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Sawai M, Miyauchi Y, Ishida T, Takechi S. Dihydropyrazine suppresses TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses by blocking MAPK signaling in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:381-387. [PMID: 36047112 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), including 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), are glycation products generated through non-enzymatic reactions in vivo and in food. They are recognized as compounds that are toxic to organisms as they produce radicals. However, our previous study indicated that DHP-3 suppressed Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HepG2 cells. TLR4 signaling is involved in the onset of various inflammatory diseases, and NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) play important roles in TLR4 signaling. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the effects of DHP-3 on MAPK signaling and in turn on the activated TLR4 signaling pathway. In LPS-stimulated HepG2 cells, DHP-3 reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38. The expression of c-jun, a subunit of activator protein-1, was decreased by DHP-3 treatment. Furthermore, DHP-3-induced suppression of MAPK signaling resulted in a decrease in various inflammatory regulators, such as interleukin-6, CC-chemokine ligand 2, and cyclooxygenase-2. These results suggest that DHP-3 exerts an inhibitory effect on TLR4-dependent inflammatory response by suppressing MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Sawai
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Takumi Ishida
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
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Miyauchi Y, Sawai M, Ishida T, Kansui H, Takechi S. Molecular mechanism of dihydropyrazine-induced cytotoxicity: the possibility of an independent pathway from the receptor for advanced glycation end products. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:509-514. [PMID: 34719553 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs) are one of glycation products that are non-enzymatically generated in vivo and in food. We had previously revealed that 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), a methyl-substituted DHP, elicited redox imbalance and cytotoxicity in cultured cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DHP-3-induced cytotoxicity remain unclear. To address this issue, we examined the involvement of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in DHP-3-induced cytotoxicity. To evaluate the role of RAGE, we prepared HeLa cells that constitutively expressed RAGE and its deletion mutant, which lacks the cytoplasmic domain (RAGEΔcyto), using an episomal vector. After transfection with the vector, cells were selected following incubation with multiple concentrations of hygromycin to remove non-transfected cells. The expression of RAGE and RAGEΔcyto in the cells was confirmed by immunoblotting. RAGE and RAGEΔcyto were apparently expressed in transfected cells; however, there were no significant differences in DHP-3-induced cytotoxicity between these cells and mock vector-transfected cells. These results suggested that DHP-3 elicits cytotoxicity in a RAGE-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Madoka Sawai
- International University of Health and Welfare, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka
| | - Takumi Ishida
- International University of Health and Welfare, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka
| | - Hisao Kansui
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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Esaki M, Ishida T, Miyauchi Y, Takechi S. The effect of dihydropyrazines on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human hepatoma HepG2 cells via regulating the TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:401-409. [PMID: 32612008 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), including 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), are glycation products that are spontaneously generated in vivo and ingested via food. DHPs generate various radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce the expression of several antioxidant genes in HepG2 cells. However, detailed information on DHP-response pathways remains elusive. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of DHP-3 on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, a ROS-sensitive signaling pathway. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated (LPS-stimulated) HepG2 cells, DHP-3 decreased phosphorylation levels of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and NF-κB p65, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In addition, DHP-3 reduced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). Moreover, DHP-3 suppressed the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Taken together, these results suggest that DHP-3 acts as a negative regulator of the TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Esaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | | | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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Ishida T, Yamaguchi T, Takechi S. 3-Hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine: A novel inducer of zinc transporter-1 in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:57-63. [PMID: 26145010 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazine compounds, including 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), are low-molecular-weight glycation products spontaneously generated in vivo and also ingested via food. Our preliminary study using microarray analysis demonstrated that DHP-3 induced zinc transporter-1 (ZnT-1) in HepG2 cells. It is well known that the increase of intracellular zinc is a sensitive stimulating