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Mitrea L, Medeleanu M, Pop CR, Rotar AM, Vodnar DC. Biotics (Pre-, Pro-, Post-) and Uremic Toxicity: Implications, Mechanisms, and Possible Therapies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:548. [PMID: 37755974 PMCID: PMC10535688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more scientific data have pointed out the close connection between intestinal microbial community, nutritional habits, lifestyle, and the appearance of various affections located at certain anatomical systems. Gut dysbiosis enhances the formation and accumulation of specific metabolites with toxic potential that induce the appearance of kidney-associated illnesses. Intestinal microbes are involved in the degradation of food, drugs, or other ingested products that lead to the formation of various metabolites that end up in renal tissue. Over the last few years, the possibilities of modulating the gut microbiota for the biosynthesis of targeted compounds with bioactive properties for reducing the risk of chronic illness development were investigated. In this regard, the present narrative review provides an overview of the scientific literature across the last decade considering the relationship between bioactive compounds, pre-, pro-, and post-biotics, uremic toxicity, and kidney-associated affections, and the possibility of alleviating the accumulation and the negative effects of uremic toxins into the renal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitrea
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mădălina Medeleanu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Carmen-Rodica Pop
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Ancuța-Mihaela Rotar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
| | - Dan-Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.M.); (M.M.); (A.-M.R.)
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Wang J, Guo S, Xu X, Zhang C. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: A Positive Factor for the Osteogenic Differentiation of hPDLSCs and for the Tissue Regenerative Activity of Cell Sheets. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231202541. [PMID: 37798942 PMCID: PMC10557410 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231202541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2VitD3) on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and the activity of hPDLSC sheets and the differences in the tissue regeneration activity of hPDLSC sheets on tooth root fragment treated by different methods. Healthy caries-free premolars were collected. The hPDLSCs were obtained by enzymatic digestion. Surface markers of stem cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the multidirectional differentiation ability of hPDLSCs was detected. During the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs, 1,25(OH)2VitD3 was added and the effect of 1,25(OH)2VitD3 on osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs was assessed using Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell staining, and immunofluorescence. After hPDLSC sheets were prepared, histology and immunofluorescence analysis of the effect of 1,25(OH)2VitD3 on sheet activity were performed. In addition, root fragments were prepared and treated with scaling, 24% EDTA (ethylenediamide tetraacetic acid), and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers, respectively, and the tissue regeneration activity of hPDLSC sheets on different root fragments were observed. 1,25(OH)2VitD3 promoted the high gene and protein expressions of osteogenic markers ALP (alkaline phosphatase), Runx2, and OPN (osteopontin antibody) in hPDLSCs, along with enhanced ALP activity and staining, alizarin red staining, and immunofluorescence staining, indicating that the osteogenic differentiation ability of hPDLSCs was improved. Extracellular matrix secretion was increased in hPDLSC sheets, along with the positive expressions of the protein markers fibronectin and collagen I, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2VitD3 could enhance these effects. In addition, the root fragments treated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser were more suitable for the attachment and regeneration of hPDLSC sheets, demonstrating that 1,25(OH)2VitD3 could improve the tissue regeneration performance of these sheets. 1,25(OH)2VitD3 can promote osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and thus plays an active role in hPDLSC sheet formation and tissue regeneration. In addition, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be used as the recommended treatment method for the root surface regenerated by hPDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Institute of Stem Cells, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- School of Stomatology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chenglei Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Munir M, Kejeh KT, Richardson ML, Ande PC. Too much of a good thing: A case series of rare yet pertinent causes of hypercalcaemia and acute kidney injury. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2022; 52:110-112. [DOI: 10.1177/14782715221103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium compounds and vitamin D supplements are readily available as over-the-counter preparations. Whilst integral in maintaining calcium homeostasis in certain patients, excess exogenous intake of these preparations can have deleterious effects, particularly in terms of renal function. We look at the cases of two patients, aged 52 and 34, who were referred into hospital with hypercalcaemia and acute kidney injury (AKI). Both individuals reported regular and prolonged self-medication with unregulated over-the-counter supplements containing calcium carbonate and vitamin D, respectively. Prompt investigation and treatment enabled an element of reversibility of the AKI in both the cases, with further improvement in renal function over time. We emphasise the importance of recognising the overuse of exogenous vitamin D supplements and calcium compounds as rare yet treatable causes of AKI associated with hypercalcaemia and discuss how raising public awareness into the risks posed by self-medication of over-the-counter medicines is paramount.
