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Ju G, Yan K, Xu Y, Chen S, Zheng Z, Qiu W. Evaluation of Bioequivalency and Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Two Formulations of Glimepiride 1-mg in Chinese Subjects. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2637-2644. [PMID: 32753845 PMCID: PMC7351633 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Glimepiride, an FDA-approved oral hypoglycemic drug, is a long-acting sulfonylurea (SU), used for treating type 2 diabetes. The study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence and safety profiles of two different formulations of glimepiride 1 mg from two different manufactures in healthy Chinese subjects in the fasting and fed state in order to acquire adequate pharmacokinetic evidence for registration approval of the test formulation. Patients and Methods This study is an open-label, two-period, two-sequence, randomized, two-way crossover pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese subjects in the fasting and fed state. Seventy-two subjects were randomly assigned to the fasting group and the fed group (n=36 each). We collected blood samples, 24-h post drug administration. The plasma concentration of glimepiride was assessed using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. The following parameters were evaluated: AUC0-inf, AUC0-last, Cmax, t1⁄2, Tmax, and λz. Safety was determined based on the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and laboratory examinations (biochemistry, hematology, and urinalysis) throughout the entire study period. Results The geometric mean ratios (GMR) amongst the two glimepiride formulations for the primary pharmacokinetic parameters, ie, AUC0-inf, AUC0-last, and Cmax as well as the corresponding 90% CIs, were all within the range of 80.00-125.00% in the fasting and fed state. The safety profile for both treatments was comparable. Conclusion PK analysis revealed that the test and reference formulations of glimepiride were bioequivalent and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects. Chinese Clinical Trials Registry identifier: CTR20171121. Clinical Trial Registration Number CTR20171121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehang Ju
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Youwei Xu
- Research Institute, Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Chen
- The Department of Analysis, Chengdu Fanweixi Pharmaceutical Technology Company, Limited, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghui Zheng
- Research Institute, Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Phase I Clinical Unit, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Insight into the Formation of Glimepiride Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010053. [PMID: 31936609 PMCID: PMC7022670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystal formation for the dissolution enhancement of glimepiride was attempted by wet media milling. Different stabilizers were tested and the obtained nanosuspensions were solidified by spray drying in presence of mannitol, and characterized regarding their redispersibility by dynamic light scattering, physicochemical properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microcopy (SEM), as well as dissolution rate. Lattice energy frameworks combined with topology analysis were used in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of particle fracture. It was found that nanosuspensions with narrow size distribution can be obtained in presence of poloxamer 188, HPC-SL and Pharmacoat® 603 stabilizers, with poloxamer giving poor redispersibility due to melting and sticking of nanocrystals during spray drying. DSC and FT-IR studies showed that glimepiride does not undergo polymorphic transformations during processing, and that the milling process induces changes in the hydrogen bonding patterns of glimepiride crystals. Lattice energy framework and topology analysis revealed the existence of a possible slip plane on the (101) surface, which was experimentally verified by PXRD analysis. Dissolution testing proved the superior performance of nanocrystals, and emphasized the important influence of the stabilizer on the dissolution rate of the nanocrystals.
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Hamad M, Rahhal A, Dayyih WA, Mallah E, Dayyih AA, Zakaria Z, Arafat T. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography Method for Determination of Glimepiride in Presence of (Vimto ®) Soft Drinks in Rats: Application to Pharmacokinetics Studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2019; 11:49-59. [PMID: 30906140 PMCID: PMC6394163 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_200_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Diet and beverages are thought to have notable effects on drugs. Recently, this relationship has received significant consideration. AIMS To develop and validate a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of glimepiride in rat serum. This will be performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between glimepiride and the soft drink, Vimto, will also be investigated in the serum of experimental rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLC-MS/MS was constructed and clarithromycin was used as an internal standard. RESULTS The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and system suitability parameters. The method was found to be satisfactory and suitable for the determination of glimepiride. The precision of glimepiride was high (coefficient of variation, CV% <15%), the accuracy over all 3 days of validation was within the accepted criteria. Glimepiride peak serum concentration (C max) was 126.01 ng/mL and was reached within 1 h (T max) of administration. Mean area under curve (AUC) was 964.70 ng/mL and was reached within 24 h of administration. The Vimto soft drink significantly (P < 0.050) reduced glimepiride peak serum concentration to 57.87 ng/mL and was reached within 2 h of administration. AUC was significantly reduced to 335.04 ng*h/mL (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION Glimepiride pharmacokinetic parameters such as C max and AUC were significantly affected by the Vimto soft drink. Therefore, this study developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for validation and determination of the effects of soft drinks on drugs using the LC-MS/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hamad
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Rahhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wael Abu Dayyih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eyad Mallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alice Abu Dayyih
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacy, Bio- and Pharmaceutical Analysis Department Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, Idstein, Germany
| | - Zainab Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tawfiq Arafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Fachi MM, Cerqueira LB, Leonart LP, de Francisco TMG, Pontarolo R. Simultaneous Quantification of Antidiabetic Agents in Human Plasma by a UPLC-QToF-MS Method. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167107. [PMID: 27930700 PMCID: PMC5145167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, metformin, nateglinide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, and vildagliptin in human plasma was developed and validated, using isoniazid and sulfaquinoxaline as internal standards. Following plasma protein precipitation using acetonitrile with 1% formic acid, chromatographic separation was performed on a cyano column using gradient elution with water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid. Detection was performed in a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer, using electrospray ionization operated in the positive mode. Data from validation studies demonstrated that the new method is highly sensitive, selective, precise (RSD < 10%), accurate (RE < 12%), linear (r > 0.99), free of matrix and has no residual effects. The developed method was successfully applied to volunteers' plasma samples. Hence, this method was demonstrated to be appropriate for clinical monitoring of antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba – Paraná, Brazil
