 77.7 ± 37.0 ms to 55.3 ± 22.3 ms, p = 0.049), while the frequency domains of HRV remained statistically unaltered. The low frequency (LF) band statistically increased at 48h post-MAX only (p = 0.033). Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) statistically decreased after HYP (p = 0.026) and returned to baseline after 24h of recovery. Creatine kinase (CK) statistically increased above baseline at 1h post-loadings (HYP p = 0.028; MAX p = 0.020), returning to baseline at 24h post. Our findings indicate no distinct associations between changes in HRV and MVC or CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Thamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (A.T.); (N.F.); (W.B.)
| | - Nils Freitag
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (A.T.); (N.F.); (W.B.)
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
| | | | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (A.T.); (N.F.); (W.B.)
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (A.T.); (N.F.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4982-4821
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