1
|
Wycisk K, Tarczewska A, Kaus-Drobek M, Dadlez M, Hołubowicz R, Pietras Z, Dziembowski A, Taube M, Kozak M, Orłowski M, Ożyhar A. Intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the Helicoverpa armigera Ultraspiracle stabilizes the dimeric form via a scorpion-like structure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:167-183. [PMID: 29944921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors activated by lipophilic compounds. NRs share a common structure comprising three domains: a variable N-terminal domain (NTD), a highly conserved globular DNA-binding domain and a ligand-binding domain. There are numerous papers describing the molecular details of the latter two globular domains. However, very little is known about the structure-function relationship of the NTD, especially as an intrinsically disordered fragment of NRs that may influence the molecular properties and, in turn, the function of globular domains. Here, we investigated whether and how an intrinsically disordered NTD consisting of 58 amino acid residues affects the functions of the globular domains of the Ultraspiracle protein from Helicoverpa armigera (HaUsp). The role of the NTD was examined for two well-known and easily testable NR functions, i.e., interactions with specific DNA sequences and dimerization. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the intrinsically disordered NTD influences the interaction of HaUsp with specific DNA sequences, apparently by destabilization of HaUsp-DNA complexes. On the other hand, multi-angle light scattering and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that the NTD acts as a structural element that stabilizes HaUsp homodimers. Molecular models based on small-angle X-ray scattering indicate that the intrinsically disordered NTD may exert its effects on the tested HaUsp functions by forming an unexpected scorpion-like structure, in which the NTD bends towards the ligand-binding domain in each subunit of the HaUsp homodimer. This structure may be crucial for specific NTD-dependent regulation of the functions of globular domains in NRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wycisk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Tarczewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kaus-Drobek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Pietras
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Orłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Homodimerization propensity of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of Ultraspiracle from Aedes aegypti. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1153-66. [PMID: 24704038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue, one of the most devastating arthropod-borne viral infections in humans. The isoform specific A/B region, called the N-terminal domain (NTD), is hypervariable in sequence and length and is poorly conserved within the Ultraspiracle (Usp) family. The Usp protein together with ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) forms a heterodimeric complex. Up until now, there has been little data on the molecular properties of the isolated Usp-NTD. Here, we describe the biochemical and biophysical properties of the recombinant NTD of the Usp isoform B (aaUsp-NTD) from A. aegypti. These results, in combination with in silico bioinformatics approaches, indicate that aaUsp-NTD exhibits properties of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). We also present the first experimental evidence describing the dimerization propensity of the isolated NTD of Usp. These characteristics also appear for other members of the Usp family in different species, for example, in the Usp-NTD from Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. However, aaUsp-NTD exhibits the strongest homodimerization potential. We postulate that the unique dimerization of the NTD might be important for Usp function by providing an additional platform for interactions, in addition to the nuclear receptor superfamily dimerization via DNA binding domains and ligand binding domains that has already been extensively documented. Furthermore, the unique NTD-NTD interaction that was observed might contribute new insight into the dimerization propensities of nuclear receptors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bielska K, Seliga J, Wieczorek E, Kędracka-Krok S, Niedenthal R, Ożyhar A. Alternative sumoylation sites in the Drosophila nuclear receptor Usp. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:227-38. [PMID: 22676916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultraspiracle protein (Usp), together with an ecdysone receptor (EcR) forms a heterodimeric ecdysteroid receptor complex, which controls metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Although the ecdysteroid receptor is considered to be a source of elements for ecdysteroid inducible gene switches in mammals, nothing is known about posttranslational modifications of the receptor constituents in mammalian cells. Up until now there has been no study about Usp sumoylation. Using Ubc9 fusion-directed sumoylation system, we identified Usp as a new target of SUMO1 and SUMO3 modification. Mutagenesis studies on the fragments of Usp indicated that sumoylation can occur alternatively on several defined Lys residues, i.e. three (Lys16, Lys20, Lys37) in A/B region, one (Lys424) in E region and one (Lys506) in F region. However, sumoylation of one Lys residue within A/B region prevents modification of other residues in this region. This was also observed for Lys residues in carboxyl-terminal fragment of Usp, i.e. comprising E and F regions. Mass spectrometry analysis of the full-length Usp indicated that the main SUMO attachment site is at Lys20. EcR, the heterodimerization partner of Usp, and muristerone A, the EcR ligand, do not influence sumoylation patterns of Usp. Another heterodimerization partner of Usp - HR38 fused with Ubc9 interacts with Usp in HEK293 cells and allows sumoylation of Usp independent of the direct fusion to Ubc9. Taken together, we propose that sumoylation of DmUsp can be an important factor in modulating its activity by changing molecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bielska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dutko-Gwóźdź J, Gwóźdź T, Orłowski M, Greb-Markiewicz B, Duś D, Dobrucki J, Ozyhar A. The variety of complexes formed by EcR and Usp nuclear receptors in the nuclei of living cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 294:45-51. [PMID: 18771703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimer of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (Usp), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is considered to be functional receptor for the ecdysteroids that coordinate essential biological processes in insects. In this work we have applied a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) method to directly analyze the formation of the EcR/Usp complex. The BiFC experiments were carried out in mammalian cells which are routinely used for heterologous studies of the EcR/Usp complex, including experiments on EcR-based artificial molecular gene switches. BiFC analysis, supported by flow cytometry, revealed that EcR-Usp interaction is nuclei-restricted. If expressed separately, Usp and EcR are able to form nuclear complexes in the absence of the cognate dimerization partner. We have observed that Muristerone A that is widely used for the induction of ecdysteroid-dependent transcription in mammalian cells, does not significantly change the number of EcR/Usp and EcR/EcR complexes, and it does not influence their subcellular localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dutko-Gwóźdź