factor for ZnT-1 protein induction; however, there is little information about the induction of ZnT-1 by low-molecular-weight chemical compounds. Here, we attempted to clarify the mechanism of ZnT-1 induction by DHP-3. A significant increase of ZnT-1 mRNA was observed 6h after DHP-3 treatment at concentrations over 0.5mM, and disappeared 24h after exposure. This induction pattern followed that of metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) mRNA, a metalloregulatory protein that serves as a major transcription factor of ZnT-1. Moreover, DHP-3 yielded transcriptional activation of MTF-1 in a luciferase reporter assay. The intracellular zinc content was unaffected by the compound; however, oxidative stress was observed in cells under the same conditions that activated the MTF-1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that DHP-3 is a novel ZnT-1 inducer and acts via activation of the MTF-1 signaling pathway. Additionally, the activation of MTF-1 by this compound likely occurs through oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Tadatoshi Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
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Takechi S, Ito S, Kashige N, Ishida T, Yamaguchi T. Identification of dihydropyrazine-glutathione adducts. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:495-500. [PMID: 26165646 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs) are glycation intermediates generated both in vivo and in food. DHPs can lead to the formation of a variety of different radical species, which can lead to DNA damage and enzyme inhibition. In addition, the presence of DHPs can lead to a decrease in cellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and induce the expression of antioxidant genes. In this study, the products resulting from the reaction of DHP with GSH have been analyzed in detail, with some of the products being separated by reversed-phase HPLC. The structures of the isolated DHP-GSH adducts were determined by FAB-MS and NMR analyses. These data suggested that the reaction of DHP with a thiol moiety could be involved in oxidative stress, because an increase in the amount of DHP-GSH adducts would result in a decrease in the cellular GSH levels.
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Ishida T, Yamaguchi T, Takechi S. Effect of dihydropyrazines on human hepatoma HepG2 cells: a comparative study using 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine and 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:601-8. [PMID: 25056784 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs) are glycation products that are nonenzymatically generated in vivo and in food. In this study, we compared the effects of 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (DHP-1), a low toxicity DHP, and 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), a high toxicity DHP on the redox indices in HepG2 cells. An apparent increase in intracellular hydrogen peroxide concentration was observed at 24 hr after 1 mM DHP-3 treatment. In addition, DHP-3 exposure significantly increased the mRNA levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), which are stress-responsive genes, at 6 hr (HO-1 and GCLC), 12 hr (HO-1 and GCLC) and 24 hr (GCLC) after exposure. These indices, with the exception of the increase in GCLC mRNA after a 6 hr exposure, were not affected by treatment with 1 mM DHP-1. HO-1, GCLC, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein levels also increased at 6 hr (Nrf2), 12 hr (Nrf2, HO-1 and GCLC) and 24 hr (GCLC) after DHP-3 treatment. The increase in HO-1 and Nrf2 protein levels were observed with lower concentration (0.5 mM) of DHP-3, and in agreement with this, antioxidant responsive element-luciferase reporter activity was significantly increased with exposure to at least 0.5 mM DHP-3. These results support our previous report establishing that oxidative stress is in part involved in the effects of DHP on mammalian cells. Additionally, our results suggest that the cell response to DHP-3 exposure was exerted via the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signal pathway.
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Ishida T, Takechi S, Yamaguchi T. Possible involvement of glutathione balance disruption in dihydropyrazine-induced cytotoxicity on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 37:1065-9. [PMID: 23038014 DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), formed by nonenzymatic glycation, are known to exert various effects in vitro and in vivo, such as generation of radical species, DNA strand breakage, enzyme inhibition, and inhibition of bacterial growth. However, their effects on mammalian cells remain elusive. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of a range of DHP concentrations on human hepatoma HepG2 cells using 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (DHP-1), 2,3-dihydro-2,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (DHP-2), and 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3) as model compounds. All of the tested compounds exerted cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells in the range of 10 µM-1 mM, and significantly so at the highest concentration. DHP-3 was the most effective drug, and it also caused a significant decrease in the ratio of intracellular reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). In addition, the cytotoxic effect of DHP-3, but not DHP-1 and DHP-2, was enhanced by the inhibition of GSH biosynthesis using 100 µM l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO). From these results, it is suggested that the mechanisms of cytotoxicity exerted by DHP-3 are distinct from those exerted DHP-1 and DHP-2. In addition, it is possible that the disruption of intracellular glutathione balance induced by DHP-3 is related to its effect on HepG2 cells.
