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Kaleağasıoğlu F, Zaharieva MM, Konstantinov SM, Berger MR. Alkylphospholipids are Signal Transduction Modulators with Potential for Anticancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:66-91. [PMID: 30318001 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181012093056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkylphospholipids (APLs) are synthetically derived from cell membrane components, which they target and thus modify cellular signalling and cause diverse effects. This study reviews the mechanism of action of anticancer, antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antiviral activities of ALPs, as well as their clinical use. METHODS A literature search was used as the basis of this review. RESULTS ALPs target lipid rafts and alter phospholipase D and C signalling cascades, which in turn will modulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. By feedback coupling, the SAPK/JNK signalling chain is also affected. These changes lead to a G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and subsequently induce programmed cell death. The available knowledge on inhibition of AKT phosphorylation, mTOR phosphorylation and Raf down-regulation renders ALPs as attractive candidates for modern medical treatment, which is based on individualized diagnosis and therapy. Corresponding to their unusual profile of activities, their side effects result from cholinomimetic activity mainly and focus on the gastrointestinal tract. These aspects together with their bone marrow sparing features render APCs well suited for modern combination therapy. Although the clinical success has been limited in cancer diseases so far, the use of miltefosine against leishmaniosis is leading the way to better understanding their optimized use. CONCLUSION Recent synthetic programs generate congeners with the increased therapeutic ratio, liposomal formulations, as well as diapeutic (or theranostic) derivatives with optimized properties. It is anticipated that these innovative modifications will pave the way for the further successful development of ALPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Kaleağasıoğlu
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Maya M Zaharieva
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Infectious Microbiology, The "Stephan Angeloff" Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spiro M Konstantinov
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Markoulides MS, Regan AC. Synthesis of a Phosphinate Analogue of the Antitumour Phospholipid Edelfosine. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Timko L, Fischer-Fodor E, Garajová M, Mrva M, Chereches G, Ondriska F, Bukovský M, Lukáč M, Karlovská J, Kubincová J, Devínsky F. Synthesis of structural analogues of hexadecylphosphocholine and their antineoplastic, antimicrobial and amoebicidal activity. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Zaharieva MM, Kirilov M, Chai M, Berger SM, Konstantinov S, Berger MR. Reduced expression of the retinoblastoma protein shows that the related signaling pathway is essential for mediating the antineoplastic activity of erufosine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100950. [PMID: 24987858 PMCID: PMC4079453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Erufosine is a new antineoplastic agent of the group of alkylphosphocholines, which interferes with signal transduction and induces apoptosis in various leukemic and tumor cell lines. The present study was designed to examine for the first time the mechanism of resistance to erufosine in malignant cells with permanently reduced expression of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Bearing in mind the high number of malignancies with reduced level of this tumor-suppressor, this investigation was deemed important for using erufosine, alone or in combination, in patients with compromised RB1 gene expression. For this purpose, clones of the leukemic T-cell line SKW-3 were used, which had been engineered to constantly express differently low Rb levels. The alkylphosphocholine induced apoptosis, stimulated the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and inhibited the synthesis of cyclin D3, thereby causing a G2 phase cell cycle arrest and death of cells with wild type Rb expression. In contrast, Rb-deficiency impeded the changes induced by eru-fosine in the expression of these proteins and abrogated the induction of G2 arrest, which was correlated with reduced antiproliferative and anticlonogenic activities of the compound. In conclusion, analysis of our results showed for the first time that the Rb signaling pathway is essential for mediating the antineoplastic activity of erufosine and its efficacy in patients with malignant diseases may be predicted by determining the Rb status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M. Zaharieva
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milen Kirilov
- Department of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minquang Chai
- Department of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Spiro Konstantinov
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Department for Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Markoulides MS, Regan AC. Synthesis of a phosphinate analogue of the anti-tumour phosphate di-ester perifosine via sequential radical processes. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:119-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26395e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Caspase-10 is the key initiator caspase involved in tributyltin-mediated apoptosis in human immune cells. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:395482. [PMID: 22287961 PMCID: PMC3263648 DOI: 10.1155/2012/395482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is one of the most toxic compounds produced by man and distributed in the environment. A multitude of toxic activities have been described, for example, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disruptive effects. Moreover, it has been shown for many cell types that they undergo apoptosis after treatment with TBT and the cell death of immune cells could be the molecular background of its immunotoxic effect. As low as 200 nM up to 1 μM of TBT induces all signs of apoptosis in Jurkat T cells within 1 to 24 hrs of treatment. When compared to Fas-ligand control stimulation, the same sequence of events occurs: membrane blebbing, phosphatidylserine externalisation, the activation of the “death-inducing signalling complex,” and the following sequence of cleavage processes. In genetically modified caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells, the apoptotic effects are only slightly reduced, whereas, in FADD-negative Jurkat cells, the TBT effect is significantly diminished. We could show that caspase-10 is recruited by the TRAIL-R2 receptor and apoptosis is totally prevented when caspase-10 is specifically inhibited in all three cell lines.
