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Matsuo T, Nakao K, Hara K. Inhibitory Effects of the Heat-Killed Lactic Acid Bacterium Enterococcus faecalis on the Growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100731. [PMID: 38380421 PMCID: PMC10877105 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacterium, is a major pathogen involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder observed in approximately two-thirds of the Japanese population older than age 30 years. P gingivalis cells produce and secrete gingipain, a powerful proteolytic enzyme, on their surfaces and in external environments. Objectives The effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (HkEf), a lactic acid bacterium, on the growth of P gingivalis were evaluated in vitro by measuring the viable cell count of P gingivalis and gingipain activity. Methods HkEf solution (1.63 or 163 mg/mL) was added to 1 mL P gingivalis culture to generate a final HkEf concentration of 0.64 or 64 mg/mL. The cultures were incubated anaerobically. The number of viable P gingivalis cells and gingipain activity were measured after incubation for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The number of viable P gingivalis cells was calculated by counting the number of colonies after culture. Gingipain activity was quantified by adding a chromogenic substrate to P gingivalis culture medium and measuring the absorbance of the reaction solution with a plate reader. Mean (SE) was calculated for viable cell counts and gingipain activity, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for significant differences. Results The counts of viable P gingivalis cells in the control group increased as incubation time progressed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours; similar results were observed in the low-concentration HkEf group. In the high-concentration HkEf group, the increase in the viable cell count was significantly inhibited compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, gingipain activity in the low- and high-concentration HkEf groups was significantly inhibited over time compared with that of the control group. Although the pH of the culture solution tended to decrease in the high-concentration HkEf group, it was not considered to have affected the growth of P gingivalis. Conclusions HkEf exhibits inhibitory effects on the growth of P gingivalis and gingipain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Nakao
- Academic Division, NUTRI Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hara
- Academic Division, NUTRI Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, nonmotile bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. It produces abundant amounts of proteases in both cell-associated and secretory forms, including a group of cysteine proteases referred to as gingipains, which have attracted much attention due to their high proteolytic activity associated with pathogenicity. Gingipains are grouped into arginine (R)-specific (RgpA and RgpB) and lysine (K)-specific (Kgp) types. Both Rgp (collective term for RgpA and RgpB) and Kgp gingipains play crucial roles in the virulence of P. gingivalis, including the degradation of host periodontal tissues, disruption of host defense mechanisms, and loss of viability in host cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In addition to their function in virulence, gingipains are also essential for the growth and survival of P. gingivalis in periodontal pockets through the acquisition of amino acids and heme groups. Furthermore, Rgp and Kgp gingipains are critical in processing fimbriae and several bacterial proteins that contribute to hemagglutination, coaggregation, and hemoglobin binding. This chapter describes the methods used to analyze gingipains.
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Sarveswari HB, Solomon AP. Profile of the Intervention Potential of the Phylum Actinobacteria Toward Quorum Sensing and Other Microbial Virulence Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2073. [PMID: 31636609 PMCID: PMC6787268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance amongst microorganisms and their deleterious effect on public health has propelled the exploration of alternative interventions that target microbial virulence rather than viability. In several microorganisms, the expression of virulence factors is controlled by quorum sensing systems. A comprehensive understanding into microbial quorum sensing systems, virulence strategies and pathogenesis has exposed potential targets whose attenuation may alleviate infectious diseases. Such virulence attenuating natural products sourced from the different phyla of bacteria from diverse ecosystems have been identified. In this review, we discuss chemical entities derived from the phylum Actinobacteria that have demonstrated the potential to inhibit microbial biofilms, enzymes, and other virulence factors both in vivo and in vitro. We also review Actinobacteria-derived compounds that can degrade quorum sensing signal molecules, and the genes encoding such molecules. As many Actinobacteria-derived compounds have been translated into pharmaceutically important agents including antibiotics, the identification of virulence attenuating compounds from this phylum exemplifies their significance as a prospective source for anti-virulent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Taniguchi M, Matsuhashi Y, Abe TK, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Ochiai A, Tanaka T. Contribution of cationic amino acids toward the inhibition of Arg-specific cysteine proteinase (Arg-gingipain) by the antimicrobial dodecapeptide, CL(14-25), from rice protein. Biopolymers 2016; 102:379-89. [PMID: 25046435 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CL(14-25), a dodecapeptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis with the 50% growth-inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value of 145 µM, and arginine-specific gingipain (Rgp)-inhibitory activity. Kinetic analysis revealed that CL(14-25) is a mixed-type inhibitor, with inhibition constants (Ki and Ki ' values) of 1.4 × 10(-6) M and 4.3 × 10(-6) M, respectively. To elucidate the contributions of four cationic amino acid residues at the N- and C-termini of CL(14-25) toward Rgp-inhibitory activity, we investigated the Rgp-inhibitory activities of truncated and alanine-substituted analogs of CL(14-25). Rgp-inhibitory activities significantly decreased by truncated analogs, CL(15-25) and CL(16-25), whereas those of CL(14-24) and CL(14-23) were almost as high as that of CL(14-25). Rgp-inhibitory activities of alanine-substituted analogs, CL(R14A) and CL(R14A, R15A) also significantly decreased, whereas those of CL(K25A) and CL(R24A, K25A) were higher than that of CL(14-25). These results suggest that the arginine residue at position 15 substantially contributes to the Rgp-inhibitory activity and that the arginine residue at position 14 plays important roles in exerting Rgp-inhibitory activity. In this study, we demonstrated that CL(K25A) was a potent, dual function, peptide inhibitor candidate, exhibiting Rgp-inhibitory activity with Ki and Ki ' of 9.6 × 10(-7) M and 1.9 × 10(-6) M, respectively, and antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis with an IC50 value of 51 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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Olsen I, Potempa J. Strategies for the inhibition of gingipains for the potential treatment of periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24800. [PMID: 25206939 PMCID: PMC4138498 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are the major virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main periodontopathogen. It is expected that inhibition of gingipain activity in vivo could prevent or slow down the progression of adult periodontitis. To date, several classes of gingipain inhibitors have been recognized. These include gingipain N-terminal prodomains, synthetic compounds, inhibitors from natural sources, antibiotics, antiseptics, antibodies, and bacteria. Several synthetic compounds are potent gingipain inhibitors but inhibit a broad spectrum of host proteases and have undesirable side effects. Synthetic compounds with high specificity for gingipains have unknown toxicity effects, making natural inhibitors more promising as therapeutic gingipain blockers. Cranberry and rice extracts interfere with gingipain activity and prevent the growth and biofilm formation of periodontopathogens. Although the ideal gingipain inhibitor has yet to be discovered, gingipain inhibition represents a novel approach to treat and prevent periodontitis. Gingipain inhibitors may also help treat systemic disorders that are associated with periodontitis, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, aspiration pneumonia, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland ; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Potential Value of a Rice Protein Extract, Containing Proteinaceous Inhibitors against Cysteine Proteinases fromPorphyromonas gingivalis, for Managing Periodontal Diseases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:80-6. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kataoka S, Baba A, Suda Y, Takii R, Hashimoto M, Kawakubo T, Asao T, Kadowaki T, Yamamoto K. A novel, potent dual inhibitor of Arg‐gingipains and Lys‐gingipain as a promising agent for periodontal disease therapy. FASEB J 2014; 28:3564-78. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-252130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuyo Baba
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshimitsu Suda
- Taiho Pharmaceutical CorporationTokushima Research PlanningTokushimaJapan
| | - Ryosuke Takii
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Munetaka Hashimoto
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomoyo Kawakubo
- Proteolysis Research LaboratoryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Tetsuji Asao
- Taiho Pharmaceutical CorporationTokushima Research PlanningTokushimaJapan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Department of PharmacologyGraduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Proteolysis Research LaboratoryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Löhr G, Beikler T, Podbielski A, Standar K, Redanz S, Hensel A. Polyphenols from Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. inhibit in vitro adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis and exert anti-inflammatory cytoprotective effects in KB cells. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 38:457-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh JP, Tamang S, Rajamohanan PR, Jima NC, Chakraborty G, Kundu GC, Gaikwad SM, Khan MI. Isolation, structure, and functional elucidation of a modified pentapeptide, cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI-2081) from Streptomyces species 2081 that exhibit inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5121-8. [PMID: 20552970 DOI: 10.1021/jm9014179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases play an important role in cell migration and tumor metastasis. Therefore, their inhibitors are of colossal interest, having potential to be developed as effective antimetastatic drugs for tumor chemotherapy. Traditionally, secondary metabolites from streptomyces show a wide range of diversity with respect to their biological activity and chemical nature. In this article, we have described the characterization of small molecule cysteine protease inhibitor, CPI-2081 (compound 1), a mixture of two novel pentapeptides, compound 1a (736.71 Da), and compound 1b (842.78 Da), isolated from Streptomyces species NCIM2081, following solvent extraction and repeated HPLC based on C18 chemistry, and completely characterized using a variety of both 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Further, it was found that nanomolar concentration of compound 1 is able to inhibit papain hydrolytic activity. Also, compound 1 significantly inhibits tumor cell migration at sub cytotoxic concentration, indicating its remarkable potential to be developed as antimetastatic drug, which will make chemotherapy more localized and specific, thereby minimizing the hazardous side effects on normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Singh
