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Wu D, Zhu J, Yang F, Li R, Liu L, Liu D, Liu C, Qu X, Liu H, Ji M, Qin X, Hua L, Xiang Y. CTNNAL1 deficiency suppresses CFTR expression in HDM-induced asthma mouse model through ROCK1-CAL signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1618-1629. [PMID: 37715489 PMCID: PMC10579809 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of adhesion molecule catenin alpha-like 1 (CTNNAL1) in airway epithelial cells of asthma patients and house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma animal models was illustrated in our previous study. It is assumed to contribute to airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. In this work, we further explore the underlying mechanism of CTNNAL1 in asthma. CTNNAL1-silenced female mice exhibit a decreased level of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-activated and ATP-gated Cl - channel that correlates with mucus hypersecretion. Our previous study demonstrated that ROCK1 expression decreases but ROCK2 expression increases in the lungs of a CTNNAL1-silenced mouse model. Inhibition of ROCK1 leads to a reduction in CFTR expression in CTNNAL1-overexpressing and CTNNAL1-silenced human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. It has been reported that ROCK1 is a downstream target of RhoA and that activation of RhoA increases CFTR expression after CTNNAL1 deficiency in vitro and in vivo. The above results indicate that CTNNAL1 regulates CFTR expression through the ROCK1 pathway. In addition, the expression of CFTR-associated ligand (CAL) is increased after CTNNAL1 silencing, and immunoprecipitation results confirm the interaction between ROCK1 and CAL. Inhibition of CAL does not influence ROCK1 expression but increases CFTR expression in CTNNAL1-silenced HBE cells. These data suggest that CTNNAL1 deficiency decreases CFTR expression in the HDM-induced asthma mouse model through the ROCK1-CAL signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshan528000China
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshan528000China
| | - Riwang Li
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshan528000China
| | - Lexin Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Dahai Liu
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshan528000China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
| | - Lan Hua
- the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410011China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical ScienceCentral South UniversityChangsha410008China
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Kim MH, Bae CS, Bok SH, Choi HS, Ahn T, Cho SS, Park DH. Drug Development from Natural Products Based on the Pathogenic Mechanism of Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12469. [PMID: 37569846 PMCID: PMC10419019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pulmonary system associated with many wheeze-to-sleep apnea complications that may lead to death. In 2019, approximately 262 million patients suffered from asthma, and 455 thousand died from the disease worldwide. It is a more severe health problem in children and older adults, and as the aging of society intensifies, the problem will continue to worsen. Asthma inducers can be classified as indoor and outdoor allergens and can cause asthma due to their repeated invasion. There are several theories about asthma occurrence, such as the imbalance between Th1 and Th2, inflammation in the pulmonary system, and the abnormal apoptosis/cell proliferation of cells related to asthma. Although there are many medications for asthma, as it is an incurable disease, the purpose of the drugs is only to suppress the symptoms. The current drugs can be divided into relievers and controllers; however, as they have many adverse effects, such as immune suppression, growth retardation, promotion of cataracts, hyperactivity, and convulsions, developing new asthma drugs is necessary. Although natural products can have adverse effects, the development of asthma drugs from natural products may be beneficial, as some have anti-asthmatic effects such as immune modulation, anti-inflammation, and/or apoptosis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (C.-S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - So-Hyeon Bok
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyo-Seung Choi
- Department of Digital Contents, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Taeho Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (C.-S.B.); (T.A.)