- Department of Biochemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sok AJ, Andruszewska G, Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Grad I, Rymarczyk G, Pajdzik D, Orłowski M, Schmidt MT, Grajek W, Ożyhar A, Kochman M. Regulatory elements in the juvenile hormone binding protein gene from Galleria mellonella — Topography of binding sites for Usp and EcRDBD. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1779:390-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Greb-Markiewicz B, Fauth T, Spindler-Barth M. Ligand binding is without effect on complex formation of the ligand binding domain of the ecdysone receptor (EcR). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 59:1-11. [PMID: 15822096 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-binding domain (LBD) encompassing the C-terminal parts of the D- and the complete E-domains of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) fused to Gal4(AD) is present in two high molecular weight complexes (600 and 150 kDa) in yeast extracts according to size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 HR 10/30). Hormone binding is mainly associated with 150-kDa complexes. Complex formation is not influenced by hormone, but the ligand stabilizes the complexes at elevated salt concentrations. Mutational analysis of Gal4(AD)-EcR(LBD) revealed that formation of 600-kDa, but not 150-kDa, complexes depends on dimerization mediated by the EcR(LBD). Deletion of helix 12 is without effect. Mutation of K497 in helix 4, known to be essential for comodulator binding, abolishes 600-KDa complexes, but does not interfere with the formation of 150-kDa complexes. In contrast, the DE-domains of USP fused to Gal4(DBD) elute as monomer after elimination of the dimerization capacity of the ligand-binding domains by mutation of P463 in helix 10. The data presented here reveal that the complex formation of ligand-binding domains EcR and USP ligand is different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Greb-Markiewicz
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toresson G, Schuster GU, Steffensen KR, Bengtsson M, Ljunggren J, Dahlman-Wright K, Gustafsson JA. Purification of functional full-length liver X receptor beta produced in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 35:190-8. [PMID: 15135392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor beta (LXRbeta) is a ligand dependent transcription factor that is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. LXRbeta and its isoform LXRalpha have recently been recognized as important regulators of lipid homeostasis in vertebrates. N-terminally hexahistidine-tagged rat LXRbeta was expressed in Escherichia coli as a full-length protein and purified in two chromatographic steps, immobilized metal affinity chromatography and gel filtration. From 10g of bacterial cells, 2.5mg of protein was recovered. The purified LXRbeta is functional with respect to ligand-, DNA-, and coactivator-binding. The synthetic ligand T0901317 bound to LXRbeta with high affinity yielding a K(d) of 2.7nM. Specific interaction with DR4 response elements, in the presence of RXR, was demonstrated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance analysis of LXRbeta binding to coactivator peptides revealed a ligand dependent interaction with the C-terminal nuclear receptor binding site of the coactivator RAP250. The purified LXRbeta constitutes an important tool for further functional and structural studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Toresson
- Department of Biosciences, Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge SE-14157, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nieva C, Gwóźdź T, Dutko-Gwóźdź J, Wiedenmann J, Spindler-Barth M, Wieczorek E, Dobrucki J, Duś D, Henrich V, Ozyhar A, Spindler KD. Ultraspiracle promotes the nuclear localization of ecdysteroid receptor in mammalian cells. Biol Chem 2005; 386:463-70. [PMID: 15927890 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimer consisting of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP), both of which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is considered to be the functional ecdysteroid receptor. Here we analyzed the subcellular distribution of EcR and USP fused to fluorescent proteins. The experiments were carried out in mammalian COS-7, CHO-K1 and HeLa cells to facilitate investigation of the subcellular trafficking of EcR and USP in the absence of endogenous expression of these two receptors. The distribution of USP tagged with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-USP) was almost exclusively nuclear in all cell types analyzed. The nuclear localization remained constant for at least 1 day after the first visible signs of expression. In contrast, the intracellular distribution of EcR tagged with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-EcR) varied and was dependent on time and cell type, although YFP-EcR alone was also able to partially translocate into the nuclear compartment. Coexpression of YFP-EcR with USP tagged with a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP-USP) resulted in exclusively nuclear localization of both proteins in all cell types analyzed. The USP-induced nuclear localization of YFP-EcR was stable for at least 20 hours. These experiments suggest that USP has a profound effect on the subcellular distribution of EcR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nieva
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Przibilla S, Hitchcock WW, Szécsi M, Grebe M, Beatty J, Henrich VC, Spindler-Barth M. Functional studies on the ligand-binding domain of Ultraspiracle from Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Chem 2004; 385:21-30. [PMID: 14977043 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe functional insect ecdysteroid receptor is comprised of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle (USP). The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of USP was fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (GAL4-DBD) and characterized by analyzing the effect of site-directed mutations in the LBD. Normal and mutant proteins were tested for ligand and DNA binding, dimerization, and their ability to induce gene expression. The presence of helix 12 proved to be essential for DNA binding and was necessary to confer efficient ecdysteroid binding to the heterodimer with the EcR (LBD), but did not influence dimerization. The antagonistic position of helix 12 is indispensible for interaction between the fusion protein and DNA, whereas hormone binding to the EcR (LBD) was only partially reduced if fixation of helix 12 was disturbed. The mutation of amino acids, which presumably bind to a fatty acid evoked a profound negative influence on transactivation ability, although enhanced transactivation potency and ligand binding to the ecdysteroid receptor was impaired to varying degrees by mutation of these residues. Mutations of one fatty acidbinding residue within the ligand-binding pocket, I323, however, evoked enhanced transactivation. The results confirmed that the LBD of Ultraspiracle modifies ecdysteroid receptor function through intermolecular interactions and demonstrated that the ligand-binding pocket of USP modifies the DNA-binding and transactivation abilities of the fusion protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Przibilla
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|