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Harita Y. Urinary extracellular vesicles in childhood kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2293-2300. [PMID: 38093081 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Most biological fluids contain extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are surrounded by a lipid bilayer and contain biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They lack a functioning nucleus and are incapable of replicating. The physiological characteristics and molecular composition of EVs in body fluids provide valuable information about the status of originating cells. Consequently, they could be effectively utilized for diagnostic and prognostic applications. Urine contains a heterogeneous population of EVs. To date, these urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) have been ignored in the standard urinalysis. In recent years, knowledge has accumulated on how uEVs should be separated and analyzed. It has become clear how uEVs reflect the expression of each molecule in cells in nephron segments and how they are altered in disease states such as glomerular/tubular disorders, rare congenital diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Significant promise exists for the molecular expression signature of uEVs detected by simple techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), making them more applicable in clinical settings. This review presents the current understanding regarding uEVs, emphasizing the potential for non-invasive diagnostics, especially for childhood kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Harita
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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2
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Wei M, Liu J, Wang X, Liu X, Jiang L, Jiang Y, Ma Y, Wang J, Yuan H, An X, Song Y, Zhang L. Multi-omics analysis of kidney tissue metabolome and proteome reveals the protective effect of sheep milk against adenine-induced chronic kidney disease in mice. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38864415 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by impaired renal function and is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Sheep milk contains several bioactive molecules with protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigated the potential renoprotective effects of sheep milk and the associated mechanisms of action in an adenine-induced CKD murine model. Sheep milk delayed renal chronic inflammation (e.g., significant reduction in levels of inflammatory factors Vcam1, Icam1, Il6, and Tnfa), fibrosis (significant reduction in levels of fibrosis factors Col1a1, Fn1, and Tgfb), oxidative stress (significant increase in levels of antioxidants and decrease in oxidative markers), mineral disorders, and renal injury in adenine-treated mice (e.g. reduced levels of kidney injury markers NGAL and KIM-1). The combined proteomics and metabolomics analyses showed that sheep milk may affect the metabolic processes of several compounds, including proteins, lipids, minerals, and hormones in mice with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease. In addition, it may regulate the expression of fibrosis-related factors and inflammatory factors through the JAK1/STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway, thus exerting its renoprotective effects. Therefore, sheep milk may be beneficial for patients with CKD and should be evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Division of Laboratory Safety and Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Yingtian Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Jiangang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaopeng An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, China.
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Al-Jipouri A, Eritja À, Bozic M. Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:485. [PMID: 38203656 PMCID: PMC10779093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released from various cell types that have emerged as powerful new therapeutic option for a variety of diseases. EVs are involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells and in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, highlighting them as potential novel targets/platforms for therapeutics intervention and/or delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new aspects of EVs' biogenesis, biodistribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as safety/compatibility of both unmodified and engineered EVs upon administration in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of essential physiological and pathological roles of EVs in different organs and organ systems. We provide an overview regarding application of EVs as therapeutic targets, therapeutics, and drug delivery platforms. We also explore various approaches implemented over the years to improve the dosage of specific EV products for different administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Àuria Eritja
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
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Abinti M, Favi E, Alfieri CM, Zanoni F, Armelloni S, Ferraresso M, Cantaluppi V, Castellano G. Update on current and potential application of extracellular vesicles in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1673-1693. [PMID: 37517555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease. However, early diagnosis of graft injury remains challenging, mainly because of the lack of accurate and noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Improving graft outcomes is equally demanding, as is the development of innovative therapies. Many research efforts are focusing on extracellular vesicles, cellular particles free in each body fluid that have shown promising results as precise markers of damage and potential therapeutic targets in many diseases, including the renal field. In fact, through their receptors and cargo, they act in damage response and immune modulation. In transplantation, they may be used to determine organ quality and aging, the presence of delayed graft function, rejection, and many other transplant-related pathologies. Moreover, their low immunogenicity and safe profile make them ideal for drug delivery and the development of therapies to improve KT outcomes. In this review, we summarize current evidence about extracellular vesicles in KT, starting with their characteristics and major laboratory techniques for isolation and characterization. Then, we discuss their use as potential markers of damage and as therapeutic targets, discussing their promising use in clinical practice as a form of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Abinti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Evaldo Favi
