Gel chromatographic characterization of the hydrophobic interaction of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-alkaline phosphatase with detergents

Surface density as a significant parameter for the enzymatic activity of two forms of alkaline phosphatase immobilized on phospholipid Langmuir–Blodgett films

Rat osseous plate alkaline phosphatase, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored phosphomonohydrolase, was immobilized on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. Enzyme solubilization either with polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether or with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C resulted in a GPI-anchor-containing and a GPI-anchor-depleted form, respectively. Both forms were adsorbed on dimyristoylphosphatidic acid LB films and restricted to the outermost layer. The surface density and enzyme activity were determined using a quartz crystal microbalance and p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity, respectively. The detergent-solubilized form was co-spread with dimyristoylphosphatidic acid on the air/water interface and transferred to solid supports, providing an enzyme maximum surface density of 530 ng/cm2. Maximal phosphohydrolytic activity, corresponding to 43% of that observed in homogeneous medium, was obtained at a surface density of 179 ng/cm2. The phospholipase C-solubilized form was adsorbed directly from solution, reaching a maximum surface density of 1541 ng/cm2, although the phosphomonohydrolase activity was 10 times lower than that obtained for the anchor-containing form. The combined analysis of surface density and enzymatic activity suggests that the alignment of the protein molecules on the LB lipid films induced by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor facilitates the access of the substrate to the active site. This access is hampered by increasing enzyme surface densities and depends on a specific orientation of the adsorbed enzyme.

Structural study on the carbohydrate moiety of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase

Surprisingly alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3.1.3.1) of calf intestine is found in large amounts, e.g. 80%, within chyme. Most of the enzyme is present as a mixture of four differently hydrophobic anchor-bearing forms and only the minor part is present as an anchorless enzyme. To investigate whether changes in the N-glycosylation pattern are signals responsible for large-scale liberation from mucosa into chyme, the glycans of the two potential glycosylation sites predicted from cDNA were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with exoglycosidase treatment after tryptic digestion and reversed-phase chromatography. The glycans linked to Asn249 are at least eight different, mainly non-fucosylated, biantennary or triantennary structures with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. For the most abundant glycopeptide (40%) the following glycan structure is proposed: [carbostructure: see text]. The glycans linked to Asn410 are a mixture of at least nine, mainly tetraantennary, fucosylated structures with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. For the most abundant glycopeptide (35%) the following glycan structure is proposed: [carbostructure: see text]. For the structures the linkage data were deduced from the reported specificities of the exoglycosidases used and the specificities of the transglycosidases active in biosynthesis. The majority of glycans are capped by alpha-galactose residues at their non-reducing termini. In contrast to the glycans linked to other AP isoenzymes, no sialylation was observed. Glycopeptide 'mass fingerprints' of both glycosylation sites and glycan contents do not differ between AP from mucosa and chyme. These results suggest that the observed large-scale liberation of vesicle-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored AP from mucosa into chyme is unlikely to be mediated by alteration of glycan structures of the AP investigated. Rather, the exocytotic vesicle formation seems to be mediated by the controlled organization of the raft structures embedding GPI-AP. (c) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D of human serum--activity modulation by naturally occurring amphiphiles

The enzymatic properties of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.50) were characterized using a 6,000-fold purified enzyme. This was obtained in 100 microg amounts from human serum with a recovery of 35%. Pure alkaline phosphatase containing one anchor moiety per molecule was used as substrate. The enzyme is stimulated by n-butanol, but in contrast to other phospholipases this activation is not produced by a transphosphatidylation reaction. The previously reported non-linearity of the specific activity with respect to phospholipase concentration in the test was no longer observed upon purification, indicating inhibitor removal. The serum inhibitor(s) co-chromatograph with serum proteins and lipoproteins. The main part of the inhibitory activity was found in the lipid fraction after protein denaturation and can be subfractionated into acid phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerides. Added phosphatidyl-serine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, gangliosides, cholesteryl esters, and sphingomyelins turned out to be strong inhibitors, as well as phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidylethanolamine and various monoacylglycerols were found to be activators. The low glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase activity found in native serum did not increase significantly upon 90% removal of phospholipids by n-butanol. High serum concentrations of strongly inhibiting compounds, complex kinetic interactions among aggregates of these substances, and compartmentalization effects are discussed as possible reasons for the observed inactivity.