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Spaggiari R, Angelini S, Di Vincenzo A, Scaglione G, Morrone S, Finello V, Fagioli S, Castaldo F, Sanz JM, Sergi D, Passaro A. Ceramides as Emerging Players in Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Their Pathogenetic Effects and Regulation by Diet. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100252. [PMID: 38876397 PMCID: PMC11263787 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired lipid metabolism is a pivotal driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this regard, the accumulation of ceramides within the circulation as well as in metabolically active tissues and atherosclerotic plaques is a direct consequence of derailed lipid metabolism. Ceramides may be at the nexus between impaired lipid metabolism and CVD. Indeed, although on one hand ceramides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD, on the other specific ceramide subspecies have also been proposed as predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events. This review will provide an updated overview of the role of ceramides in the pathogenesis of CVD, as well as their pathogenetic mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the manuscript will cover the importance of ceramides as biomarkers to predict cardiovascular events and the role of diet, both in terms of nutrients and dietary patterns, in modulating ceramide metabolism and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Spaggiari
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sharon Angelini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Vincenzo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gerarda Scaglione
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Morrone
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Finello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Fagioli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Castaldo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juana M Sanz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
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Casuso RA. Mitochondrial puzzle in muscle: Linking the electron transport system to overweight. Obes Rev 2024:e13794. [PMID: 38923169 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle mitochondria regulate energy expenditure. Research has shown that the functionality of muscle mitochondria is altered in subjects with overweight, as well as in response to nutrient excess and calorie restriction. Two metabolic features of obesity and overweight are (1) incomplete muscular fatty acid oxidation and (2) increased circulating lactate levels. In this study, I propose that these metabolic disturbances may originate from a common source within the muscle mitochondrial electron transport system. Specifically, a reorganization of the supramolecular structure of the electron transport chain could facilitate the maintenance of readily accessible coenzyme Q pools, which are essential for metabolizing lipid substrates. This approach is expected to maintain effective electron transfer, provided that there is sufficient complex III to support the Q-cycle. Such an adaptation could enhance fatty acid oxidation and prevent mitochondrial overload, thereby reducing lactate production. These insights advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic dysregulation in overweight states. This provides a basis for targeted interventions in the quest for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Córdoba, Spain
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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Heileson JL, Machek SB, Harris DR, Tomek S, de Souza LC, Kieffer AJ, Barringer ND, Gallucci A, Forsse JS, Funderburk LK. The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2174704. [PMID: 36822153 PMCID: PMC9970203 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2174704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise training (RET) is a common and well-established method to induce hypertrophy and improvement in strength. Interestingly, fish oil supplementation (FOS) may augment RET-induced adaptations. However, few studies have been conducted on young, healthy adults. METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to determine the effect of FOS, a concentrated source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), compared to placebo (PL) on RET-induced adaptations following a 10-week RET program (3 days·week-1). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (LBM, fat mass [FM], percent body fat [%BF]) and strength was measured by 1-repetition maximum barbell back squat (1RMSQT) and bench press (1RMBP) at PRE (week 0) and POST (10 weeks). Supplement compliance was assessed via self-report and bottle collection every two weeks and via fatty acid dried blood spot collection at PRE and POST. An a priori α-level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and Cohen's d was used to quantify effect sizes (ES). RESULTS Twenty-one of 28 male and female participants (FOS, n = 10 [4 withdrawals]; PL, n = 11 [3 withdrawals]) completed the 10-week progressive RET program and PRE/POST measurements. After 10-weeks, blood EPA+DHA substantially increased in the FOS group (+109.7%, p< .001) and did not change in the PL group (+1.3%, p = .938). Similar between-group changes in LBM (FOS: +3.4%, PL: +2.4%, p = .457), FM (FOS: -5.2%, PL: 0.0%, p = .092), and %BF (FOS: -5.9%, PL: -2.5%, p = .136) were observed, although, the between-group ES was considered large for FM (d = 0.84). Absolute and relative (kg·kg [body mass]-1) 1RMBP was significantly higher in the FOS group compared to PL (FOS: +17.7% vs. PL: +9.7%, p = .047; FOS: +17.6% vs. PL: +7.3%, p = .011; respectively), whereas absolute 1RMSQT was similar between conditions (FOS: +28.8% vs. PL: +20.5%, p = .191). Relative 1RMSQT was higher in the FOS group (FOS: +29.3% vs. PL: +17.9%, p = .045). CONCLUSIONS When combined with RET, FOS improves absolute and relative 1RM upper-body and relative 1RM lower-body strength to a greater extent than that observed in the PL group of young, recreationally trained adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA,CONTACT Jeffery L. Heileson Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven B. Machek