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanoni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), "Maggiore della Carita" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Lv W, Xue L, Liang L, Liu D, Li C, Liao J, Jin Y. Endotoxin induced acute kidney injury modulates expression of AQP1, P53 and P21 in rat kidney, heart, lung and small intestine. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288507. [PMID: 37490500 PMCID: PMC10368293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore whether aquaporin 1(AQP1), P53 and P21 can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and potential indicators of sepsis-induced multiple organ injury. Bioinformatics results demonstrated that AQP1, P53, P21 was dramatically elevated 6h after Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-AKI in rat renal tissue. The expression of AQP1, P53, P21, NGAL and KIM-1 in kidney were increased significantly at first and then decreased gradually in LPS-induced AKI rats. Histopathological sections showed swelling of tubular epithelial cells and destruction of basic structures as well as infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells in LPS-induced AKI. Moreover, the expressions of AQP1, P53 and P21 in heart were significantly increased in LPS treatment rats, while the AQP1 expressions in lung and small intestine were significantly decreased. The level of NGAL mRNA in heart, lung and small intestine was firstly increased and then decreased during LPS treatment rats, but the expression of KIM-1 mRNA was not affected. Therefore, our results suggest that AQP1, P53 and P21 is remarkably upregulated in LPS-induced AKI, which may be considered as a potential novel diagnostic biomarker of Septic AKI. NGAL may serve as a biomarker of sepsis-induced multiple organ damage during the process of LPS-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longge Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cuicui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingyu Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Tepus M, Tonoli E, Verderio EAM. Molecular profiling of urinary extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1041327. [PMID: 36712680 PMCID: PMC9877239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term kidney damage caused by gradual loss of essential kidney functions. A global health issue, CKD affects up to 16% of the population worldwide. Symptoms are often not apparent in the early stages, and if left untreated, CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), also known as kidney failure, when the only possible treatments are dialysis and kidney transplantation. The end point of nearly all forms of CKD is kidney fibrosis, a process of unsuccessful wound-healing of kidney tissue. Detection of kidney fibrosis, therefore, often means detection of CKD. Renal biopsy remains the best test for renal scarring, despite being intrinsically limited by its invasiveness and sampling bias. Urine is a desirable source of fibrosis biomarkers as it can be easily obtained in a non-invasive way and in large volumes. Besides, urine contains biomolecules filtered through the glomeruli, mirroring the pathological state. There is, however, a problem of highly abundant urinary proteins that can mask rare disease biomarkers. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), which originate from renal cells and carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, are an attractive source of potential rare CKD biomarkers. Their cargo consists of low-abundant proteins but highly concentrated in a nanosize-volume, as well as molecules too large to be filtered from plasma. Combining molecular profiling data (protein and miRNAs) of uEVs, isolated from patients affected by various forms of CKD, this review considers the possible diagnostic and prognostic value of uEVs biomarkers and their potential application in the translation of new experimental antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tepus
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Elisabetta A. M. Verderio,
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Gu D, Ding Y, Jiang X, Shen B, Musante L, Holthofer H, Zou H. Diabetes with kidney injury may change the abundance and cargo of urinary extracellular vesicles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085133. [PMID: 37077361 PMCID: PMC10107408 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are derived from epithelia facing the renal tubule lumen in the kidney and urogenital tract; they may carry protein biomarkers of renal dysfunction and structural injury. However, there are scarce studies focusing on uEVs in diabetes with kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS A community-based epidemiological survey was performed, and the participants were randomly selected for our study. uEVs were enriched by dehydrated dialysis method, quantified by Coomassie Bradford protein assay, and adjusted by urinary creatinine (UCr). Then, they identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle track analysis (NTA), and western blot of tumor susceptibility gene 101. RESULTS Decent uEVs with a homogeneous distribution were finally obtained, presenting a membrane-encapsulated structure like cup-shaped or roundish under TEM, having active Brownian motion, and presenting the main peak between 55 and 110 nm under NTA. The Bradford protein assay showed that the protein concentrations of uEVs were 0.02 ± 0.02, 0.04 ± 0.05, 0.05 ± 0.04, 0.07 ± 0.08, and 0.11 ± 0.15 μg/mg UCr, respectively, in normal controls and in prediabetes, diabetes with normal proteinuria, diabetes with microalbuminuria, and diabetes with macroproteinuria groups after adjusting the protein concentration with UCr by calculating the vesicles-to-creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION The protein concentration of uEVs in diabetes with kidney injury increased significantly than the normal controls before and after adjusting the UCr. Therefore, diabetes with kidney injury may change the abundance and cargo of uEVs, which may be involved in the physiological and pathological changes of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Ding