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van Bemmel DM, Boffetta P, Liao LM, Berndt SI, Menashe I, Yeager M, Chanock S, Karami S, Zaridze D, Matteev V, Janout V, Kollarova H, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Slamova A, Rothman N, Han SS, Rosenberg PS, Brennan P, Chow WH, Moore LE. Comprehensive analysis of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) variants and renal cell carcinoma risk among individuals exposed to lead. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20432. [PMID: 21799727 PMCID: PMC3140467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies are reporting associations between lead exposure and human cancers. A polymorphism in the 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene affects lead toxicokinetics and may modify the adverse effects of lead. Methods The objective of this study was to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the ALAD region among renal cancer cases and controls to determine whether genetic variation alters the relationship between lead and renal cancer. Occupational exposure to lead and risk of cancer was examined in a case-control study of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Comprehensive analysis of variation across the ALAD gene was assessed using a tagging SNP approach among 987 cases and 1298 controls. Occupational lead exposure was estimated using questionnaire-based exposure assessment and expert review. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. Results The adjusted risk associated with the ALAD variant rs8177796CT/TT was increased (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.05–1.73, p-value = 0.02) when compared to the major allele, regardless of lead exposure. Joint effects of lead and ALAD rs2761016 suggest an increased RCC risk for the homozygous wild-type and heterozygous alleles (GGOR = 2.68, 95%CI = 1.17–6.12, p = 0.01; GAOR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.06–3.04 with an interaction approaching significance (pint = 0.06).. No significant modification in RCC risk was observed for the functional variant rs1800435(K68N). Haplotype analysis identified a region associated with risk supporting tagging SNP results. Conclusion A common genetic variation in ALAD may alter the risk of RCC overall, and among individuals occupationally exposed to lead. Further work in larger exposed populations is warranted to determine if ALAD modifies RCC risk associated with lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M van Bemmel
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office of the Director, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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van Bemmel DM, Li Y, McLean J, Chang MH, Dowling NF, Graubard B, Rajaraman P. Blood lead levels, ALAD gene polymorphisms, and mortality. Epidemiology 2011; 22:273-8. [PMID: 21293208 PMCID: PMC3932657 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3182093f75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) have found that elevated blood lead levels may be associated with cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality. The 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) G177C genetic polymorphism (rs 1800435) affects lead toxicokinetics and may alter the adverse effects of lead exposure. We examined whether the ALAD G177C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affects the relationship between lead and mortality. METHODS We analyzed a subset of 3349 genotyped NHANES III participants at least 40 years of age. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated the relative risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality by ALAD genotype, and by blood lead levels (<5 μg/dL vs. ≥5 μg/dL). We also tested whether the ALAD genotype modified the relationship between blood lead level and mortality. RESULTS The adjusted overall relative risk for participants with the variant ALAD genotype was decreased for all-cause mortality (hazards ratio = 0.68; [95% confidence interval = 0.50-0.93]) compared with persons having the common GG genotype. There was some suggestion that higher lead levels were associated with cancer mortality (1.48 [0.92-2.38]). We observed no convincing interaction effect between ALAD genotype and blood lead level on mortality risk. CONCLUSION The ALAD genotype may be associated with decreased mortality from all causes and from cancer. This association does not seem to be affected by lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M van Bemmel
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Ito S, Hirano T, Sugimoto A, Kagechika H, Takechi S, Yamaguchi T. Latent Enamine Functionality of 5-Methyl-2,3-dihydropyrazines. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:922-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ito
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tomoya Hirano
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Akiko Sugimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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11