- Kinesiology Department, College of Health Sciences and Human Services, California State University - Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Dillon R. Harris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sara Tomek
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Leticia C. de Souza
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Adam J. Kieffer
- Department of Nutrition, U.S. Military-Baylor University Graduate Program in Nutrition, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Barringer
- Department of Nutrition, U.S. Military-Baylor University Graduate Program in Nutrition, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - LesLee K. Funderburk
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,Department of Human Sciences and Design, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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5
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Witard OC, Banic M, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, van Dijk M, Galloway SDR. Long-chain n-3 PUFA ingestion for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in healthy older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37987178 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain ո-3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision. Accumulating evidence implicates a mechanistic role for n-3 PUFA in upregulating MPS under stimulated conditions (post-prandial state or following exercise) via incorporation of EPA and DHA into the skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane. In some instances, these changes in MPS with chronic ո-3 PUFA ingestion have translated into clinically relevant improvements in muscle mass, strength and function; an observation evidently more prevalent in healthy older women than men. This apparent sexual dimorphism in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle metabolism to EPA and DHA ingestion may be related to a greater propensity for females to incorporate ո-3 PUFA into human tissue and/or the larger dose of ingested ո-3 PUFA when expressed relative to body mass or lean body mass. Future experimental studies are warranted to characterise the optimal dosing and duration of ո-3 PUFA ingestion to prescribe tailored recommendations regarding n-3 PUFA nutrition for healthy musculoskeletal ageing into later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Milena Banic
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Is vascular insulin resistance an early step in diet-induced whole-body insulin resistance? Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:31. [PMID: 35676248 PMCID: PMC9177754 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that skeletal muscle microvascular (capillary) blood flow plays an important role in glucose metabolism by increasing the delivery of glucose and insulin to the myocytes. This process is impaired in insulin-resistant individuals. Studies suggest that in diet-induced insulin-resistant rodents, insulin-mediated skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow is impaired post-short-term high fat feeding, and this occurs before the development of myocyte or whole-body insulin resistance. These data suggest that impaired skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow is an early vascular step before the onset of insulin resistance. However, evidence of this is still lacking in humans. In this review, we summarise what is known about short-term high-calorie and/or high-fat feeding in humans. We also explore selected animal studies to identify potential mechanisms. We discuss future directions aimed at better understanding the ‘early’ vascular mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance as this will provide the opportunity for much earlier screening and timing of intervention to assist in preventing type 2 diabetes.
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Kim IY, Park S, Kim Y, Chang Y, Choi CS, Suh SH, Wolfe RR. In Vivo and In Vitro Quantification of Glucose Kinetics: From Bedside to Bench. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:733-749. [PMID: 33397035 PMCID: PMC7803595 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other substrates, plasma glucose is in a dynamic state of constant turnover (i.e., rates of glucose appearance [Ra glucose] into and disappearance [Rd glucose] from the plasma) while staying within a narrow range of normal concentrations, a physiological priority. Persistent imbalance of glucose turnover leads to elevations (i.e., hyperglycemia, Ra>Rd) or falls (i.e., hypoglycemia, Ra<Rd) in the pool size, leading to clinical conditions such as diabetes. Endogenous Ra glucose is divided into hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (GNG) and renal GNG. On the other hand, Rd glucose, the summed rate of glucose uptake by tissues/organs, involves various intracellular metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and oxidation at varying rates depending on the metabolic status. Despite the dynamic nature of glucose metabolism, metabolic studies typically rely on measurements of static, snapshot information such as the abundance of mRNAs and proteins and (in)activation of implicated signaling networks without determining actual flux rates. In this review, we will discuss the importance of obtaining kinetic information, basic principles of stable isotope tracer methodology, calculations of in vivo glucose kinetics, and assessments of metabolic flux in experimental models in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yewon Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Suh
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR,
USA
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