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7
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Kapoor V, Zaharieva MM, Das SN, Berger MR. Erufosine simultaneously induces apoptosis and autophagy by modulating the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 319:39-48. [PMID: 22202640 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer activity of erufosine in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines in terms of cell proliferation, colony formation, induction of autophagy/apoptosis, cell cycle and mTOR signaling pathway. Erufosine showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in all cell lines, it induced autophagy as well as apoptosis, G2 cell cycle arrest and modulation of cyclin D1 expression. Further erufosine downregulated the phosphorylation of major components of mTOR pathway, like p-Akt at Ser473 and Thr308 residues, p-Raptor, p-mTOR, p-PRAS40 and its downstream substrates p-p70S6K and p-4EBP1 in a dose-dependent manner. The pre-treatment of tumor cells with p-mTOR siRNA increased cytotoxic effects of erufosine comparable to cisplatin but higher than rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kapoor
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Arsov Z, Urbančič I, Garvas M, Biglino D, Ljubetič A, Koklič T, Štrancar J. Fluorescence microspectroscopy as a tool to study mechanism of nanoparticles delivery into living cancer cells. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2083-2095. [PMID: 21833349 PMCID: PMC3149510 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lack of better understanding of nanoparticles targeted delivery into cancer cells calls for advanced optical microscopy methodologies. Here we present a development of fluorescence microspectroscopy (spectral imaging) based on a white light spinning disk confocal microscope with emission wavelength selection by a liquid crystal tunable filter. Spectral contrasting of images was used to localize polymer nanoparticles and cell membranes labeled with fluorophores that have substantially overlapping spectra. In addition, fluorescence microspectroscopy enabled spatially-resolved detection of small but significant effects of local molecular environment on the properties of environment-sensitive fluorescent probe. The observed spectral shift suggests that the delivery of suitably composed cancerostatic alkylphospholipid nanoparticles into living cancer cells might rely on the fusion with plasma cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Arsov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Urbančič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Garvas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Biglino
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajasja Ljubetič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Koklič
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Štrancar
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Solid State Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence NAMASTE, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Synthesis of phosphinate analogues of the phospholipid anti-tumour agent hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine). Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Jiang H, Cannon MJ, Banach M, Pinchuk AN, Ton GN, Scheuerell C, Longino MA, Weichert JP, Tollefson R, Clarke WR, Ji QC, Jiang X. Quantification of CLR1401, a novel alkylphosphocholine anticancer agent, in rat plasma by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Yosifov DY, Todorov PT, Zaharieva MM, Georgiev KD, Pilicheva BA, Konstantinov SM, Berger MR. Erucylphospho-N,N,N-trimethylpropylammonium (erufosine) is a potential antimyeloma drug devoid of myelotoxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:13-25. [PMID: 20177898 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Erufosine is an i.v. injectable alkylphosphocholine which is active against various haematological malignancies in vitro. In the present study, its effects on multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and on murine and human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) were investigated. METHODS The following MM cell lines were used: RPMI-8226, U-266 and OPM-2. The cytotoxicity of erufosine against these cell lines was determined by the MTT-dye reduction assay. Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and pAkt expression levels, activation of caspases, as well as cleavage of PARP, were studied by Western blotting. Migration was evaluated by a modified Boyden-chamber assay. The haematologic toxicity of erufosine was assessed using clonogenicity assays with normal HPCs of murine or human origin. RESULTS Significant cytotoxic activity of erufosine against the MM cell lines was found. Comparison of the characteristics of erufosine-induced cell death in the three cell lines revealed a complex mode of action with apoptotic mechanisms prevailing in OPM-2 cells and non-apoptotic mechanisms prevailing in U-266 cells. The sensitivity of the MM cell lines to erufosine-induced apoptosis correlated inversely with the Bcl-X(L) expression level. Erufosine participated in synergistic interactions with various drugs. Furthermore, it showed potent migration-inhibiting activity in RPMI-8226 cells. Erufosine was not toxic to normal HPCs of murine or human origin and even stimulated progenitors from human umbilical cord blood to form granulocyte/macrophage colonies. Moreover, erufosine ameliorated the toxicity of bendamustine to murine HPCs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data presented reveal that erufosine could have potential as an antimyeloma drug and deserves further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Y Yosifov
- Laboratory for Experimental Chemotherapy, Dept. of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Dunav 2, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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12
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Yosifov DY, Konstantinov SM, Berger MR. Erucylphospho-N,N,N-trimethylpropylammonium shows substantial cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:350-8. [PMID: 19723075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a frequent hematological malignancy that is incurable despite recent developments, such as proteasome and angiogenic inhibitors. Erucylphospho-N,N,N-trimethylpropylammonium (erufosine) is an i.v. injectable alkylphosphocholine with antineoplastic activity based on an unusual mode of action and is currently undergoing clinical trials in leukemia patients. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of erufosine in MM cells and to study the modulation of cell-death pathways. The cytotoxicity of erufosine against three MM cell lines (RPMI-8226, U-266, and OPM-2) was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-dye reduction assay. All MM cell lines responded to erufosine, RPMI-8226 cells being most and U-266 being least sensitive. The respective IC(50) values were 3.2 and 16.2 micromol/L. Various cell-death characteristics were studied in response to erufosine, such as morphological changes, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, and poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase cleavage. Erufosine was found to cause cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and caspase-8 and -3 activation. Taken together, our data indicate that erufosine is a potential antimyeloma drug eliciting specific features of apoptotic cell death in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Y Yosifov
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory for Experimental Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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13
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Lindner LH, Hossann M, Vogeser M, Teichert N, Wachholz K, Eibl H, Hiddemann W, Issels RD. Dual role of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) in thermosensitive liposomes: Active ingredient and mediator of drug release. J Control Release 2008; 125:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rationale and clinical application of alkylphospholipid analogues in combination with radiotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:191-202. [PMID: 17287087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy to improve clinical outcome of cancer. In addition to combining radiation with classical anticancer agents, several new biological response modifiers are under investigation in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Synthetic alkylphospholipids are anticancer agents that in contrast to most anticancer drugs, do not target DNA, but insert in the plasma membrane and subsequently induce a broad range of biological effects, ultimately leading to cell death. Alkylphospholipids kill tumor cells directly by induction of both apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death, and indirectly by interference with critical signal transduction pathways involved in phospholipid metabolism and survival. Due to their distinct mode of action, these drugs are considered as attractive candidates to combine with radiotherapy. In this review, we will discuss several alkylphospholipids that reached clinical application. These include first-generation alkyl-lysophospholipids edelfosine and ilmofosine, second-generation alkylphosphocholine-prototype miltefosine and more recently developed analogues perifosine and erucylphosphocholine. We focus on mechanisms of action and the rationale to combine these agents with radiotherapy. The preclinical results on molecular targeting underlying this approach will be reviewed, concluded with first clinical data on combined treatment of radiotherapy with perifosine.
