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Federici S, Rossetti R, Moleri S, Munari EV, Frixou M, Bonomi M, Persani L. Primary ovarian insufficiency: update on clinical and genetic findings. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1464803. [PMID: 39391877 PMCID: PMC11466302 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1464803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder of insufficient ovarian follicle function before the age of 40 years with an estimated prevalence of 3.7% worldwide. Its relevance is emerging due to the increasing number of women desiring conception late or beyond the third decade of their lives. POI clinical presentation is extremely heterogeneous with a possible exordium as primary amenorrhea due to ovarian dysgenesis or with a secondary amenorrhea due to different congenital or acquired abnormalities. POI significantly impacts non only on the fertility prospect of the affected women but also on their general, psychological, sexual quality of life, and, furthermore, on their long-term bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. In several cases the underlying cause of POI remains unknown and, thus, these forms are still classified as idiopathic. However, we now know the age of menopause is an inheritable trait and POI has a strong genetic background. This is confirmed by the existence of several candidate genes, experimental and natural models. The most common genetic contributors to POI are the X chromosome-linked defects. Moreover, the variable expressivity of POI defect suggests it can be considered as a multifactorial or oligogenic defect. Here, we present an updated review on clinical findings and on the principal X-linked and autosomal genes involved in syndromic and non-syndromic forms of POI. We also provide current information on the management of the premature hypoestrogenic state as well as on fertility preservation in subjects at risk of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Federici
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Moleri
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta V. Munari
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Frixou
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Nie L, Wang X, Wang S, Hong Z, Wang M. Genetic insights into the complexity of premature ovarian insufficiency. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 39095891 PMCID: PMC11295921 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-024-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is a highly heterogeneous condition characterized by ovarian dysfunction in women occurring before the age of 40, representing a significant cause of female infertility. It manifests through primary or secondary amenorrhea. While more than half of POI cases are idiopathic, genetic factors play a pivotal role in all instances with known causes, contributing to approximately 20-25% of cases. This article comprehensively reviews the genetic factors associated with POI, delineating the primary candidate genes. The discussion delves into the intricate relationship between these genes and ovarian development, elucidating the functional consequences of diverse mutations to underscore the fundamental impact of genetic effects on POI. The identified genetic factors, encompassing gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, are systematically classified based on whether the resulting POI is syndromic or non-syndromic. Furthermore, this paper explores the genetic interplay between mitochondrial genes, such as Required for Meiotic Nuclear Division 1 homolog Gene (RMND1), Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S22 Gene (MRPS22), Leucine-rich Pentapeptide Repeat Gene (LRPPRC), and non-coding RNAs, including both microRNAs and Long non-coding RNAs, with POI. The insights provided serve to consolidate and enhance our understanding of the etiology of POI, contributing to establishing a theoretical foundation for diagnosing and treating POI patients, as well as for exploring the mechanisms underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhang Nie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- WuHan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- Second Clinical Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Songyuan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
- WuHan University TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhidan Hong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - Mei Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
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Pascoal C, Francisco R, Mexia P, Pereira BL, Granjo P, Coelho H, Barbosa M, dos Reis Ferreira V, Videira PA. Revisiting the immunopathology of congenital disorders of glycosylation: an updated review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350101. [PMID: 38550576 PMCID: PMC10972870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in several biological processes, such as the immune response. Alterations in glycosylation can modulate the course of various pathologies, such as the case of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a group of more than 160 rare and complex genetic diseases. Although the link between glycosylation and immune dysfunction has already been recognized, the immune involvement in most CDG remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. In this study, we provide an update on the immune dysfunction and clinical manifestations of the 12 CDG with major immune involvement, organized into 6 categories of inborn errors of immunity according to the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The immune involvement in phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2)-CDG - the most frequent CDG - was comprehensively reviewed, highlighting a higher prevalence of immune issues during infancy and childhood and in R141H-bearing genotypes. Finally, using PMM2-CDG as a model, we point to links between abnormal glycosylation patterns in host cells and possibly favored interactions with microorganisms that may explain the higher susceptibility to infection. Further characterizing immunopathology and unusual host-pathogen adhesion in CDG can not only improve immunological standards of care but also pave the way for innovative preventive measures and targeted glycan-based therapies that may improve quality of life for people living with CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Pascoal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Francisco
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Mexia
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Luís Pereira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro Granjo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Helena Coelho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana Barbosa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa dos Reis Ferreira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Videira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO– Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies-Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Caparica, Portugal