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Geng J, Qiu Y, Li Y, Li J, Liao R, Du H, Jiang L, Wang L, Qin Z, Yang Q, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Su B. Associations Between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Kidney Function, and Insulin Resistance Among Adults in the United States of America. Front Nutr 2022; 8:716878. [PMID: 35242790 PMCID: PMC8885514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.716878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough many molecular studies have tried to explore the relationship between vitamin D metabolism and kidney function, the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and kidney function is still controversial. Previous studies reported that low vitamin D status and decreased kidney function were associated with insulin resistance (IR). However, neither of them was confirmed by large population-based studies. This study evaluated the associations between 25(OH)D and kidney function and the associations between both of them and IR among adults in the United States of America (USA).MethodsWe analyzed 36,523 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2001–2014). Kidney function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and IR was assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). All data were survey-weighted, and corresponding linear regression models were performed to examine the associations.ResultsThe mean serum 25(OH)D levels were found to be increased in participants with decreased kidney function (eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73 m2), and each unit of decreased serum 25(OH)D concentrations predicted 0.453 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: 0.426 to 0.480, p < 0.0001) higher eGFR. In addition, each unit of decreased eGFR was associated with 0.007 higher HOMA-IR, while each unit of decreased 25(OH)D concentrations led to 0.025 higher HOMA-IR.ConclusionsSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were negatively associated with kidney function. IR appears in the early stage of kidney dysfunction, and both serum 25(OH)D concentrations and kidney function are negatively associated with IR. Clinicians should maintain appropriate serum 25(OH)D concentrations and doses of vitamin D supplements for different populations. The underlying mechanism of these associations still needs more research, especially the negative association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Geng
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiameng Li
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heyue Du
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinbo Yang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuyun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Baihai Su ;
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Feghali K, Papamarkakis K, Clark J, Malhotra N, Stoddart L, Osakwe I. Vitamin D Toxicity Managed with Peritoneal Dialysis. Case Rep Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9912068. [PMID: 34258083 PMCID: PMC8261186 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health issue that afflicts more than one billion children and adults worldwide. Vitamin D supplementation has increased over the years, whether through medical prescriptions, over-the-counter, or online purchasing. This is driven by a more recognized association between vitamin D sufficiency status and lower risk of cancer. In addition, more recently, it is used as a potential prophylactic and treatment for COVID-19 infection. This can lead to toxicity from overingestion. While rare, it has been reported in the literature. In this case report, we present a 75-year-old man with severe hypercalcemia secondary to vitamin D toxicity managed with peritoneal dialysis. He presented with biochemical evidence of hypercalcemia, acute kidney injury, and pancreatitis. Workup for his hypercalcemia led to the diagnosis of vitamin D toxicity as shown by a level greater than 200 ng/dL (Ref: 20-50 ng/mL) was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Cornerstone medical management of hypercalcemia was provided which included aggressive intravenous fluid hydration, intravenous diuretics, calcitonin, bisphosphonate, and corticosteroid therapy. At every interruption of therapy, calcium levels trended upward. A thorough literature review yielded the finding of a sole case report from 1966 presented at the Third International Congress of Nephrology, in which peritoneal dialysis was used in the management of vitamin D toxicity and hypercalcemia. This modality is established to cause vitamin D deficiency. In collaboration with the nephrology team, 10 sessions of peritoneal dialysis were undertaken with resolution of hypercalcemia and downtrend in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels as measured by dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel Feghali
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Papamarkakis
- Division of Nephrology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Jackson Clark
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Neha Malhotra
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Lanu Stoddart
- Division of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Ibitoro Osakwe
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
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Qi G, Yu K, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Shao Q, Yu M, Wang Y, Ren L, Zhu D, Yang G, Jiang Z. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes early osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and a 12-year follow-up case of early-onset vitamin D deficiency periodontitis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 208:105805. [PMID: 33486080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic periodontal disease that contributes to tooth loss. In recent years, many animal studies have reported that vitamin D (VitD) deficiency results in chronic periodontitis. However, no studies have reported cases of early-onset periodontitis with VitD deficiency. This study reports a 5-year-old male patient with early-onset periodontitis, VitD deficiency and VitD receptor (VDR) mutation. The patient was treated with VitD and calcium, and received systematic periodontal treatment. During the 12-year treatment, the periodontal conditions of this patient were stable. Our in vitro study found that VitD could promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), and VDR in the early osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Meanwhile, VitD could downregulate mRNA expression levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and protein levels of IL-6 in the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -induced inflammation of PDLSCs. Therefore, sufficient VitD supply can be a potential treatment for VitD deficiency induced early-onset periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Qi
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Ke Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yuting Feng
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Qin Shao
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Mengjia Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Lingfei Ren
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Danji Zhu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China.
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, China.
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Li GHY, Robinson-Cohen C, Sahni S, Au PCM, Tan KCB, Kung AWC, Cheung CL. Association of Genetic Variants Related to Serum Calcium Levels with Reduced Bone Mineral Density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5606940. [PMID: 31650181 PMCID: PMC7453037 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of serum calcium in bone metabolism is unknown, even though calcium/vitamin D supplementations have been widely used and are expected to improve bone health. We aim to determine the independent role of serum calcium in bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN AND SETTING Two epidemiological analyses with 5478 and 5556 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2006 and the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study (HKOS) to evaluate the cross-sectional association of serum calcium with BMD. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using genetic variations as instrumental variables to infer causality. Summary statistics of genome-wide association study of serum calcium (N = 39 400) and lifelong whole-body BMD (N = 66 628) were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS In NHANES 2003-6 and HKOS, each standard deviation (SD) increase in serum calcium was significantly associated with 0.036-0.092 SD decrease in BMD at various sites (all P < .05). In multivariable inverse-variance weighted MR analysis, genetic predisposition to higher serum calcium level was inversely associated with whole-body BMD after adjustment for serum parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and phosphate (-0.431 SD per SD increase in serum calcium; 95% CI: -0.773 to -0.089, P = .014). Similar estimates were obtained in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that genetic predisposition to higher serum calcium level per se may have a negative impact on bone metabolism. Whether increased serum calcium caused by calcium/vitamin D supplementations would have the same negative effect on bone remains unknown, which warrants further investigation. In addition to other adverse clinical outcomes, careful use of high-dose supplementations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Hoi-Yee Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shivani Sahni
- Marcus Institute, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip Chun-Ming Au
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Annie Wai-Chee Kung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Ching-Lung Cheung, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. E-mail:
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Charoenngam N, Hossein-Nezhad A, Hanley DA, Holick MF. Misconception about the cause of vitamin D toxicity. CMAJ 2019; 191:E769. [PMID: 31285383 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.72511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nipith Charoenngam
- Postdoctoral research fellow, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Arash Hossein-Nezhad
- Research assistant professor, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - David A Hanley
- Professor emeritus, Departments of Medicine, Community Health Sciences, and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michael F Holick
- Professor, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass
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