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
- Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Zhou Y, Li L, Yu Z, Gu X, Pan R, Li Q, Yuan C, Cai F, Zhu Y, Cui Y. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen Der p 22: Cloning, expression, IgE-binding in asthmatic children, and immunogenicity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13835. [PMID: 36003049 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dust mite extract contains multiple components that, while useful in clinical allergy diagnosis and treatment, can cause serious side effects. Defining components of dust mite extract is important their contributions to allergic disease. This study aimed to characterize a novel dust mite allergen, Der p 22. METHODS We amplified the cDNA encoding Der p 22 from total RNA of the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and inserted it into an expression construct for transformation to competent cells. Purified recombinant (r) Der p 22 was tested for IgE-binding reactivity in sera obtained from children with allergic asthma by the Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu, China). rDer p 22 also was used to challenge BALB/c mice to assess effects on T helper cells and cytokine levels and applied to cultured lung epithelial cells to evaluate apoptosis and cytokine secretion. RESULTS rDer p 22 bound to IgE in 93.75% of sera from pediatric allergic asthma patients. Mice challenged with rDer p 22 had altered Th1/Th2 ratios in spleen and lymph, and lower levels of cytokines IFN-γ but higher levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in alveolar lavage fluid compared with controls (p < .05). Cultured lung epithelial cells had greater apoptosis rates and exhibited higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF when treated with rDer p 22 compared with control treatment (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Recombinant Der p 22 exhibited high IgE-binding rates in allergic children, indicating the activity of the recombinant protein and suggesting this novel allergen may be appropriate for inclusion in an allergy diagnostic workup. This finding is supported by in vitro and mouse in vivo studies showing rDer p 22 induced strong allergenic reactivity and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- Department of Respiratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruilin Pan
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Cunyin Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yubao Cui
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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4
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Wu D, Jiang W, Liu C, Liu L, Li F, Ma X, Pan L, Liu C, Qu X, Liu H, Qin X, Xiang Y. CTNNAL1 participates in the regulation of mucus overproduction in HDM‐induced asthma mouse model through the YAP‐ROCK2 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1656-1671. [PMID: 35092120 PMCID: PMC8899158 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that adhesion molecule catenin alpha‐like 1(CTNNAL1) is downregulated in airway epithelial cells of asthma patients and asthma animal model but little is known about how the CTNNAL1 affects asthma pathogenesis. To reveal the direct relationship between asthma and CTNNAL1, CTNNAL1‐deficient mouse model in bronchopulmonary tissue was constructed by introducing CTNNAL1‐siRNA sequence using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) as vector. The mouse model of asthma was established by stimulation of house dust mite (HDM). After HDM‐challenged, there was marked airway inflammation, especially mucus hypersecretion in the CTNNAL1‐deficient mice. In addition, the CTNNAL1‐deficient mice exhibited an increase of lung IL‐4 and IL‐13 levels, as well as a significant increase of goblet cell hyperplasia and MUC5AC after HDM exposure. The expression of Yes‐associated protein (YAP), protein that interacted with α‐catenin, was downregulated after CTNNAL1 silencing and was upregulated due to its overexpression. In addition, the interaction between CTNNAL1 and YAP was confirmed by CO‐IP. Besides, inhibition of YAP could decrease the secretion of MUC5AC, IL‐4 and IL‐13 in CTNNAL1‐deficient 16HBE14o‐cells. Above results indicated us that CTNNAL1 regulated mucus hypersecretion through YAP pathway. In addition, the expression of ROCK2 increased when CTNNAL1 was silenced and decreased after YAP silencing, and inhibition of YAP decreased the expression of ROCK2 in CTNNAL1‐deficient HBE cells. Inhibition of ROCK2 decreased MUC5AC expression and IL‐13 secretion. In all, our study demonstrates that CTNNAL1 plays an important role in HDM‐induced asthma, mediating mucus secretion through the YAP‐ROCK2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Wang Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology School of Basic Medical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha China
| | - Lexin Liu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Furong Li
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiaodi Ma
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology School of Basic Medical Science Central South University Changsha China
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5
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Stafford JL. An Imaging Flow Cytometry Protocol for Studying Immunoregulatory Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:201-216. [PMID: 34870821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have allowed for innovative functional investigations of innate immune cell responses. Imaging flow cytometers combine the imaging capabilities of microscopy with rapid, high-throughput data acquisition attributes of standard flow cytometers. Here, we describe a detailed method for co-expressing stimulatory and inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor-types in AD293 cells and then measuring receptor cross-talk during the regulation of the phagocytic response. Information on reagent selection, imaging flow cytometry calibration, and automated template analyses are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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6