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Chen M, Jiang H, Zhang C. Selected Genetic Factors Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054423. [PMID: 36901862 PMCID: PMC10002966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from non-functional ovaries in women before the age of 40. It is characterized by primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. As regards its etiology, although many POI cases are idiopathic, menopausal age is a heritable trait and genetic factors play an important role in all POI cases with known causes, accounting for approximately 20% to 25% of cases. This paper reviews the selected genetic causes implicated in POI and examines their pathogenic mechanisms to show the crucial role of genetic effects on POI. The genetic factors that can be found in POI cases include chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., X chromosomal aneuploidies, structural X chromosomal abnormalities, X-autosome translocations, and autosomal variations), single gene mutations (e.g., newborn ovary homeobox gene (NOBOX), folliculogenesis specific bHLH transcription factor (FIGLA), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), etc., as well as defects in mitochondrial functions and non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs). These findings are beneficial for doctors to diagnose idiopathic POI cases and predict the risk of POI in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Chen
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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Tachibana N, Hosono K, Nomura S, Arai S, Torii K, Kurata K, Sato M, Shimakawa S, Azuma N, Ogata T, Wada Y, Okamoto N, Saitsu H, Nishina S, Hotta Y. Maternal Uniparental Isodisomy of Chromosome 4 and 8 in Patients with Retinal Dystrophy: SRD5A3-Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation and RP1-Related Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020359. [PMID: 35205402 PMCID: PMC8872353 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a rare chromosomal abnormality. We performed whole-exosome sequencing (WES) in cases of early-onset retinal dystrophy and identified two cases likely caused by UPD. Herein, we report these two cases and attempt to clarify the clinical picture of retinal dystrophies caused by UPD. Methods: WES analysis was performed for two patients and their parents, who were not consanguineous. Functional analysis was performed in cases suspected of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). We obtained clinical case data and reviewed the literature. Results: In case 1, a novel c.57G>C, p.(Trp19Cys) variant in SRD5A3 was detected homozygously. Genetic analysis suggested a maternal UPD on chromosome 4, and functional analysis confirmed CDG. Clinical findings showed early-onset retinal dystrophy, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. In case 2, an Alu insertion (c.4052_4053ins328, p.[Tyr1352Alafs]) in RP1 was detected homozygously. Maternal UPD on chromosome 8 was suspected. The clinical picture was consistent with RP1-related retinitis pigmentosa. Although the clinical features of retinal dystrophy by UPD may vary, most cases present with childhood onset. Conclusions: There have been limited reports of retinal dystrophy caused by UPD, suggesting that it is rare. Genetic counseling may be encouraged in pediatric cases of retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Katsuhiro Hosono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Shinji Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Kaoruko Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Kentaro Kurata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Miho Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Shuichi Shimakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan;
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.O.); (H.S.)
- Hamamatsu Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu 432-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Wada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (Y.W.); (N.O.)
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan; (Y.W.); (N.O.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Izumi 594-1101, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.O.); (H.S.)
| | - Sachiko Nishina
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (N.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (N.T.); (K.H.); (S.N.); (S.A.); (K.T.); (K.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-53-435-2256
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Quelhas D, Carneiro J, Lopes-Marques M, Jaeken J, Martins E, Rocha JF, Teixeira Carla SS, Ferreira CR, Sousa SF, Azevedo L. Assessing the effects of PMM2 variants on protein stability. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:344-352. [PMID: 34863624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency, PMM2-CDG, is the most frequent disorder of protein N-glycosylation. It is an autosomal recessive disease with a broad clinical and biochemical phenotype. Trying to predict the impact of novel variants is often a challenge due to the high number of variants and the difficulty to establish solid genotype-phenotype correlations. A potential useful strategy is to use computational chemistry calculations as a tool from which relevant information on the structural impact of novel variants may be deduced. Here we present our analyses based on four well-known PMM2 deleterious variants (p.(Leu32Arg), p.(Asp65Tyr), p.(Phe119Leu), p.(Arg141His)) and the polymorphic p.(Glu197Ala) for which we have predicted the effect on protein stability. Our work predicts the effect of different amino acid residues on the conformation and stability of PMM2. These computational simulations are, therefore, an extremely useful methodology which, in combination with routinely used in silico methods of pathogenicity prediction, may help to reveal the structural impact of novel variants at the protein level, potentially leading to a better understanding of target biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Quelhas
- Unidade de Bioquímica Genética, Centro de Genética Médica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS, UP, Porto, Portugal; Centro Referência Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - J Carneiro
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - M Lopes-Marques
- i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Martins
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS, UP, Porto, Portugal; Centro Referência Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J F Rocha
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - S S Teixeira Carla
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - C R Ferreira
- Skeletal Genomics Unit, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S F Sousa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Azevedo
- i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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