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Lacerda-Abreu MA, Dick CF, Meyer-Fernandes JR. The Role of Inorganic Phosphate Transporters in Highly Proliferative Cells: From Protozoan Parasites to Cancer Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:42. [PMID: 36676849 PMCID: PMC9860751 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their standard inorganic phosphate (Pi) nutritional function, Pi transporters have additional roles in several cells, including Pi sensing (the so-called transceptor) and a crucial role in Pi metabolism, where they control several phenotypes, such as virulence in pathogens and tumour aggressiveness in cancer cells. Thus, intracellular Pi concentration should be tightly regulated by the fine control of intake and storage in organelles. Pi transporters are classified into two groups: the Pi transporter (PiT) family, also known as the Pi:Na+ symporter family; and the Pi:H+ symporter (PHS) family. Highly proliferative cells, such as protozoan parasites and cancer cells, rely on aerobic glycolysis to support the rapid generation of biomass, which is equated with the well-known Warburg effect in cancer cells. In protozoan parasite cells, Pi transporters are strongly associated with cell proliferation, possibly through their action as intracellular Pi suppliers for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity. Similarly, the growth rate hypothesis (GRH) proposes that the high Pi demands of tumours when achieving accelerated proliferation are mainly due to increased allocation to P-rich nucleic acids. The purpose of this review was to highlight recent advances in understanding the role of Pi transporters in unicellular eukaryotes and tumorigenic cells, correlating these roles with metabolism in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Lacerda-Abreu
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudia Fernanda Dick
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Carvalho-Kelly LF, Dick CF, Rocco-Machado N, Gomes-Vieira AL, Paes-Vieira L, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Anaerobic ATP synthesis pathways and inorganic phosphate transport and their possible roles in encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1288-1298. [PMID: 35673988 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is the etiological agent of amoebic keratitis and is present in the environment in trophozoite or cyst forms. Both forms can infect the vertebrate host and colonize different tissues. The high resistance of cysts to standard drugs used in clinics contributes to the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, in this context, studies have emerged to understand cyst physiology and metabolism. Phosphate transporters are proteins responsible for the uptake of extracellular inorganic phosphate and transport to the cytosol. This work aims to verify the relationship between Pi transport and energetic metabolism in cysts of A. castellanii. The phosphate uptake ratio was higher in cysts compared with trophozoites. Recently, three sequences related to phosphate transporters have been identified in the A. castellanii genome (AcPHS1, AcPHS2, and AcPHS3); the messenger RNA expression levels of which differ depending on the amoeba life form. Pi uptake in cysts displayed peak activity at alkaline pH, whereas Pi transport in trophozoites was not affected in the same pH ranges. Cysts harbor a low-affinity Pi transport system (K0,5 and Vmax values of 1.76 ± 0.26 mM and 104.6 ± 6.3 nmol Pi × h-1 × 106 cells) compared to the trophozoite phosphate transport system. Pi transport seems important for anaerobic adenosine triphosphate synthesis in cysts, which initially occurs through the glycolytic pathway and subsequently through the pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase pathway. Altogether, these results suggest that contrary to that previously postulated, cysts are active metabolic forms, and, as noted in trophozoites, phosphate uptake is important for energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Fernanda Dick
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Nathalia Rocco-Machado
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carvalho-de-Araújo AD, Carvalho-Kelly LF, Dick CF, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Inorganic phosphate transporter in Giardia duodenalis and its possible role in ATP synthesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111504. [PMID: 35843419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits vertebrate host intestines, causing the disease known as giardiasis. Similar to other parasites, G. duodenalis must take advantage of environmental resources to survive, such as inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability. Pi is an anionic molecule and an essential nutrient for all organisms because it participates in the biosynthesis of biomolecules, energy storage, and cellular structure formation. The first step in Pi metabolism is its uptake through specific transporters on the plasma membrane. We identified a symporter H+:Pi-type ORF sequence in the G. duodenalis genome (GenBank ID: GL50803_5164), named GdPho84, which is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO84. In trophozoites, Pi transport was