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Saghir SAM, Al-Gabri NA, Ali AA, Al-Attar ASR, Al-Sobarry M, Al-shargi OYA, Alotaibi A, Al-zharani M, Nasr FA, Al-Balagi N, Abdulghani MAM, Alnaimat SM, Althunibat OY, Mahmoud AM. Ameliorative Effect of Thymoquinone-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles on Chronic Lung Injury Induced by Repetitive Intratracheal Instillation of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5511523. [PMID: 34136063 PMCID: PMC8177996 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa, possesses several benefits in traditional and modern medicines. This study examined the effect of a single dose of Nano-TQ on chronic lung injury induced by repetitive intratracheal installation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats received LPS twice weekly for 8 weeks via intratracheal installation and a single dose of TQ-PLGA NPs on the day after the last dose of LPS. Six rats from each group were sacrificed after 8 and 10 weeks, and samples were collected for analysis. Repetitive intratracheal installation of LPS caused histopathological alterations, including partial or complete obstruction of the alveoli, interstitial edema, mild fibroblastic proliferation, fibrous strands besides lymphocytes and plasma infiltrations, suffered fetalization, bronchiectasis, hypertrophied arterioles, and others. Investigation of the ultrastructure revealed prominent necrotic pneumocytes with destructed chromatin and remnant of necrotic debris in the narrowing alveolar lumen in LPS-induced rats. TQ-PLGA NPs effectively ameliorated LPS-induced histopathological and ultrastructural alterations in the lung of rats. In addition, TQ-PLGA NPs significantly alleviated serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in LPS-induced rats. In conclusion, TQ-PLGA NPs prevented inflammation and tissue injury in the lungs of rats challenged with repetitive intratracheal installation of LPS. Therefore, TQ-PLGA NPs represent a promising candidate for the prevention of lung injury induced by LPS, pending further studies to determine its safety and exact protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A. M. Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Naif A. Al-Gabri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar 87246, Yemen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Laboratory of Djibouti Regional livestock Quarantine, Abu Yasser International Est., Djibouti
| | - Abdelmoniem A. Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Al-Sayed R. Al-Attar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mosa'd Al-Sobarry
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ittihad Private University, Al-Raqqah, Syria
| | | | - Amal Alotaibi
- Basic Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-zharani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahfoudh A. M. Abdulghani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alnaimat
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Osama Y. Althunibat
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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7
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Liu M, Lu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Clara cell 16 KDa protein mitigates house dust mite-induced airway inflammation and damage via regulating airway epithelial cell apoptosis in a manner dependent on HMGB1-mediated signaling inhibition. Mol Med 2021; 27:11. [PMID: 33541260 PMCID: PMC7863538 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background House dust mite (HDM) inhalation can cause airway epithelial damage which is implicated in the process of airway inflammation in asthma. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is critically required for cellular damage and apoptosis as an important endogenous danger signal. Recently, Clara cell 16KDa protein (CC16) has been identified to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory influence in various injury-related diseases model. However, little is known about its ability to protect against airway epithelial injury in allergic asthma. This study was aimed to clarify the protective roles of CC16 on airway epithelia in HDM-induced asthma and the regulation of HMGB1 by CC16. Methods Mice were sensitized and challenged by HDM extract and administrated intranasally with CC16 (5 μg/g or 10 μg/g) or saline in the challenged period. The BEAS-2B human airway epithelial cell line were cultured with CC16 or the control vehicle and then exposed to HDM. Knockdown or overexpression of HMGB1 was induced by cell transfection or intratracheal injection of recombinant adenovirus. Results CC16 treatment decreased airway inflammation and histological damage of airway epithelium dose-dependently in HDM-induced asthma model. Airway epithelia apoptosis upon HDM stimulation was noticeably abrogated by CC16 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, upregulation of HMGB1 expression and its related signaling were also detected under HDM conditions, while silencing HMGB1 significantly inhibited the apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, the activity of HMGB1-mediated signaling was restrained after CC16 treatment whereas HMGB1 overexpression abolished the protective effect of CC16 on HDM-induced airway epithelia apoptosis. Conclusions Our data confirm that CC16 attenuates HDM-mediated airway inflammation and damage via suppressing airway epithelial cell apoptosis in a HMGB1-dependent manner, suggesting the role of CC16 as a potential protective option for HDM-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Liu
- Shanghai East Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200123, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shanghai East Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200123, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Yunxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhongliang Guo
- Shanghai East Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200123, China. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China.
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8
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Ookawara T, Aihara R, Morimoto A, Iwashita N, Kurata K, Takagi Y, Miyasaka A, Kushiro M, Miyake S, Fukuyama T. Acute and subacute oral toxicity of deoxynivalenol exposure in a Dermatophagoides farinae induced murine asthma model. Toxicol Sci 2020; 179:229-240. [PMID: 33170220 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, researchers have demonstrated that mycotoxin deoxynivalenol significantly enhances immunocyte activation. However, the interaction between deoxynivalenol exposure and immune disorders remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether acute and subacute oral exposure to deoxynivalenol exacerbates the development of respiratory allergy using a mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farina, Derf)-induced mouse model of asthma. The direct relationship between deoxynivalenol exposure and asthma development was examined following acute oral deoxynivalenol administration (0, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg body weight), immediately before the final mite allergen challenge. Simultaneously, the influence of subacute oral exposure via low dose deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat (0.33 ppm) was evaluated using the same settings. To detect the pro-inflammatory effects of deoxynivalenol exposure, we examined the total and Derf-specific serum IgE levels, histology, number of immunocytes, and cytokine and chemokine secretion. Acute oral deoxynivalenol significantly enhanced the inflammatory