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Takeda O, Takechi S, Ito S, Omori H, Katoh T, Yamaguchi T. Effects of phenyl derivatives of dihydropyrazines with ability to generate radical species on Escherichia coli. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1663-7. [PMID: 17827717 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenyl-substituted dihydropyrazines (Ph-DHPs) are derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (Me-DHP). Upon the addition of Cu(2+), Me-DHP inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli by generating hydroxyl and carbon-centered radicals that cause DNA strand breakage. Here, we investigated the toxic effect of Ph-DHPs in several DNA repair-deficient or detoxifying enzyme-deficient mutant strains. Ph-DHPs caused cytotoxic and genotoxic damage, but, in a sodA sodB strain, the effects in the presence or absence of Cu(2+) were different than those of Me-DHP. Our results suggest that the action of the generated superoxide anion in the interior side of the cell is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takeda
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Rajaraman P, Stewart PA, Samet JM, Schwartz BS, Linet MS, Zahm SH, Rothman N, Yeager M, Fine HA, Black PM, Loeffler J, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Inskip PD. Lead, genetic susceptibility, and risk of adult brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:2514-20. [PMID: 17164378 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although few etiologic factors for brain tumors have been identified, limited data suggest that lead may increase the risk of brain tumors, particularly meningioma. The ALAD G177C polymorphism affects the toxicokinetics of lead and may confer genetic susceptibility to adverse effects of lead exposure. METHODS We examined occupational exposure to lead and risk of brain tumors in a multisite, hospital-based, case-control study of 489 patients with glioma, 197 with meningioma, and 799 non-cancer controls frequency matched on hospital, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and residential proximity to hospital. ALAD genotype was assessed by a Taqman assay for 355 glioma patients, 151 meningioma patients, and 505 controls. Exposure to lead was estimated using a rigorous questionnaire-based exposure assessment strategy incorporating lead measurement and other occupational data abstracted from published articles and reports. RESULTS Increased risk of meningioma with occupational lead exposure (estimated by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) was most apparent in individuals with the ALAD2 variant allele, for whom risk increased from 1.1 (0.3-4.5) to 5.6 (0.7-45.5) and 12.8 (1.4-120.8) for estimated cumulative lead exposures of 1 to 49 microg/m3-y, 50 to 99 microg/m3-y, and >or=100 microg/m3-y, respectively, compared with unexposed individuals (two-sided P trend = 0.06). This relationship became stronger after excluding occupational lead exposures characterized by a low confidence level or occurring in the 10 years before meningioma diagnosis. Occupational lead exposure was not associated with glioma risk. CONCLUSIONS Although our results indicate that lead may be implicated in meningioma risk in genetically susceptible individuals, these results need to be interpreted with caution given the small numbers of exposed cases with a variant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS Room 7085, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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Yamaguchi T, Ito S, Kashige N, Nakahara K, Harano K. The Relationship between the Chemical Structures of Dihydropyrazine Derivatives and DNA Strand-Breakage Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:532-6. [PMID: 17409542 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazine, a compound derived from sugars, possesses DNA strand-breakage activity. The relationship between the activity as assayed using pBR 322 ccc-DNA and the chemical structures of derivatives of dihydropyrazine (DHPs) has been investigated. The addition of Cu(2+) enhanced the activity remarkably. The introduction of a methyl or phenyl group onto the DHP ring or a cyclohexyl group fused onto the DHP ring also increased the activity. These properties indicated that the activity was due to the facility of electron release from the DHP ring, followed by radical generation. The determination of ionization potential and electrostatic potential values, and bond dissociation energy via semi-empirical MO calculations suggested strongly that the activity is induced by a DHP ring structure that contains a configuration suitable for hyperconjugation.
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Takechi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura H, Minematsu T, Adachi M, Kurata H, Kurata R. Mutation spectrum induced by dihydropyrazines in Escherichia coli. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:17-20. [PMID: 16394502 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazine (DHP), which induces mutagenesis in E. coli, was investigated. From analyzing mutations in the chromosomal rpoB gene, the mutation spectrum in uvrB strain revealed the different behavior on exposure to two DHP derivatives 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (HTMP), and 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine (DHDMP). A higher level of DHP-induced mutation was observed, with base substitutions at G : C pairs predominant. HTMP and DHDMP increased the frequency of G : C to T : A transversions. HTMP increased the frequency of G : C to A : T transitions, than did DHDMP. These findings suggest that DHPs prefer to attack the G : C pair and that different DHP derivatives may prefer distinct mutagenic base pairs; and further, that nucleotide excision repair may be involved in the repair of DHP-induced mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University Kumamoto, Japan.
