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Bernhardt R, Neunzig J. Underestimated reactions and regulation patterns of adrenal cytochromes P450. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111237. [PMID: 33722664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) systems including the adrenal ones are being investigated since many years, there are still reactions and regulation patterns that have been underestimated ever since. This review discusses neglected ones to bring them into the focus of investigators working in the field. Novel substrates and reactions described for adrenal CYPs recently point to the fact that different from what has been believed for many years, adrenal CYPs are less selective than previously thought. The conversion of steroid sulfates, intermediates of steroid biosynthesis as well as of exogenous compounds are being discussed here in more detail and consequences for further studies are drawn. Furthermore, it was shown that protein-protein interactions may have an important effect not only on the activity of adrenal CYPs, but also on the product pattern of the reactions. It was found that, as expected, the stoichiometry of CYP:redox partner plays an important role for tuning the activity. In addition, competition between different CYPs for the redox partner and for electrons and possible alterations by mutants in the efficiency of electron transfer play an important role for the activity and product pattern. Moreover, the influence of phosphorylation and small charged molecules like natural polyamines on the activity of adrenal systems has been demonstrated in-vitro indicating a possible regulation of adrenal CYP reactions by affecting redox partner recognition and binding affinity. Finally, an effect of the genetic background on the consequences of mutations in adrenal CYPs found in patients was suggested from corresponding in-vitro studies indicating that a different genetic background might be able to significantly affect the activity of a CYP mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Campus A2.4, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Merakou C, Fylaktou I, Sertedaki A, Dracopoulou M, Voutetakis A, Efthymiadou A, Christoforidis A, Dacou-Voutetakis C, Chrysis D, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. Molecular Analysis of the CYP11B2 Gene in 62 Patients with Hypoaldosteronism Due to Aldosterone Synthase Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e182-e191. [PMID: 33098647 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Isolated congenital hypoaldosteronism presents in early infancy with symptoms including vomiting, severe dehydration, salt wasting, and failure to thrive. The main causes of this rare autosomal recessive disorder is pathogenic variants of the CYP11B2 gene leading to aldosterone synthase deficiency. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of CYP11B2 pathogenic variants in a cohort of patients with a clinical, biochemical, and hormonal profile suggestive of aldosterone synthase deficiency. DESIGN Clinical and molecular study. SETTING Tertiary academic Children's Hospital, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-two patients (56 unrelated patients and 6 siblings), with hypoaldosteronism and their parents, underwent CYP11B2 gene sequencing after its selective amplification against the highly homologous CYP11B1 gene. In silico analysis of the identified novel variants was carried out to evaluate protein stability and potential pathogenicity. RESULTS CYP11B2 gene sequencing revealed that 62 patients carried a total of 12 different pathogenic CYP11B2 gene variants, 6 of which are novel. Importantly, 96% of the 56 patients carried the previously reported p.T185I variant either in homozygosity or in compound heterozygosity with another variant. The 6 novel variants detected were: p.M1I, p.V129M, p.R141Q, p.A165T, p.R448C, and the donor splice site variant of intron 8, c.1398 + 1G > A. CONCLUSION Molecular diagnosis was achieved in 62 patients with aldosterone synthase deficiency, the largest cohort thus far reported. Six novel genetic variants were identified as possibly pathogenic, extending the spectrum of reported molecular defects of the CYP11B2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Merakou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Fylaktou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Sertedaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dracopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Voutetakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Christoforidis
- First Pediatric Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Catherine Dacou-Voutetakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Diseases, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Agia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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