responses, including cellular infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, infiltration of immunocytes and cytokine production in local lymph nodes, and cytokine levels in lung tissues. Corresponding pro-inflammatory responses were observed in a mouse group exposed to subacute oral deoxynivalenol. In vivo results were validated by in vitro experiments using the human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and human eosinophilic leukemia (EOL-1) cell lines. Following exposure to deoxynivalenol, the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in BEAS-2B cells, as well as EoL-1 cells, increased significantly. Our findings indicate that deoxynivalenol exposure is significantly involved in the pro-inflammatory response observed in respiratory allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toa Ookawara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Aihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ai Morimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Bioalchemis, 3-28-61 Honshuku-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Kurata
- Institute of Tokyo Environmental Allergy, ITEA Inc, 1-2-5, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Japan SLC, Inc, 85 Ohara-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyasaka
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shiro Miyake
- Laboratory of Food and Hygiene, School of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Tajima H, Tajiki-Nishino R, Watanabe Y, Kurata K, Fukuyama T. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by benzo[a]pyrene increases interleukin 33 expression and eosinophil infiltration in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1545-1553. [PMID: 32557721 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand, directly contributes to aggravation of cutaneous allergy in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis. The present study aimed to determine whether BaP-induced AhR activation results in development of airway inflammation. Initially, the potential for a direct relationship between BaP-induced AhR activation and airway inflammation was investigated in vivo, using a mouse model of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) hapten toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)-induced airway inflammation. Mice were orally administered BaP at 48, 24, and 4 h before the final allergen challenge. Oral administration of BaP showed a significant increase in lung inflammation and eosinophil infiltration. While expression of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 was not affected by exposure to BaP, AhR activation significantly increased IL-33 expression. To confirm the in vivo results, in vitro experiments were performed using the human eosinophilic leukemia cell line (EOL-1), human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A549). Results indicated that pre-treatment with BaP increased expression of IL-8 in house dust mite-activated EOL-1, BEAS-2B, and A549 cells. In addition, IL-33 levels in BEAS-2B cells were significantly increased after BaP exposure. Our findings indicated that BaP-induced AhR activation is involved in the pro-inflammatory response in respiratory allergy, and that this effect may be mediated by increased IL-33 expression and eosinophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tajima
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Watanabe
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keigo Kurata
- Institute of Tokyo Environmental Allergy, ITEA Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32117248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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Sharma L, Feng J, Britto CJ, Dela Cruz CS. Mechanisms of Epithelial Immunity Evasion by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:91. [PMID: 32117248 PMCID: PMC7027138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections are major healthcare challenges killing millions of people worldwide and resulting in a huge economic burden. Both basic and clinical research have elucidated host mechanisms that contribute to the bacterial clearance where an indispensable role of immune cells has been established. However, the role of respiratory epithelial cells in bacterial clearance has garnered limited attention due to their weak inflammatory or phagocytic ability compared to immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. These studies often underappreciate the fact that epithelial cells are the most abundant cells in the lung, not only serving as building blocks but also providing immune protection throughout the lung. Epithelial cells function either independently to eradicate the pathogen or communicate with immune cells to orchestrate pathogen clearance. The epithelial cells have multiple mechanisms that include mucus production, antimicrobial peptide production, muco-ciliary clearance, and phagocytosis, all of which contribute to their direct antibacterial function. Secretion of cytokines to recruit immune cells and potentiate their antimicrobial activities is a pathway by which the epithelium contributes to bacterial clearance. Successful pathogens outsmart epithelial resistance and find a way to replicate in sufficient numbers to establish infections in the airway or lung epithelial surfaces. In this mini-review, we discuss evidences that establish important roles for epithelial host defense against invading respiratory bacterial pathogens and demonstrate how pathogens outsmart these epithelial immune mechanisms to successfully establish infection. Finally, we discuss briefly how to boost epithelial immunity to improve outcomes in bacterial lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Zwinderman MRH, de Weerd S, Dekker FJ. Targeting HDAC Complexes in Asthma and COPD. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:19. [PMID: 34968229 PMCID: PMC8594684 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Around three million patients die due to airway inflammatory diseases each year. The most notable of these diseases are asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed. Promising targets are histone deacetylases (HDACs), since they regulate posttranslational protein acetylation. Over a thousand proteins are reversibly acetylated, and acetylation critically influences aberrant intracellular signaling pathways in asthma and COPD. The diverse set of selective and non-selective HDAC inhibitors used in pre-clinical models of airway inflammation show promising results, but several challenges still need to be overcome. One such challenge is the design of HDAC inhibitors with unique selectivity profiles, such as selectivity towards specific HDAC complexes. Novel strategies to disrupt HDAC complexes should be developed to validate HDACs further as targets for new anti-inflammatory pulmonary treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands (M.R.H.Z.) (S.d.W.)