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beili Shen
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Center, Zhengzhou People’s Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hequn Zou
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Hequn Zou,
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Rudolphi CF, Blijdorp CJ, van Willigenburg H, Salih M, Hoorn EJ. Urinary extracellular vesicles and tubular transport. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022:6659197. [PMID: 35945648 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular transport is a key function of the kidney to maintain electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) harbor water, electrolyte, and acid-base transporters expressed at the apical plasma membrane of tubular epithelial cells. Within the uEV proteome, the correlations between kidney and uEV protein abundances are strongest for tubular transporters. Therefore, uEVs offer a non-invasive approach to probe tubular transport in health and disease. Here, we will review how kidney tubular physiology is reflected in uEVs and, conversely, how uEVs may modify tubular transport. Clinically, uEV tubular transporter profiling has been applied to rare diseases such as inherited tubulopathies, but also to more common conditions such as hypertension and kidney disease. Although uEVs hold the promise to advance the diagnosis of kidney disease to the molecular level, several biological and technical complexities still need to be addressed. The future will tell if uEV analysis will mainly be a powerful tool to study tubular physiology in humans or if it will move forward to become a diagnostic bedside test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crissy F Rudolphi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles J Blijdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hester van Willigenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Salih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chan MJ, Chen YC, Fan PC, Lee CC, Kou G, Chang CH. Predictive Value of Urinary Aquaporin 2 for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030613. [PMID: 35327416 PMCID: PMC8945460 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently encountered in people with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early detection of a urinary biomarker of kidney injury might allow a prompt diagnosis and improve outcomes. Levels of urinary aquaporin 2 (UAQP2), which is also associated with several renal diseases, are increased with ADHF. We aimed to determine whether UAQP2 predicted AKI in patients with ADHF. We conducted a prospective observation study in the coronary care unit (CCU) in a tertiary care university hospital in Taiwan. Individuals with ADHF admitted to the CCU between November 2009 and November 2014 were enrolled, and serum and urinary samples were collected. AKI was diagnosed in 69 (36.5%) of 189 adult patients (mean age: 68 years). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of biomarkers was evaluated to evaluate the diagnostic power for AKI. Both brain natriuretic peptide and UAQP2 demonstrated acceptable AUROCs (0.759 and 0.795, respectively). A combination of the markers had an AUROC of 0.802. UAQP2 is a potential biomarker of AKI in CCU patients with ADHF. Additional research on this novel biomarker is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jen Chan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Chen
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Pei-Chun Fan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - George Kou
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (P.-C.F.); (C.-C.L.); (G.K.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(0)3-328-1200 (ext. 8181)
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Wu L, Boer K, Woud WW, Udomkarnjananun S, Hesselink DA, Baan CC. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Are a Novel Tool to Monitor Allograft Function in Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10499. [PMID: 34638835 PMCID: PMC8508981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles that transmit molecules from releasing cells to target cells. Recent studies link urinary EVs (uEV) to diverse processes such as infection and rejection after kidney transplantation. This, and the unmet need for biomarkers diagnosing kidney transplant dysfunction, has led to the current high level of interest in uEV. uEV provide non-intrusive access to local protein, DNA, and RNA analytics without invasive biopsy. To determine the added value of uEV measurements for detecting allograft dysfunction after kidney transplantation, we systematically included all related literature containing directly relevant information, with the addition of indirect evidence regarding urine or kidney injury without transplantation. According to their varying characteristics, uEV markers after transplantation could be categorized into kidney-specific, donor-specific, and immune response-related (IR-) markers. A few convincing studies have shown that kidney-specific markers (PODXL, ion cotransporters, SYT17, NGAL, and CD133) and IR-markers (CD3, multi-mRNA signatures, and viral miRNA) could diagnose rejection, BK virus-associated nephropathy, and calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity after kidney transplantation. In addition, some indirect proof regarding donor-specific markers (donor-derived cell-free DNA) in urine has been demonstrated. Together, this literature review provides directions for exploring novel uEV markers' profiling complications after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Karin Boer
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Wouter W. Woud
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, 1873 Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Dennis A. Hesselink
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (W.W.W.); (S.U.); (D.A.H.); (C.C.B.)
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