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Handrick R, Rübel A, Faltin H, Eibl H, Belka C, Jendrossek V. Increased cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation in combination with membrane-targeted apoptosis modulators involves downregulation of protein kinase B/Akt-mediated survival-signaling. Radiother Oncol 2006; 80:199-206. [PMID: 16916558 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The membrane-targeted apoptosis modulators erucylphosphocholine (ErPC) and erucylphosphohomocholine (ErPC3) induce apoptosis in highly apoptosis resistant malignant glioma cell lines and enhance radiation-induced cell death and eradication of clonogenic tumor cells in vitro. Aim of the present study was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of combined action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induction of apoptosis was evaluated by determination of nuclear morphology (fluorescence microscopy), alteration of mitochondrial function and caspase-activation (flow cytometry, Western blot). Activity of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and key downstream effectors involved in apoptosis regulation was verified by Western blot analysis using activation-specific antibodies. RESULTS Increased cytotoxicity of the combination was linked to a more efficient activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway with increased damage of the mitochondria and caspase-activation. Moreover, activity of the survival kinase PKB/Akt was downregulated upon treatment with ErPC/ErPC3 alone or in combination with ionizing radiation. Inhibition of PKB/Akt was associated with decreased phosphorylation and thus activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bad as well as dephosphorylation of the transcription factor FOXO3A (FKHRL1) that may be responsible for the observed increased expression of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a role for inhibition of PKB/Akt-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling in increased efficacy of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Handrick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Fischer A, Müller D, Zimmermann-Kordmann M, Kleuser B, Mickeleit M, Laabs S, Löwe W, Cantagrel F, Reutter W, Danker K. The ether lipid inositol-C2-PAF is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in HaCaT cells. Chembiochem 2006; 7:441-9. [PMID: 16453359 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The search for specific anticancer drugs that do not interfere with DNA synthesis or influence the cytoskeleton has led to the development of modified phospholipids with antiproliferative properties. These compounds cause remodeling of the structure and function of plasma membranes. Recently, we described novel compounds, the glycosidated phospholipids, that surprisingly inhibit cell proliferation. These compounds contain alpha-D-glucose in the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and platelet-activating factor (PAF), which gives rise to 2-glucophosphatidylcholine (Glc-PC) and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-sn-2-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (Glc-PAF), respectively. Glc-PC and Glc-PAF inhibit the growth of HaCaT cells at nontoxic concentrations. Here we report the introduction of myo-inositol, in place of alpha-D-glucose, in the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone; this leads to two diastereomeric 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-(2-(myo-inositolyl)-ethyl)-sn-glycero-3-(R/S)-phosphatidylcholines (Ino-C2-PAF). The inositol-containing PAF enhances the antiproliferative capacity (IC(50)=1.8 microM) and reduces the cytotoxicity relative to Glc-PAF (LC(50)=15 microM). Through biological assays, we showed that, in HaCaT cells, Ino-C2-PAF causes upregulation of the keratinocyte-specific differentiation marker involucrin, increases the activity of the differentiation marker transglutaminase, and induces apoptosis at nontoxic concentrations. Ino-C2-PAF therefore seems to be a promising candidate for development as an antiproliferative drug for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
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Wörle-Knirsch JM, Pulskamp K, Krug HF. Oops they did it again! Carbon nanotubes hoax scientists in viability assays. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1261-8. [PMID: 16771591 DOI: 10.1021/nl060177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
New materials of emerging technological importance are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Because SWCNTs will be used in commercial products in huge amounts, their effects on human health and the environment have been addressed in several studies. Inhalation studies in vivo and submerse applications in vitro have been described with diverging results. Why some indicate a strong cytotoxicity and some do not is what we report on here. Data from A549 cells incubated with carbon nanotubes fake a strong cytotoxic effect within the MTT assay after 24 h that reaches roughly 50%, whereas the same treatment with SWCNTs, but detection with WST-1, reveals no cytotoxicity. LDH, FACS-assisted mitochondrial membrane potential determination, and Annexin-V/PI staining also reveal no cytotocicity. SWCNTs appear to interact with some tetrazolium salts such as MTT but not with others (such as WST-1, INT, XTT). This interference does not seem to affect the enzymatic reaction but lies rather in the insoluble nature of MTT-formazan. Our findings strongly suggest verifying cytotoxicity data with at least two or more independent test systems for this new class of materials (nanomaterials). Moreover, we intensely recommend standardizing nanotoxicological assays with regard to the material used: there is a clear need for reference materials. MTT-formazan crystals formed in the MTT reaction are lumped with nanotubes and offer a potential mechanism to guide bioremediation and clearance for SWCNTs from "contaminated" tissue. SWCNTs are good supporting materials for tissue growth, as attachment of focal adhesions and connections to the cytoskeleton suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wörle-Knirsch
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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