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14
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Li G, Liao Y, Hu J, Lu L, Zhang Y, Li B, An T. Activation of NF-κB pathways mediating the inflammation and pulmonary diseases associated with atmospheric methylamine exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1216-1224. [PMID: 31252119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of methylamine on human health have been debated for several years, but the exact adverse outcomes and definite signaling cascades have not been elucidated yet. Herein, a NF-κB signal pathway, a positive regulator of inflammation was identified as the main pathway of methylamine exposure induced adverse effects in bronchial airway cells (16HBE) for the first time. The results indicated that methylamine could stimulate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cytoplasm and mitochondria of 16HBE cells. Moreover, ROS accelerate the translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB in nucleic and promote the expression of inflammatory, such as IL-8 and IL-6. As a result, methylamine was found to be increased ROS-mediated NF-κB activation in cells, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, the results also showed that methylamine could affect the expression of cytokines related genes, p53, STAT3, Bcl2, c-myc, Cyclin D, Hes1, Mcl-1, TGF-β2. The breakdown of those cell proliferation and apoptosis related genes were leading to a common toxic mechanism of cell death. In summary, our work uncovers a mechanism by which methylamine can induce the formation of inflammation response and demonstrates potential inflammation and carcinogenesis in human airway cell upon the methylamine inhaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lirong Lu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing Li
- Experimental Medical Research Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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15
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McGovern T, Farahnak S, Chen M, Larsson K, Martin JG, Adner M. Organic dust, causing both oxidative stress and Nrf2 activation, is phagocytized by bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L305-L316. [PMID: 31116579 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00377.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of organic dust (OD) from swine confinement facilities leads to pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and oxidative stress. In mice, pretreatment with a hydroxyl radical scavenger prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) induced by OD exposure. We sought to determine a mechanism by which OD could induce oxidative stress in bronchial epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B or NHBE) were treated with various concentrations of OD, followed by evaluation of intracellular oxidative stress using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). After stimulation with OD, gene expression of antioxidant genes was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR followed by quantification of Nrf2 nuclear translocation using a luciferase reporter assay. Phagocytic markers (CD36 and CD68) were analyzed by FACS. Cells were treated with an actin inhibitor, cytochalasin D, before OD exposure and evaluated for Nrf2 nuclear translocation and DCFDA. Mice were pretreated with sulforaphane, the Nrf2 activator, before OD exposure and evaluated for pulmonary inflammation and airway reactivity. OD induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in DCFDA. mRNA expression levels of Nrf2-dependent genes and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were increased after OD exposure. OD exposure increased the expression of CD68 and CD36. Cytochalasin D prevented oxidative stress and Nrf2 nuclear translocation after OD. Pretreatment with sulforaphane prevented OD-induced inflammation and AHR while increasing the uptake of OD in bronchial epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells can phagocytose OD, resulting in an increase in endogenous oxidative stress. Nrf2-dependent mechanisms mediate the antioxidant response to OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby McGovern
- McGill University Health Center, Meakins-Christie Laboratories for Lung Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soroor Farahnak
- McGill University Health Center, Meakins-Christie Laboratories for Lung Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Chen
- McGill University Health Center, Meakins-Christie Laboratories for Lung Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James G Martin
- McGill University Health Center, Meakins-Christie Laboratories for Lung Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Liu L, Huang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Duan Y. Overexpressed Hsp70 alleviated formaldehyde-induced apoptosis partly via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:495-504. [PMID: 30600586 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, which can induce apoptosis in lung cell and is related to the pathogenesis of asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone and exhibits an anti-apoptosis ability in a variety of cells. Previous studies reported that the expression of Hsp70 was induced when organisms were exposed to FA. Whether Hsp70 plays a role in the FA-induced apoptosis and the involved cell signaling pathway remain largely unknown. In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells with overexpressed Hsp70 and the control were exposed to different concentrations of FA (0, 40, 80, and 160 μmol/L) for 24 hours. Apoptosis and the expression levels of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, MEK, p-MEK, and GLI2 were detected by Annexin-APC/7AAD double-labeled flow cytometry and western blot. The results showed that overexpression of Hsp70 decreased the apoptosis induced by FA and alleviated the decline of PI3k and p-Akt significantly. Inhibitor (LY 294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K-Akt) test result indicated that PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was involved in the inhibition of FA-induced apoptosis by Hsp70 overexpression and also active in the maintenance of GLI2 level. However, it also suggested that other signaling pathways activated by overexpressed Hsp70 participated in this process, which was needed to be elucidated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Coppard C, Hannani D, Humbert M, Gauthier V, Plumas J, Merlin E, Gabert F, Chaperot L. In vitro PUVA treatment triggers calreticulin exposition and HMGB1 release by dying T lymphocytes in GVHD: New insights in extracorporeal photopheresis. J Clin Apher 2019; 34:450-460. [PMID: 30860623 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an effective therapy for graft vs host disease (GVHD), based on infusion of UVA-irradiated and 8 methoxy-psoralen (PUVA)-treated leukocytes. Reinfusion of these apoptosing cells affects the functionality of pathogenic T cells through poorly understood immunomodulatory mechanisms. Apoptosis is usually a silent, tolerance-associated process, but can also be immunogenic, depending on death-inducers