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Hunter GA, Rivera E, Ferreira GC. Supraphysiological concentrations of 5-aminolevulinic acid dimerize in solution to produce superoxide radical anions via a protonated dihydropyrazine intermediate. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 437:128-37. [PMID: 15850552 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the committed biological precursor to porphyrins. At supraphysiological concentrations ALA can dimerize to form 3,6-dihydropyrazine-2,5-dipropanoic acid (DHPY), which transfers electrons to XTT in a reaction that does not require metal ions and is specifically inhibited by superoxide dismutase. The formation of DHPY from ALA follows dimerization kinetics with a pK of 7.8+/-0.1. At pH 11.2, DHPY is relatively stable, but when the pH is dropped to 6.0 rapid conversion to 2,5-(beta-carboxyethyl)pyrazine occurs via an intermediate with an absorption maximum of 370 nm. Formation of this intermediate is pH-dependent with a pK of 6.0+/-0.1. These data indicate that ALA dimerizes to produce superoxide from a protonated form of DHPY. The significance of these results with respect to the concentrations of ALA used in photodynamic therapy, and the increased incidence of liver cancer in acute intermittent porphyria, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Hunter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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16
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Onuki J, Almeida EA, Medeiros MHG, Di Mascio P. Inhibition of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced DNA damage by melatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, quercetin or resveratrol. J Pineal Res 2005; 38:107-15. [PMID: 15683465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2004.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrias are defined as either inborn or acquired diseases related to enzymatic deficiencies in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Lead poisoning, hereditary tyrosinemia, and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) are characterized by the absence of photosensitivity and the accumulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) together with its increased urinary excretion. The main clinical manifestations of AIP are intermittent attacks of abdominal pain, neuromuscular weaknesses and neuropsychiatry alterations, and also an association with primary liver cancer, in which may be involved the oxidative potential of ALA which is able to cause DNA damage. The use of antioxidants in the treatment of ALA-induced oxidative stress is not well established. In the current work, we show the antioxidant efficacy of several compounds including melatonin, quercetin, resveratrol and N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), a melatonin oxidation product, in terms of their ability to limit DNA damage induced by ALA/Fe2+ in an in vitro system. Damage was measured by plasmid DNA strand breaks and detection of 8-oxo, 7-8-dihydro,2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. All compounds tested showed a dose-dependent protective action against free radical damage. These results could be the first step toward studies of the possible use of these antioxidants in oxidative stress promoted by ALA or other pro-oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Onuki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Onuki J, Chen Y, Teixeira PC, Schumacher RI, Medeiros MHG, Van Houten B, Di Mascio P. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 432:178-87. [PMID: 15542056 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a heme precursor accumulated in plasma and in organs in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a disease associated with neuromuscular dysfunction and increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver biopsies of AIP patients showed odd-shaped mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles containing well-preserved mitochondria. ALA yields reactive oxygen species upon metal-catalyzed oxidation and causes in vivo and in vitro impairment of rat liver mitochondria and DNA damage. Using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, we demonstrated that ALA induces a dose-dependent damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in human SVNF fibroblasts and rat PC12 cells. CHO cells treated with ALA also show nuclear DNA damage and human HepG2 cells entered in apoptosis and necrosis induced by ALA and its dimerization product, DHPY. The present data provide additional information on the genotoxicity of ALA, reinforcing the hypothesis that it may be involved in the development of HCC in AIP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Onuki
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077 CEP 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Takeda O, Takechi S, Katoh T, Yamaguchi T. The Role of Dihydropyrazines in Accelerated Death of Escherichia coli on Addition of Copper(II). Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1161-4. [PMID: 15997090 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), which are derived from sugars, inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. Addition of copper(II) ion (Cu2+) accelerates the effect of DHPs, resulting in cell death. Investigation of the lethal effect in several DNA repair-deficient or detoxifying enzyme-deficient mutant strains and radical scavengers suggested that the cytotoxic and genotoxic damage was caused by radical species (hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and carbon-centered radicals) generated from reaction of DHPs with Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takeda
- Department of Hygiene, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan
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19
