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Lim SJ, Choi M, Yun I, Lee S, Chang N, Lee CY. Development of Fluorescent Bacteria with Lux and Riboflavin Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065096. [PMID: 36982169 PMCID: PMC10049116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumazine protein from marine luminescent bacteria of Photobacterium species bind with very high affinity to the fluorescent chromophore 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribitylumazine. The light emission of bacterial luminescent systems is used as a sensitive, rapid, and safe assay for an ever-increasing number of biological systems. Plasmid pRFN4, containing the genes encoding riboflavin from the rib operon of Bacillus subtilis, was designed for the overproduction of lumazine. To construct fluorescent bacteria for use as microbial sensors, novel recombinant plasmids (pRFN4-Pp N-lumP and pRFN4-Pp luxLP N-lumP) were constructed by amplifying the DNA encoding the N-lumP gene (luxL) from P. phosphoreum and the promoter region (luxLP) present upstream of the lux operon of the gene by PCR and ligating into the pRFN4-Pp N-lumP plasmid. A new recombinant plasmid, pRFN4-Pp luxLP-N-lumP, was constructed with the expectation that the fluorescence intensity would be further increased when transformed into Escherichia coli. When this plasmid was transformed into E. coli 43R, the fluorescence intensity of transformants was 500 times greater than that of E. coli alone. As a result, the recombinant plasmid in which the gene encoding N-LumP and DNA containing the lux promoter exhibited expression that was so high as to show fluorescence in single E. coli cells. The fluorescent bacterial systems developed in the present study using lux and riboflavin genes can be utilized in the future as biosensors with high sensitivity and rapid analysis times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joo Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Miae Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseop Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ny Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Lim S, Oh E, Choi M, Lee E, Lee CY. Generation of Fluorescent Bacteria with the Genes Coding for Lumazine Protein and Riboflavin Biosynthesis. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134506. [PMID: 34209387 PMCID: PMC8272222 DOI: 10.3390/s21134506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lumazine protein is a member of the riboflavin synthase superfamily and the intense fluorescence is caused by non-covalently bound to 6,7-dimethyl 8-ribityllumazine. The pRFN4 plasmid, which contains the riboflavin synthesis genes from Bacillus subtilis, was originally designed for overproduction of the fluorescent ligand of 6,7-dimethyl 8-ribityllumazine. To provide the basis for a biosensor based on the lux gene from bioluminescent bacteria of Photobacterium leiognathi, the gene coding for N-terminal domain half of the lumazine protein extending to amino acid 112 (N-LumP) and the gene for whole lumazine protein (W-LumP) from P. leiognathi were introduced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligated into pRFN4 vector, to construct the recombinant plasmids of N-lumP-pRFN4 and W-lumP-pRFN4 as well as their modified plasmids by insertion of the lux promoter. The expression of the genes in the recombinant plasmids was checked in various Escherichia coli strains, and the fluorescence intensity in Escherichia coli 43R can even be observed in a single cell. These results concerning the co-expression of the genes coding for lumazine protein and for riboflavin synthesis raise the possibility to generate fluorescent bacteria which can be used in the field of bio-imaging.
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Haase I, Gräwert T, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M. Recent advances in riboflavin biosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1146:15-40. [PMID: 24764086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0452-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin is biosynthesized from GTP and ribulose 5-phosphate. Whereas the early reactions conducing to 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5'-phosphate show significant taxonomic variation, the subsequent reaction steps are universal in all taxonomic kingdoms. With the exception of a hitherto elusive phosphatase, all enzymes of the pathway have been characterized in some detail at the structural and mechanistic level. Some of the pathway enzymes (GTP cycloyhdrolase II, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase, riboflavin synthase) have exceptionally complex reaction mechanisms. The commercial production of the vitamin is now entirely based on highly productive fermentation processes. Due to their absence in animals, the pathway enzymes are potential targets for the development of novel anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Haase
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Paulus B, Illarionov B, Nohr D, Roellinger G, Kacprzak S, Fischer M, Weber S, Bacher A, Schleicher E. One Protein, Two Chromophores: Comparative Spectroscopic Characterization of 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and Riboflavin Bound to Lumazine Protein. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13092-105. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507618f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Paulus
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institute for Biochemistry & Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Nohr
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Roellinger
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylwia Kacprzak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry & Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institute for Biochemistry & Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Chemistry