linear for up to 15 min, and the cell density was 3 × 107 cells/ml. Physiological variations in pH (6.4-8.0) did not influence Pi uptake. This Pi transporter had a high affinity, with K0.5 = 67.7 ± 7.1 µM Pi. SCH28080 (inhibitor of H+, K+-ATPase), bafilomycin A1 (inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase), and FCCP (H+ ionophore) were able to inhibit Pi transport, indicating that an H+ gradient in the cell powered uphill Pi movement. PAA, an H+-dependent Pi transport inhibitor, reduced cell proliferation, Pi transport activity, and GdPHO48 mRNA levels. Pi starvation stimulated membrane potential-sensitive Pi uptake coupled to H+ fluxes, increased GdPho84 expression, and reduced intracellular ATP levels. These events indicate that these cells had an increased capacity to internalize Pi as a compensatory mechanism compared to cells maintained in control medium conditions. Internalized Pi can be used in glycolytic metabolism once iodoacetamide (GAPDH inhibitor) inhibits Pi influx. Together, these results reinforce the hypothesis that Pi is a crucial nutrient for G. duodenalis energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Fernando Carvalho-Kelly
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia F Dick
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Saini S, Rai AK. Linoleic Acid Inhibits the Release of Leishmania donovani Derived Microvesicles and Decreases Its Survival in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:406. [PMID: 32850500 PMCID: PMC7426612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania (L.) donovani parasite in the Indian subcontinent. Macrophages (mϕ) are the harboring cells for parasite and their interactions dictate the pathogenesis of this disease. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are an integral part of the mϕ cell membrane and are derived from linoleic acid (LA), which is a principal essential fatty acid. Here, we have investigated the effect of the simultaneous presence of LA during L. donovani infection in mϕ. Treatment with LA suppresses the parasitic load in mϕ (kDNA expression) and promotes the Th-1 type immune response (IL-12, iNOS). However, no significant change in kDNA expressions was observed when L. donovani promastigotes were treated with LA. Intrigued by this observation, we explored mechanism(s) by which LA promoted the protective type immune response in infected mϕ. Interestingly, LA decreased the release of L. donovani derived extracellular vesicle later characterized as microvesicles. Moreover, these microvesicles were suppressive concerning their bias toward the Th-2 type of immune responses (IL-10, Arginase) in mϕ. We suggest that LA plays a protective role in the immune response against L. donovani infection by inhibiting the release to Leishmania derived microvesicles and thus promoting Th-1 type immune response in mϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Saini S, Kottarath SK, Dinda AK, Dube A, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Thakur CP, Bhat M, Rai AK. Preventive as well as therapeutic significances of linoleic acid in the containment of Leishmania donovani infection. Biochimie 2020; 175:13-22. [PMID: 32439363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
People suffering from malnutrition show compromised levels of ω-6 fatty acid and malnutrition is frequently observed among visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients as disease inflicts primarily the socioeconomic destitute communities. Dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2; ω-6 fatty acid) is the principal source of essential fatty acid and its derivatives i.e. eicosanoids possess immune-modulatory activities. However, its role in VL is not yet established. LA was measured in VL human subjects (serum) as well as in Leishmania(L.)donovani infected hamsters (serum and visceral organs). Organ-specific mRNA expressions of various enzymes of the LA metabolic pathway were measured in visceral organs of infected hamsters. Our findings showed a decrease in the concentrations of LA in the serum samples of VL patients, suggesting malnutrition among these patients. However, in L. donovani infected hamsters, its level was not altered in the early infection (15 days) and then increased at late infection (60 days). Importantly, the supplementation of LA restored the Th-1 type of immune response and significantly reduced the parasite load within infected macrophages in vitro. This protective response of LA was mediated through 5-lipoxygenase pathway not via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Preventive usage of LA to mϕ followed by L. donovani infection also showed the strengthening of Th-1 immune response and significantly fewer parasite loads. Our findings demonstrate the protective role of LA in the containment of the parasite load. Incorporating LA rich oils in daily food habits across highly inflicted regions may be a significant advancement towards the eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Sarath Kumar Kottarath
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Amogh Anant Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India
| | | | - Madhusudan Bhat
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, 211004, India.