and environmental context. METHODS To understand ECP mechanisms of action, human alloreactive T cells generated in an in vitro model mimicking GVHD were used, as well as primary cells from GVHD patients. Cells were submitted to PUVA treatment and their phenotype and immunogenicity were analyzed, using cell culture and flow cytometry. RESULTS In vitro PUVA treatment induced the expression of several damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by dying T cells (calreticulin, high-mobility group box-1, and to a lesser extent heat shock proteins 70 and 90), especially upon T cell activation, leading to their phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Allogeneic DCs preincubated with PUVA treated T cells induced comparable naive T cell proliferation and polarization as control allogeneic DC. CONCLUSION Altogether, in our experimental settings, in vitro PUVA-treatment induces a partially immunogenic phenotype allowing phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and DC, however not sufficient to induce dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation. These data refine current models of ECP-mediated immune modulation and emphasize the need to further analyze PUVA-treated cell interactions with immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Coppard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dalil Hannani
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,PDC*line Pharma, Grenoble, France
| | - Marion Humbert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Virginie Gauthier
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,PDC*line Pharma, Grenoble, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Femme-Enfant, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Gabert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Research and Development, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
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18
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Watanabe Y, Tajiki-Nishino R, Tajima H, Fukuyama T. Role of estrogen receptors α and β in the development of allergic airway inflammation in mice: A possible involvement of interleukin 33 and eosinophils. Toxicology 2018; 411:93-100. [PMID: 30445053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the estrogen receptor α (ERα), but not ERβ, is involved in the proinflammatory and propruritic responses in cutaneous allergy. In addition, results from our recent study showed that while oral administration of the rather ERβ-selective agonist bisphenol A exacerbated the respiratory allergic inflammation, the potential inflammatory reaction in the skin was decreased after administration of bisphenol A. This study aimed to elucidate whether ERα and ERβ are involved in the progression of an allergic airway inflammation. We performed an in vivo experiment using an animal model of allergic airway inflammation using male BALB/c mice to confirm an increase in the proinflammatory response induced by propylpyrazoletriol (PPT), an ERα agonist, and diarylpropionitrile (DPN), an ERβ agonist. Oral administration of PPT or DPN showed a significant increase in the inflammation of the lung and infiltration of eosinophils. While the expression of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 was not affected by exposure to PPT or DPN, administration of these agonists significantly increased the expression of IL-33. The mechanism underlying the development of such allergic inflammatory responses was determined by an in vitro study using the human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and the human eosinophilic leukemia cell line (EoL-1). Activated cells were exposed to PPT or DPN for 24 h, and the cytokine levels were measured. The IL-33 levels in BEAS-2B cells increased significantly after exposure to PPT or DPN. In addition, pretreatment with PPT or DPN increased the expression of IL-8 in activated EoL-1 cells. Our findings indicate that ERα and ERβ are involved in the proinflammatory response in respiratory allergy, and their effects may be mediated by an increase in the expression of IL-33 and infiltration of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Watanabe
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Risako Tajiki-Nishino
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Tajima
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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19
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CD4 T Cell Epitope Specificity and Cytokine Potential Are Preserved as Cells Transition from the Lung Vasculature to Lung Tissue following Influenza Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00377-18. [PMID: 29669836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00377-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary CD4 T cells are critical in respiratory virus control, both by delivering direct effector function and through coordinating responses of other immune cells. Recent studies have shown that following influenza virus infection, virus-specific CD4 T cells are partitioned between pulmonary vasculature and lung tissue. However, very little is known about the peptide specificity or functional differences of CD4 T cells within these two compartments. Using a mouse model of influenza virus infection in conjunction with intravascular labeling in vivo, the cell surface phenotype, epitope specificity, and functional potential of the endogenous polyclonal CD4 T cell response was examined by tracking nine independent CD4 T cell epitope specificities. These studies revealed that tissue-localized CD4 cells were globally distinct from vascular cells in expression of markers associated with transendothelial migration, residency, and micropositioning. Despite these differences, there was little evidence for remodeling of the viral epitope specificity or cytokine potential as cells transition from vasculature to the highly inflamed lung tissue. Our studies also distinguished cells in the pulmonary vasculature from peripheral circulating CD4 T cells, providing support for the concept that the pulmonary vasculature does not simply reflect circulating cells that are trapped within the narrow confines of capillary vessels but rather is enriched in transitional cells primed in the draining lymph node that have specialized potential to enter the lung tissue.IMPORTANCE CD4 T cells convey a multitude of functions in immunity to influenza, including those delivered in the lymph node and others conveyed by CD4 T cells that leave the lymph node, enter the blood, and extravasate into the lung tissue. Here, we show that the transition of recently primed CD4 cells detected in the lung vasculature undergo profound changes in expression of markers associated with tissue localization as they establish residence in the lung. However, this transition does not edit CD4 T cell epitope specificity or the cytokine potential of the CD4 T cells. Thus, CD4 T cells that enter the infected lung can convey diverse functions and have a sufficiently broad viral antigen specificity to detect the complex array of infected cells within the infected tissue, offering the potential for more effective protective function.
