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Dinh Thanh N, Son Hai D, Ngoc Toan V, Thi Kim Van H, Thi Kim Giang N, Minh Tri N. Sulfonyl thioureas with a benzo[d]thiazole ring as dual acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase and human monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors: An in vitro and in silico study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300557. [PMID: 38321839 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of sulfonyl thioureas 6a-q containing a benzo[d]thiazole ring with an ester functional group was synthesized from corresponding substituted 2-aminobenzo[d]thiazoles 3a-q and p-toluenesulfonyl isothiocyanate. They had remarkable inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A, and MAO-B. Among thioureas, several compounds had notable activity in the order of 6k > 6 h > 6c (AChE), 6j > 6g > 6k (BChE), 6k > 6g > 6f (MAO-A), and 6i > 6k > 6h (MAO-B). Compound 6k was an inhibitor of interest due to its potent or good activity against all studied enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.027 ± 0.008 μM (AChE), 0.043 ± 0.004 μM (BChE), 0.353 ± 0.01 μM (MAO-A), and 0.716 ± 0.02 μM (MAO-B). This inhibitory capacity was comparable to that of the reference drugs for each enzyme. Kinetic studies of two compounds with potential activity, 6k (against AChE) and 6j (against BChE), had shown that both 6k and 6j followed competitive-type enzyme inhibition, with Ki constants of 24.49 and 12.16 nM, respectively. Induced fit docking studies for enzymes 4EY7, 7BO4, 2BXR, and 2BYB showed active interactions between sulfonyl thioureas of benzo[d]thiazoles and the residues in the active pocket with ligands 6k, 6i, and 6j, respectively. The stability of the ligand-protein complexes while each ligand entered the active site of each enzyme (4EY7, 7BO4, 2BXR, or 2BYB) was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh Thanh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
| | - Do Son Hai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Ngoc Toan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of New Technology, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Thi Kim Van
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Viet Tri University of Industry, Tien Kien, Lam Thao, Phu Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Giang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of New Technology, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
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Losee MA, Seibyl JP, Kuo PH. Neurotheranostics: The Next Frontier for Health Span. J Nucl Med Technol 2023; 51:266-270. [PMID: 37586855 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.123.265502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With an aging U.S. population, advancements in the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases are key to the maximization of health span. The recent approval of 2 antiamyloid antibodies, which decrease brain amyloid load, places us on the cusp of breakthrough therapies that target the mechanism of the disease rather than just treating the symptoms. Although the trials that led to these approvals studied patients with mild early symptoms, multiple ongoing trials have enrolled cognitively normal patients screened for AD biomarkers including risk factors for amyloid positivity, family history, and genetic markers. Thus, amyloid PET can help identify an at-risk population that can be enrolled for antiamyloid therapy to prevent AD symptoms from ever developing. In this review, we examine the paradigm of neurotheranostics and how PET biomarkers of amyloid, tau, inflammation, and neurodegeneration could characterize the pathologic stage of AD and therefore allow for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Phillip H Kuo
- Departments of Medical Imaging, Medicine, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Kocatürk RR, Temizyürek A, Özcan ÖÖ, Ergüzel TT, Karahan M, Konuk M, Tarhan N. Effect of nutritional supports on malnutrition, cognition, function and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1355-1373. [PMID: 35686376 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2079506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To summarize the nutritional supplementation on biochemical parameters, cognition, function, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers and nutritional status. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, SciELO Citation Index, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were searched until 16 April 2021. 22.193 records in total were reached according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included Studies were evaluated through the Modified Jadad Scale and gathered under four subheadings. RESULTS Forty-eight studies with a total of 7009 AD patients were included. Souvenaid, ONS (368 ± 69 kcal), Vegenat-med, 500 mg Resveratrol, ONS (200 mL) were effective nutritional supplements on promoting weight gain and protecting malnutrition status but showed conflicting results in Body mass index, Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference and Triceps Skin Fold Thickness. ONS and a lyophilized whole supplementation Vegenat-med intake made an increase in MNA scores. While all nutritional supplements showed controversial results in biochemical parameters but caused a decrease in Hcy levels which caused reductions in brain Aβ plaque (increase serum Aβ), p-Tau and cognitive improvement. Folic acid and vitamin D decreased serum APP, BACE1, BACE1mRNA. Resveratrol, Hericium erinaceus mycelia, vitamin D and Betaine supplements improved cognitive, functional prognosis and quality of life unlike other nutritional supplements had no effect on cognitive scales. CONCLUSIONS Better designed trials with holistic measures are needed to investigate the effect of nutritional support on the AD biomarkers, cognitive status, biochemical parameters and functional states. Also, more beneficial results can be obtained by examining the simultaneous effects of nutritional supplements with larger sample groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Temizyürek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Öznur Özge Özcan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türker Tekin Ergüzel