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Takechi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura H, Minematsu T, Nakayama T. Growth inhibition and mutagenesis induced in Escherichia coli by dihydropyrazines with DNA strand-cleaving activity. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 560:49-55. [PMID: 15099824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazine (DHP) causes DNA strand breaks in vitro. We evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of DHP in Escherichia coli. DHP exposure dose-dependently caused inhibition of cell growth in the wild-type strain, death in recA and uvrB, and an increase in mutation frequency in uvrB. These findings indicate that DHP causes DNA strand breaks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takechi
- Department of Biochemistry, Miyazaki Medical College, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Rocchi E, Ventura P, Ronzoni A, Rosa MC, Gozzi C, Marri L, Casalgrandi G, Cappellini MD. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant factors in acute intermittent porphyria: family studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004; 27:251-66. [PMID: 15159656 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000028795.84156.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the crucial role of iron and porphyrins in oxidative cellular damage in the chronic porphyrias, we undertook an extensive study in families with acute porphyrias to evaluate the possible role of similar oxidative damage in these diseases, whose natural history is often also complicated by neoplastic evolution. Four unrelated patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) were studied together with 37 members of four different families. Aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen were measured in urine, and porphyrins in urine, plasma and stools. The activity of the congenitally deficient enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, and the concentrations of plasma iron, transferrin, ferritin, and various antioxidants (ascorbic acid, retinol, tocopherol, alpha- and beta-carotene, by a personal HPLC method) and the urinary and plasma metabolites of nitrous oxide were also assayed. The results showed no relationship between the observed increase of porphyrin metabolites and the presence of markers of oxidative damage or the decrease of circulating antioxidants: however, when such a decrease was registered, it depended on spontaneous or iatrogenic iron accumulation. We conclude that family screening, recommended for the identification of AIP carriers, must also include evaluation of iron stores with a view to preventing the oxidative damage and in order to forestall the neoplastic evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rocchi
- Post Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicines and Medical Specialities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Yamaguchi T, Nomura H, Matsunaga K, Ito S, Takata J, Karube Y. The Behavior of Dihydropyrazine with DNA Strand-Breakage Activity in Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:1523-7. [PMID: 14600394 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects on the viability of cell lines treated with 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine and its derivatives, which revealed DNA strand-breakage activity by the generation of radicals in vitro, were recognized from certain morphological changes and the detection of apoptosis-related proteins: cleaved PARP and SAPK/JNK. These results would suggest that sugar-derived dihydropyrazines induce changes in the cells of certain organs and cause various internal injuries in vivo. The biodistribution of 14C-labelled 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethylpyrazine was studied in mouse and the autoradiograms showed highly contrasting results. Radioactivity was high in the brain, spinal cord, salivary gland, and thymus and low in the heart, stomach, and blood. The result was supported by the activity (% dose per organ).
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Onuki J, Rech CM, Medeiros MHG, de A Umbuzeiro G, Di Mascio P. Genotoxicity of 5-aminolevulinic and 4,5-dioxovaleric acids in the salmonella/microsuspension mutagenicity assay and SOS chromotest. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 40:63-70. [PMID: 12211078 DOI: 10.1002/em.10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a heme precursor that accumulates in some porphyric disorders and in lead poisoning which can undergo metal-catalyzed oxidation producing reactive oxygen species and the keto-aldehyde, 4,5-dioxovaleric acid (DOVA). Evidence in vitro of ALA-induced DNA lesions suggests that ALA and DOVA have mutagenic potential that could possibly contribute to an increased frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). In this study, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of ALA and DOVA. In the absence of exogenous metabolic activation, ALA and DOVA were mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA104. ALA was also mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA102, but not in TA98, TA100, or TA1535, indicating an oxidative mechanism. Removal of H(2)O(2) with catalase gave only partial protection, suggesting generation of other mutagenic species. Both ALA and DOVA damaged the DNA of Escherichia coli PQ37, inducing the SOS response detected by an increase in beta-galactosidase activity. These results verified the potential mutagenic activity of ALA and DOVA and reinforce the hypothesis that DNA damage induced by ALA may be associated with the development of HCC in individuals suffering from AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Onuki
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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