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20
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Yuan X, Wang J, Li Y, He X, Niu B, Wu D, Lan N, Wang X, Zhang Y, Dai X, Wang X, Liu Z, Li G. Allergy immunotherapy restores airway epithelial barrier dysfunction through suppressing IL-25 -induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in asthma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7950. [PMID: 29784924 PMCID: PMC5962552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Constant exposure to allergen triggers destructive type 2 cell-mediated inflammation. The effect of allergen specific immunotherapy (SIT) in maintaining airway epithelial barrier function in asthma remains unknown. In the current study, we showed that SIT maintained airway epithelial homeostasis in mice exposed to dermatophagoides farinae (Der f), which induced increased expression of IL-25, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and airway epithelial apoptosis. Meanwhile, SIT treatment ameliorated airway inflammatory infiltration and hyper-responsiveness in allergic mice. SIT treatment restored the airway epithelial integrity, attenuated Der f -induced airway epithelial ER stress and epithelial apoptosis. We also found that 4-PBA, an inhibitor of ER stress, suppressed airway epithelial ER stress and apoptosis in vitro. The pathological changes were partially induced by IL-25-induced ER stress, epithelial tight junction damage, and cell apoptosis in airways following allergen exposure. Furthermore, IL-25 induced ER stress in airway epithelial cells in vitro. The IL-25-induced airway epithelial apoptosis dependent on PERK activity was inhibited by 4-PBA. Taken together, we demonstrate that SIT is effective in allergic asthma and dependent on its depressive effect on the expression of IL-25, epithelial integrity damage, and epithelial ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefang Yuan
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yin Li
- The First Clinic College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiang He
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Bin Niu
- Respiratory Disease Departments, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Dehong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Nan Lan
- Respiratory Disease Departments, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xi Dai
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China. .,Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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Sun X, Chen L, Yan W. TIPE2 Inhibits the Expression of Asthma-Related Inflammatory Factors in Hyperstretched Bronchial Epithelial Cells Through the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 40:770-777. [PMID: 28188409 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood asthma, an airway inflammatory disease, is a serious threat to the child's quality of life. Recently, TIPE2 expression was reported to be decreased in children with asthma. Therefore, additional studies focusing on TIPE2 might provide an approach for treating childhood asthma. In this study, we found that TIPE2 was poorly expressed in hyperstretched human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). TIPE2 overexpression also significantly suppressed the stretch-induced secretion of asthma-related inflammatory factors (TNF-α, TSLP, MMP-9, and VEGF). In contrast, TIPE2 inhibition significantly promoted the secretion of TNF-α, TSLP, MMP-9, and VEGF. Furthermore, overexpression of TIPE2 remarkably inhibited the activation of Wnt/β-catenin in hyperstretched BEAS-2B cells, while siTIPE2 activated Wnt/β-catenin in hyperstretched BEAS-2B cells. Further analysis showed that the Wnt/β-catenin signal inhibitor Dkk-1 could further enhance the TIPE2-induced suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which also suppressed the siTIPE2-induced secretion of TNF-α, TSLP, MMP-9, and VEGF in hyperstretched BEAS-2B cells. Dkk-1 reversed the effects of siRNA-TIPE2 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, we have exhibited that TIPE2 inhibited the expression of asthma-related inflammatory factors in hyperstretched BEAS-2B cells by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. TIPE2 may be involved in airway inflammation during asthma attack, and it may be used as a potential therapeutic target for bronchial epithelial inflammation in childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Sun
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China, 710003
| | - Lu Chen
- First Neonatal Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China, 710003
| | - Wen Yan
- First Neonatal Department, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China, 710003.