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Karahan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Device Technology, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- NP Istanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ayele BA, Ali S, Anbessie M, Zewde YZ, Yoseph S, Lee S, Valcour V, Miller B. The need for a tailored national dementia plan in Ethiopia: A call for action. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1126531. [PMID: 36925945 PMCID: PMC10011145 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, a rapid demographic transition is occurring with a significant increment in the proportion of older individuals. For the first time in history, individuals aged 65 and above outnumber that of children under 5 years of age. In Ethiopia, the life expectancy has shown dramatic improvements in the past few decades and is expected to reach 74 years by mid-century. Older age is considered the most important non-modifiable risk factor for dementia. Likewise, other modifiable diseases such as infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, and traumatic brain injuries are associated with dementia. Despite, the high prevalence of dementia risk factors and impending economic and health impact from dementia, no country in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Ethiopia, has developed a standalone or an integrated national dementia strategic plan to guide the overall effort to improve dementia care in the country. It is vital to design and develop a national dementia plan in line with a framework outlined by the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) global action plan. The health, social, and economic burden from dementia is expected to be high to the developing countries such as Ethiopia unless clear prevention and management strategies are designed at a national level to cascade the care to the primary care level. The planned strategic policy may focus on improving the knowledge and skills of health care professionals. Translation and cultural adaptation of cognitive, functional, and behavioral assessment batteries is of paramount importance in improving the diagnostic accuracy along with availability of advanced imaging, biomarkers, and dementia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniyam A Ayele
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Ali
- Department of Neurology, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Anbessie
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Z Zewde
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Yoseph
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Suzee Lee
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Victor Valcour
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Miller
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Reddy DS, Abeygunaratne HN. Experimental and Clinical Biomarkers for Progressive Evaluation of Neuropathology and Therapeutic Interventions for Acute and Chronic Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11734. [PMID: 36233034 PMCID: PMC9570151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes commonly used experimental and clinical biomarkers of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration for the evaluation of neuropathology and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Biomarkers are vital for diagnostics of brain disease and therapeutic monitoring. A biomarker can be objectively measured and evaluated as a proxy indicator for the pathophysiological process or response to therapeutic interventions. There are complex hurdles in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of neurological disorders and the ability to diagnose them at initial stages. Novel biomarkers for neurological diseases may surpass these issues, especially for early identification of disease risk. Validated biomarkers can measure the severity and progression of both acute neuronal injury and chronic neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and other brain diseases. Biomarkers are deployed to study progression and response to treatment, including noninvasive imaging tools for both acute and chronic brain conditions. Neuronal biomarkers are classified into four core subtypes: blood-based, immunohistochemical-based, neuroimaging-based, and electrophysiological biomarkers. Neuronal conditions have progressive stages, such as acute injury, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and neurogenesis, which can serve as indices of pathological status. Biomarkers are critical for the targeted identification of specific molecules, cells, tissues, or proteins that dramatically alter throughout the progression of brain conditions. There has been tremendous progress with biomarkers in acute conditions and chronic diseases affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hasara Nethma Abeygunaratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Mumtaz I, Ayaz MO, Khan MS, Manzoor U, Ganayee MA, Bhat AQ, Dar GH, Alghamdi BS, Hashem AM, Dar MJ, Ashraf GM, Maqbool T. Clinical relevance of biomarkers, new therapeutic approaches, and role of post-translational modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:977411. [PMID: 36158539 PMCID: PMC9490081 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive loss of cognitive functions like thinking, memory, reasoning, behavioral abilities, and social skills thus affecting the ability of a person to perform normal daily functions independently. There is no definitive cure for this disease, and treatment options available for the management of the disease are not very effective as well. Based on histopathology, AD is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although several molecular events contribute to the formation of these insoluble deposits, the aberrant post-translational modifications (PTMs) of AD-related proteins (like APP, Aβ, tau, and BACE1) are also known to be involved in the onset and progression of this disease. However, early diagnosis of the disease as well as the development of effective therapeutic approaches is impeded by lack of proper clinical biomarkers. In this review, we summarized the current status and clinical relevance of biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and extracellular vesicles involved in onset and progression of AD. Moreover, we highlight the effects of several PTMs on the AD-related proteins, and provide an insight how these modifications impact the structure and function of proteins leading to AD pathology. Finally, for disease-modifying therapeutics, novel approaches, and targets are discussed for the successful treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam Mumtaz
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mir Owais Ayaz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Mohamad Sultan Khan
- Neurobiology and Molecular Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umar Manzoor
- Laboratory of Immune and Inflammatory Disease, Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mohd Azhardin Ganayee
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Aadil Qadir Bhat
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Jamal Dar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Gulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Maqbool