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Maharastra, Pune 411008, India
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Taiyoji M, Shitomi Y, Taniguchi M, Saitoh E, Ohtsubo S. Identification of Proteinaceous Inhibitors of a Cysteine Proteinase (an Arg-Specific Gingipain) from Porphyromonas gingivalis in Rice Grain, Using Targeted-Proteomics Approaches. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:5165-74. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900519z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Taiyoji
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, and Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shitomi
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, and Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, and Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, and Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Sadami Ohtsubo
- Food Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Kamo, Niigata 959-1381, Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Venture Business Laboratory, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, and Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Kashiwazaki, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
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Białas A, Grembecka J, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Potempa J, Mucha A. Exploring the Sn binding pockets in gingipains by newly developed inhibitors: structure-based design, chemistry, and activity. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1744-53. [PMID: 16509589 DOI: 10.1021/jm0600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Arg-gingipains (Rgps) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp) are cysteine proteinases secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major pathogen implicated in periodontal disease. Gingipains are essential to the bacterium for its virulence and survival, and development of inhibitors targeting these proteins provides an approach to treat periodontal diseases. Here, we present the first example of structure-based design of gingipains inhibitors, with the use of the crystal structure of RgpB and the homology model of Kgp. Chloromethyl ketones were selected as suitable compounds to explore the specificity of the Sn binding region of both enzymes. Three series of inhibitors bearing Arg or Lys at P1 and different substituents at P2 and P3 were designed, synthesized, and tested. High potency (k(obs)/[I] approximately 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) was achieved for small ligands, such as the dipeptide analogues. The detailed analysis of Sn binding pockets revealed the molecular basis of inhibitory affinity and provided insight into the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Białas
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Beikler T, Peters U, Prior K, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF. Sequence variations in rgpA and rgpB of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:193-8. [PMID: 15853963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine sequence variations in the active centre of the Arg-X-specific protease encoding genes rgpA and rgpB of clinical Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates and to analyse their prevalence in periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy. BACKGROUND Genetic diversity at nucleotides 281, 283, 286 and 331 has been shown to result in amino acid substitutions in the catalytic domain of RgpA and RgpB that affect the substrate specificity and thus may influence the efficacy of Arg-X-protease specific inhibitors. METHODS Sequence analysis of rgpA and rgpB genes in clinical P. gingivalis strains isolated from subgingival plaque samples of 82 periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical supra- and subgingival debridement was performed. RESULTS No specific variation within the rgpA sequence was observed. However, the rgpB sequence in the region of the active centre showed five different rgpB genotypes, which were named NYPN, NSSN, NSSK, NYPK and DYPN according to the derived amino acid substitution. Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype NYPN was detected in 27 patients (32.9%) before and in 8 patients (9.8%) after therapy, NSSN in 26 (31.7%) and 10 (12.2%), NSSK in 22 (26.8%) and 2 (2.4%), NYPK in 5 (6.2%) and 1 (1.2%), and DYPN in 1 patient (1.2%) and 0 patients (0%), respectively. Only one patient (1.2%) harboured two P. gingivalis rgpB genotypes (NSSK/NYPN) before treatment; these were no longer detected after therapy. CONCLUSION The results indicate that five rgpB genotypes are maintained in natural populations of P. gingivalis. These data may be of importance with regard to the development of specific rgpB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Beikler
- Department of Periodontology, University of Münster, Germany.
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