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Davies SP, Reynolds GM, Stamataki Z. Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Tissue Epithelia: A Putative Role for Hepatocytes in Liver Efferocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29422896 PMCID: PMC5790054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic substances and microbial or food-derived antigens continuously challenge the liver, which is tasked with their safe neutralization. This vital organ is also important for the removal of apoptotic immune cells during inflammation and has been previously described as a “graveyard” for dying lymphocytes. The clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells is known as efferocytosis and is a critical liver function to maintain tissue homeostasis. Much of the research into this form of immunological control has focused on Kupffer cells, the liver-resident macrophages. However, hepatocytes (and other liver resident cells) are competent efferocytes and comprise 80% of the liver mass. Little is known regarding the mechanisms of apoptotic and necrotic cell capture by epithelia, which lack key receptors that mediate phagocytosis in macrophages. Herein, we discuss recent developments that increased our understanding of efferocytosis in tissues, with a special focus on the liver parenchyma. We discuss the impact of efferocytosis in health and in inflammation, highlighting the role of phagocytic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Davies
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In metazoans, removal of cells in situ is involved in larval maturation, metamorphosis, and embryonic development. In adults, such cell removal plays a role in the homeostatic maintenance of cell numbers and tissue integrity as well as in the response to cell injury and damage. This removal involves uptake of the whole or fragmented target cells into phagocytes. Depending on the organism, these latter may be near-neighbor tissue cells and/or professional phagocytes such as, in vertebrates, members of the myeloid family of cells, especially macrophages. The uptake processes appear to involve specialized and highly conserved recognition ligands and receptors, intracellular signaling in the phagocytes, and mechanisms for ingestion. The recognition of cells destined for this form of removal is critical and, significantly, is distinguished for the most part from the recognition of foreign materials and organisms by the innate and adaptive immune systems. In keeping with the key role of cell removal in maintaining tissue homeostasis, constant cell removal is normally silent, i.e., does not initiate a local tissue reaction. This article discusses these complex and wide-ranging processes in general terms as well as the implications when these processes are disrupted in inflammation, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, and Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206;
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Meehan TL, Joudi TF, Timmons AK, Taylor JD, Habib CS, Peterson JS, Emmanuel S, Franc NC, McCall K. Components of the Engulfment Machinery Have Distinct Roles in Corpse Processing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158217. [PMID: 27347682 PMCID: PMC4922577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of cells die in our bodies on a daily basis and are engulfed by phagocytes. Engulfment, or phagocytosis, can be broken down into five basic steps: attraction of the phagocyte, recognition of the dying cell, internalization, phagosome maturation, and acidification. In this study, we focus on the last two steps, which can collectively be considered corpse processing, in which the engulfed material is degraded. We use the Drosophila ovarian follicle cells as a model for engulfment of apoptotic cells by epithelial cells. We show that engulfed material is processed using the canonical corpse processing pathway involving the small GTPases Rab5 and Rab7. The phagocytic receptor Draper is present on the phagocytic cup and on nascent, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P)- and Rab7-positive phagosomes, whereas integrins are maintained on the cell surface during engulfment. Due to the difference in subcellular localization, we investigated the role of Draper, integrins, and downstream signaling components in corpse processing. We found that some proteins were required for internalization only, while others had defects in corpse processing as well. This suggests that several of the core engulfment proteins are required for distinct steps of engulfment. We also performed double mutant analysis and found that combined loss of draper and αPS3 still resulted in a small number of engulfed vesicles. Therefore, we investigated another known engulfment receptor, Crq. We found that loss of all three receptors did not inhibit engulfment any further, suggesting that Crq does not play a role in engulfment by the follicle cells. A more complete understanding of how the engulfment and corpse processing machinery interact may enable better understanding and treatment of diseases associated with defects in engulfment by epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Meehan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (TM)
| | - Tony F. Joudi
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison K. Timmons
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corey S. Habib
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeanne S. Peterson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shanan Emmanuel
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathalie C. Franc
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KM); (TM)
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Tadokoro T, Gao X, Hong CC, Hotten D, Hogan BLM. BMP signaling and cellular dynamics during regeneration of airway epithelium from basal progenitors. Development 2016; 143:764-73. [PMID: 26811382 PMCID: PMC4813333 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pseudostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/progenitor cells. To identify signals controlling basal cell behavior we screened factors that alter their self-renewal and differentiation in a clonal organoid (tracheosphere) assay. This revealed that inhibitors of the canonical BMP signaling pathway promote proliferation but do not affect lineage choice, whereas exogenous Bmp4 inhibits proliferation and differentiation. We therefore followed changes in BMP pathway components in vivo in the mouse trachea during epithelial regeneration from basal cells after injury. The findings suggest that BMP signaling normally constrains proliferation at steady state and this brake is released transiently during repair by the upregulation of endogenous BMP antagonists. Early in repair, the packing of epithelial cells along the basal lamina increases, but density is later restored by active extrusion of apoptotic cells. Systemic administration of the BMP antagonist LDN-193189 during repair initially increases epithelial cell number but, following the shedding phase, normal density is restored. Taken together, these results reveal crucial roles for both BMP signaling and cell shedding in homeostasis of the respiratory epithelium. Summary: In the mouse airway epithelium, regeneration after injury involves transient downregulation of BMP signaling to promote proliferation, followed by cell shedding to restore cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Danielle Hotten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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