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Xu R, Abune L, Davis B, Ouyang L, Zhang G, Wang Y, Zhe J. Ultrasensitive detection of small biomolecules using aptamer-based molecular recognition and nanoparticle counting. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jacquillet G, Unwin RJ. Physiological regulation of phosphate by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate (Pi). Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:83-98. [PMID: 30393837 PMCID: PMC6326012 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an abundant element in the body and is essential for a wide variety of key biological processes. It plays an essential role in cellular energy metabolism and cell signalling, e.g. adenosine and guanosine triphosphates (ATP, GTP), and in the composition of phospholipid membranes and bone, and is an integral part of DNA and RNA. It is an important buffer in blood and urine and contributes to normal acid-base balance. Given its widespread role in almost every molecular and cellular function, changes in serum Pi levels and balance can have important and untoward effects. Pi homoeostasis is maintained by a counterbalance between dietary Pi absorption by the gut, mobilisation from bone and renal excretion. Approximately 85% of total body Pi is present in bone and only 1% is present as free Pi in extracellular fluids. In humans, extracellular concentrations of inorganic Pi vary between 0.8 and 1.2 mM, and in plasma or serum Pi exists in both its monovalent and divalent forms (H2PO4- and HPO42-). In the intestine, approximately 30% of Pi absorption is vitamin D regulated and dependent. To help maintain Pi balance, reabsorption of filtered Pi along the renal proximal tubule (PT) is via the NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc Na+-coupled Pi cotransporters, with a smaller contribution from the PiT-2 transporters. Endocrine factors, including, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as newer factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and its coreceptor α-klotho, are intimately involved in the control of Pi homeostasis. A tight regulation of Pi is critical, since hyperphosphataemia is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypophosphataemia with rickets and growth retardation. This short review considers the control of Pi balance by vitamin D, PTH and Pi itself, with an emphasis on the insights gained from human genetic disorders and genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Jacquillet
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Robert J Unwin
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- AstraZeneca IMED ECD CVRM R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Oueslati I, Khiari K, Bchir N, Abdallah NB. Hypocalcemia and Fahr syndrome in a patient with Graves' disease: Difficult etiological diagnosis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:885-887. [PMID: 27867902 PMCID: PMC5105583 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.192907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissem Oueslati
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Endocrinology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karima Khiari
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Endocrinology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Bchir
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Endocrinology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Néjib Ben Abdallah
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Endocrinology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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Labib M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9001-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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Zhao F, Xie Q, Xu M, Wang S, Zhou J, Liu F. RNA aptamer based electrochemical biosensor for sensitive and selective detection of cAMP. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 66:238-43. [PMID: 25437358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important small biological molecule associated with the healthy state of living organism. In order to realize highly sensitive and specific detection of cAMP, here an RNA aptamer and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based biosensor enhanced by gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on the surface of gold electrode is designed. The designed aptasensor has a wide effective measuring range from 50pM to 250pM with a detection limit of 50pM in PBS buffer, and an effective measuring range from 50nM to 1μM with a detection limit of 50nM in serum. The designed biosensor is also able to detect cAMP with high sensitivity, specificity, and stability. Since the biosensor can be easily fabricated with low cost and repeatedly used for at least two times, it owns great potential in wide application fields such as clinical test and food inspection, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Qingyun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Mingfei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Information Physics and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Murakami T, Nambu T, Morimoto Y, Matsuda Y, Matsuo K, Yonemitsu S, Muro S, Oki S. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type II in a woman with a history of thyroid surgery. Intern Med 2014; 53:743-7. [PMID: 24694489 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe the case of a woman with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type II. She had a history of subtotal thyroidectomy against Graves' disease without levothyroxine supplementation and presented with stiffness, numbness and muscle cramps. Her surgical history suggested the possibility of secondary hypoparathyroidism; however, the serum intact parathyroid hormone level and results of a Ellsworth-Howard test led to the diagnosis of PHP type II. In the present case, making the differential diagnosis was challenging because two distinct disorders, such as PHP and secondary hypoparathyroidism, may exist simultaneously. This case demonstrates the need to consider the possibility of PHP type II in patients exhibiting hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Japan
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Gómez JL, Momblán JJ, Ibáñez MM, Pérez MJ, Garzón MI, Martínez G, Alcalde M. Hypocalcemia in a paediatric case: from the clinical features to diagnosis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27:139-42. [PMID: 23934640 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2013-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism refers to end-organ resistance that primarily impairs the renal actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a key regulator of calcium homeostasis. Its diagnosis is complex because of the multiple variants of this entity, and more so because intravenous PTH is not available for the Ellsworth-Howard test. We report a symptomatic paediatric case of hypocalcaemia, the clinical features of which, and the course after treatment, suggest that it is most probably a case of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib.
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Chong PL, Meeking DR. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: a rare but important cause of hypocalcaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2012-008040. [PMID: 23345494 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-008040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a 46-year-old Caucasian lady with symptomatic hypocalcaemia. Investigations revealed markedly raised parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels with vitamin D deficiency. A number of conditions causing secondary hyperparathyroidism were ruled out from her medical history and initial investigations. The main differential diagnoses were vitamin D deficiency and PTH resistance (pseudohypoparathyroidism, PHP). With high-normal serum phosphate and normal alkaline phosphatase, and a lack of symptoms associated with osteomalacia, vitamin D deficiency alone was unlikely to be the cause of hypocalcaemia. Given a normal physical appearance, genetic testing was arranged and confirmed the diagnosis of PHP type Ib. She is currently taking activated vitamin D to maintain calcium homeostasis. PTH resistance is the hallmark of PHP, a rare complex genetic disorder, which can be easily missed resulting in potentially serious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Lin Chong
- Academic Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is not a rare disorder, particularly in minority groups. The Institute of Medicine recommends serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D levels >20 ng/mL and The Endocrine Society recommends levels >30 ng/mL for good health. In contrast, the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported average total 25-(OH)D concentrations of 25.6 ± 0.4 ng/mL in whites, 19.5 ± 0.5 ng/mL in Mexican Americans, and 14.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL in blacks. Pediatric patients with vitamin D deficiency may be asymptomatic or may present either with rickets, hypocalcemia, or seizures. Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare disorder characterized by parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance with (type 1a) or without (type 1b) the Albright Hereditary Os-teodystrophy (AHO) phenotype of short stature, brachydactyly, and mental retardation. Patients with PHP have elevated PTH levels and may have hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia. However, the same laboratory values can be seen in children with vitamin D deficiency, and diagnostic confusion is common. We report two cases of vitamin D deficiency with presentations suggestive of PHP.
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