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Ahmed OAA, Kurakula M, Banjar ZM, Afouna MI, Zidan AS. Quality by design coupled with near infrared in formulation of transdermal glimepiride liposomal films. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2062-2075. [PMID: 25873019 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at developing glimepiride (GMD) liposomal films using quality by design (QbD) and process analytical technology (PAT) principles. Risk analysis and Plackett-Burman design were utilized to evaluate formulation variables in two paths. Internal path included liposomal parameters (phosphatidylserine, cholesterol and drug concentrations, and pH of hydration medium). External path constituted films parameters, namely, polymer, plasticizer, and permeation enhancer percentages. As a PAT tool, near infrared (NIR)-based chemometric analysis was used in quantifying GMD contents. Liposomal formulations showed maximum GMD entrapment capacity of 41.9% with vesicular size of 0.51 μm at phospholipid to cholesterol to drug weight ratio of 2:1:0.8. Its transdermal films showed elongation ratio of 75%, folding endurance of 700-fold, 16.6% and 26.8% drug release after 1 and 12 h, respectively. Moreover, 3D response spaces for GMD entrapment and release characteristics were established. Regarding NIR analysis, partial-least-square regression model was accurate in quantifying drug content as indicated by the low root-mean-squared error of calibrations and prediction of 0.031 and 0.032, and bias values of 0.0015 and 0.0021, respectively. In conclusion, this study highlights the level of understanding that can be accomplished through a well-designed research based on QbD and PAT paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdelhakim Aly Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mallesh Kurakula
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainy Mohamed Banjar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen Ibrahim Afouna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir Zidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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He ZX, Zhou ZW, Yang Y, Yang T, Pan SY, Qiu JX, Zhou SF. Overview of clinically approved oral antidiabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:125-38. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences; Guiyang Medical University; Guiyang China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Yinxue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmacology; School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing China
| | - Jia-Xuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Nanchang China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
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Population pharmacokinetic analysis of glimepiride with CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in healthy Korean subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:889-98. [PMID: 21476064 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of glimepiride and to investigate the influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C9 on the PPK of glimepiride in healthy Korean subjects. METHODS Serum data after a single oral dose of 2 mg of glimepiride in 177 healthy male Korean subjects (CYP2C9*1*1: 163 subjects, *1/*3: 14 subjects) were used. We estimated the PPK of glimepiride using a nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) method and explored the possible influence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C9 on the PPK of glimepiride. RESULTS The disposition of glimepiride was best described with a two-compartment model with a Weibull-type absorption and first-order elimination. The visual predictive check indicated that the pharmacokinetic profile of glimepiride was adequately described by the proposed PPK model. The CYP2C9 genotypes as covariate significantly (P < 0.001) influenced the apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of glimepiride. The estimated CL/F of glimepiride was higher (1.60-fold) in CYP2C9*1/*1 subjects than in CYP2C9*1/*3 subjects. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 influence the substantial interindividual variability in the disposition of glimepiride, and these polymorphisms may affect the clinical response to glimepiride therapy.
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Briscoe VJ, Griffith ML, Davis SN. The role of glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:225-35. [PMID: 20055691 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903512955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent throughout the world; controlling glycemia is an important part of preventing serious complications of diabetes. Sulfonylureas have been used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes for many years. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This article reviews the pharmacological and clinical aspects of glimepiride, a second-generation sulfonylurea. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, and articles selected for relevance to pharmacology or clinical efficacy data from 1994 to 2009, with older references sought as indicated. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Pharmacology of glimepiride, data regarding clinical efficacy, key comparisons to other agents and emerging concepts related to glimepiride are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Therapy with glimepiride improves the relative insulin secretory deficit found in T2DM, has antihyperglycemic efficacy equal to other secretagogues with reduced potential for hypoglycemia and may have additional actions contributing to glycemic control in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Briscoe
- Vanderbilt University, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 7465 MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA.
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Hydrogen peroxide-induced translocation of glycolipid-anchored (c)AMP-hydrolases to lipid droplets mediates inhibition of lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:901-13. [PMID: 18454169 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insulin-independent inhibition of lipolysis by palmitate, the anti-diabetic sulphonylurea glimepiride and H2O2 in rat adipocytes involves stimulation of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipase-C (GPI-PLC) and subsequent translocation of the GPI-anchored membrane ectoproteins (GPI-proteins), Gce1 and cluster of differentiation antigen (CD73), from specialized plasma membrane microdomains (DIGs) to cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs). This results in cAMP degradation at the LD surface and failure to activate hormone-sensitive lipase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may trigger this sequence of events in response to palmitate and glimepiride. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of various inhibitors of ROS production on the release of H2O2, GPI anchor cleavage and translocation of the photoaffinity-labelled or metabolically labelled Gce1 and CD73 from DIGs to LD and inhibition of lipolysis by different fatty acids and sulphonylureas were studied with primary rat adipocytes. KEY RESULTS Glimepiride and palmitate induced the production of H2O2 via the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial complexes I and III, respectively. Inhibition of ROS production was accompanied by the loss of (i) GPI-PLC activation, (ii) Gce1 and CD73 translocation and (iii) lipolysis inhibition in response to palmitate and glimepiride. Non-metabolizable fatty acids and the sulphonylurea drug tolbutamide were inactive. NADPH oxidase and GPI-PLC activities colocalized at DIGs were stimulated by glimepiride but not tolbutamide. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The data suggest that ROS mediate GPI-PLC activation at DIGs and subsequent GPI-protein translocation from DIGs to LD in adipocytes which leads to inhibition of lipolysis by palmitate and glimepiride. This insulin-independent anti-lipolytic mechanism may be engaged by future anti-diabetic drugs.
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