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Comparison Between Immuno-Clinicopathological Features of Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis by Leishmania donovani. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:57-67. [PMID: 31578670 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) depends upon the experimental model. Different species of mouse and hamster have been used as model for VL. It is already evident that the mouse model of VL is not a true reflection of the pathology of human visceral leishmaniasis (HuVL). On the other hand, hamster is reported to be a better model of VL to study the progressive as well as chronic pathology of the disease. OBJECTIVE To compare immuno-clinicopathological features of experimental VL (ExVL) and HuVL by Leishmania donovani. METHODS Hamsters were infected (15 and 60 days) and their immunological, clinical and biochemical parameters were compared with the cases of HuVL. RESULTS Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were observed in infected hamster post-infection, which are hallmarks of symptomatic HuVL cases. Clinical, biochemical and pathological manifestations of infected hamsters were consistent with that of HuVL cases, except parameters such as body weight, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and random glucose. The absence of clear dichotomy between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was also observed after infection at different sites of infection. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), infected via the intracardiac route, constitutes a very good model for the study of experimental Leishmania donovani infections. However, certain differences in clinical presentations of infected hamsters (via intracardiac route) with HuVL suggest further optimization of this animal model like route of infection such as intradermal, which is more close to natural infection.
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Carvalho-Kelly LF, Pralon CF, Rocco-Machado N, Nascimento MT, Carvalho-de-Araújo AD, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Acanthamoeba castellanii phosphate transporter (AcPHS) is important to maintain inorganic phosphate influx and is related to trophozoite metabolic processes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:93-102. [PMID: 31965457 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba and the etiological agent of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis. A. castellanii can be present as trophozoites or cysts. The trophozoite is the vegetative form of the cell and has great infective capacity compared to the cysts, which are the dormant form that protect the cell from environmental changes. Phosphate transporters are a group of proteins that are able to internalize inorganic phosphate from the extracellular to intracellular medium. Plasma membrane phosphate transporters are responsible for maintaining phosphate homeostasis, and in some organisms, regulating cellular growth. The aim of this work was to biochemically characterize the plasma membrane phosphate transporter in A. castellanii and its role in cellular growth and metabolism. To measure inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, trophozoites were grown in liquid PYG medium at 28 °C for 2 days. The phosphate uptake was measured by the rapid filtration of intact cells incubated with 0.5 μCi of 32Pi for 1 h. The Pi transport was linear as a function of time and exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km = 88.78 ± 6.86 μM Pi and Vmax = 547.5 ± 16.9 Pi × h-1 × 10-6 cells. A. castellanii presented linear phosphate uptake up to 1 h with a cell density ranging from 1 × 105 to 2 × 106 amoeba × ml-1. The Pi uptake was higher in the acidic pH range than in the alkaline range. The oxygen consumption of living trophozoites increased according to Pi addition to the extracellular medium. When the cells were treated with FCCP, no effect from Pi on the oxygen flow was observed. The addition of increasing Pi concentrations not only increased oxygen consumption but also increased the intracellular ATP pool. These phenomena were abolished when the cells were treated with FCCP or exposed to hypoxia. Together, these results reinforce the hypothesis that Pi is a key nutrient for Acanthamoeba castellanii metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Carvalho-Kelly
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Clara Ferreira Pralon
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Rocco-Machado
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Ayra Diandra Carvalho-de-Araújo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
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Carvalho-Kelly LF, Gomes-Vieira AL, Paes-Vieira L, da Silva ADZ, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis inorganic phosphate transporter system is increased in the proliferative forms. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 233:111212. [PMID: 31445076 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we characterize a high-affinity Pi transport system energized by a H+ gradient in Leishmania amazonensis. Pi uptake and transcription of LamPho84 gene are differentially regulated during parasite life cycle. Our data suggest that Pi acquisition could be a pivotal task for the success of the parasite throughout its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Arora K, Rai AK. Dependence of Leishmania parasite on host derived ATP: an overview of extracellular nucleotide metabolism in parasite. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:1-13. [PMID: 30956439 PMCID: PMC6423245 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kashika Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
- Present Address: Biomedical Research Center, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985 South Korea
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Allahabad, 211004 U.P. India
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