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Faldu KG, Shah JS. Alzheimer's disease: a scoping review of biomarker research and development for effective disease diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:681-703. [PMID: 35855631 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as the foremost reason for neurodegeneration that prominently affects the geriatric population. Characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neuronal degeneration that causes impairment of memory and cognition. Amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification is utilized for research purposes and involves amyloid, tau, and neuronal injury staging through MRI, PET scanning, and CSF protein concentration estimations. CSF sampling is invasive, and MRI and PET scanning requires sophisticated radiological facilities which limit its widespread diagnostic use. ATN classification lacks effectiveness in preclinical AD. AREAS COVERED This publication intends to collate and review the existing biomarker profile and the current research and development of a new arsenal of biomarkers for AD pathology from different biological samples, microRNA (miRNA), proteomics, metabolomics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning for AD screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of AD treatments. EXPERT OPINION It is an accepted observation that AD-related pathological changes occur over a long period of time before the first symptoms are observed providing ample opportunity for detection of biological alterations in various biological samples that can aid in early diagnosis and modify treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Govind Faldu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Samir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Logogenic Primary Progressive Aphasia or Alzheimer Disease: Contribution of Acoustic Markers in Early Differential Diagnosis. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070933. [PMID: 35888023 PMCID: PMC9316974 DOI: 10.3390/life12070933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The logopenic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA), a syndromic disorder centered on language impairment, often presents variable underlying neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer Disease (AD). Actual language assessment tests and lumbar puncture, focused on AD diagnosis, cannot precisely distinguish the symptoms, or predict their progression at onset time. We analyzed acoustic markers, aiming to discriminate lvPPA and AD as well as the influence of AD biomarkers on acoustic profiles at the beginning of the disease. We recruited people with AD (n = 8) and with lvPPA (n = 8), with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profiles determined by lumbar puncture. The participants performed a sentence repetition task that allows assessing potential lvPPA phonological loop deficits. We found that temporal and prosodic markers significantly differentiate the lvPPA and AD group at an early stage of the disease. Biomarker and acoustic profile comparisons discriminated the two lvPPA subgroups according to their biomarkers. For lvPPA with AD biomarkers, acoustic profile equivalent to an atypical AD form with a specific alteration of the phonological loop is shown. However, lvPPA without AD biomarkers has an acoustic profile approximating the one for DLFT. Therefore, these results allow us to classify lvPPA differentially from AD based on acoustic markers from a sentence repetition task. Furthermore, our results suggest that acoustic analysis would constitute a clinically efficient alternative to refused lumbar punctures. It offers the possibility to facilitate early, specific, and accessible neurodegenerative diagnosis and may ease early care with speech therapy, preventing the progression of symptoms.
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. A, Avula SN, Joseph KLTN, Onuchukwu CV, Thondamala V, Shrivastava S, Namburi AR, Mohammed L. The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Lowering Risk of Dementia in the Elderly: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e24374. [PMID: 35621297 PMCID: PMC9126470 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and hospitalization in the elderly. As far as non-invasive markers of dementia are concerned, we only have age and Apolipoprotein-E (Apo-E) gene, which can be considered as clinically relevant. Modifiable risk factors have been found to be the cause in one-third of the patients who develop dementia. The compatible data supporting the same, in particular for dyslipidemia, is limited, which in turn makes it difficult to devise prevention and interventional methods for both dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Hence, the objective of the review is to summarize the findings on the relation established between the high-density lipoprotein type C( HDL-C) levels and lower the chance of dementia in the elderly, and the possible role of HDL-C as a potential predictive biomarker for cases of dementia in elderly people. Dyslipidemia, a known risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, seems to be linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Elevated levels of serum cholesterol in mid-adult life increases the risk of dementia in older age. But elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level and its principal apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I ) equates with a low risk of dementia in the elderly population HDL cholesterol has been found to promote endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity which in turn reduces the neural and vascular inflammation and suppresses vascular adhesion thereby exhibiting its vasoprotective function. It has been believed that all these factors have a role to play in the pathogenesis of dementia. The relation between the higher levels of HDL cholesterol or its key protein component ApoA-I and the lower dementia prevalence in the elderly had been documented in numerous observational studies. Some studies have reported conflicting results. Yet, observational studies measuring the baseline HDL level in middle age found a significant association between HDL level and dementia risk in the elderly, whereas those studies measuring HDL cholesterol level only in old age found no association. Likewise, a significant association between HDL cholesterol and dementia risk has been reported with studies that carry through to 10 years or longer. However, the studies with follow-up of fewer than 10 years had failed to document any such association between HDL cholesterol and dementia. HDL assays may also be used as a predictive biomarker for dementia patients to target the interventions. Although statins do not target HDL directly but can be an area of interest for dementia.
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