Department, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Ladenstein R, Fischer M, Bacher A. The lumazine synthase/riboflavin synthase complex: shapes and functions of a highly variable enzyme system. FEBS J 2013; 280:2537-63. [PMID: 23551830 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The xylene ring of riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) is assembled from two molecules of 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate by a mechanistically complex process that is jointly catalyzed by lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase. In Bacillaceae, these enzymes form a structurally unique complex comprising an icosahedral shell of 60 lumazine synthase subunits and a core of three riboflavin synthase subunits, whereas many other bacteria have empty lumazine synthase capsids, fungi, Archaea and some eubacteria have pentameric lumazine synthases, and the riboflavin synthases of Archaea are paralogs of lumazine synthase. The structures of the molecular ensembles have been studied in considerable detail by X-ray crystallography, X-ray small-angle scattering and electron microscopy. However, certain mechanistic aspects remain unknown. Surprisingly, the quaternary structure of the icosahedral β subunit capsids undergoes drastic changes, resulting in formation of large, quasi-spherical capsids; this process is modulated by sequence mutations. The occurrence of large shells consisting of 180 or more lumazine synthase subunits has recently generated interest for protein engineering topics, particularly the construction of encapsulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Ladenstein
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet NOVUM, SE-14183 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Abstract
The biosynthesis of riboflavin requires 1 equivalent of GTP and 2 equivalents of ribulose phosphate. The first committed reactions of the convergent pathway are catalyzed by GTP hydrolase II and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase. The initial reaction steps afford 5-amino-6-ribitylaminopyrimidine 5'-phosphate, which needs to be dephosphorylated by a hitherto elusive hydrolase. The dephosphorylated pyrimidine is condensed with the carbohydrate precursor, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. The resulting 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine affords riboflavin by a mechanistically unique dismutation, i.e., by formation of a pentacyclic dimer that is subsequently fragmented.
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Kim SY, Kim RR, Choi JS, Kim YD, Lee CY. Purification and Characterization of the Amino-Terminal Domain of Lumazine Protein from Photobacterium leiognathi. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.04.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Crystal structures of the lumazine protein from Photobacterium kishitanii in complexes with the authentic chromophore, 6,7-dimethyl- 8-(1'-D-ribityl) lumazine, and its analogues, riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide, at high resolution. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:127-33. [PMID: 19854891 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01015-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumazine protein (LumP) is a fluorescent accessory protein having 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1'-d-ribityl) lumazine (DMRL) as its authentic chromophore. It modulates the emission of bacterial luciferase to shorter wavelengths with increasing luminous strength. To obtain structural information on the native structure as well as the interaction with bacterial luciferase, we have determined the crystal structures of LumP from Photobacterium kishitanii in complexes with DMRL and its analogues, riboflavin (RBF) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), at resolutions of 2.00, 1.42, and 2.00 A. LumP consists of two beta barrels that have nearly identical folds, the N-terminal and C-terminal barrels. The structures of LumP in complex with all of the chromophores studied are all essentially identical, except around the chromophores. In all of the structures, the chromophore is tethered to the narrow cavity via many hydrogen bonds in the N-terminal domain. These are absent in the C-terminal domain. Hydrogen bonding in LumP-FMN is decreased in comparison with that in LumP-RBF because the phosphate moiety of FMN protrudes out of the narrow cavity. In LumP-DMRL, the side chain of Gln65 is close to the ring system, and a new water molecule that stabilizes the ligand is observed near Ser48. Therefore, DMRL packs more tightly in the ligand-binding site than RBF or FMN. A docking simulation of bacterial luciferase and LumP suggests that the chromophore is located close enough for direct energy transfer to occur. Moreover, the surface potentials around the ligand-binding sites of LumP and bacterial luciferase exhibit complementary charge distributions, which would have a significant effect on the interaction between LumP and luciferase.
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Chatwell L, Illarionova V, Illarionov B, Eisenreich W, Huber R, Skerra A, Bacher A, Fischer M. Structure of Lumazine Protein, an Optical Transponder of Luminescent Bacteria. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fischer M, Bacher A. Biosynthesis of vitamin B2: Structure and mechanism of riboflavin synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:252-65. [PMID: 18298940 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of one riboflavin molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate as substrates. GTP is hydrolytically opened, converted into 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione by a sequence of deamination, side chain reduction and dephosphorylation. Condensation with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate obtained from ribulose 5-phosphate leads to 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. The final step in the biosynthesis of the vitamin involves the dismutation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine catalyzed by riboflavin synthase. The mechanistically unusual reaction involves the transfer of a four-carbon fragment between two identical substrate molecules. The second product, 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, is recycled in the biosynthetic pathway by 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase. This article will review structures and reaction mechanisms of riboflavin synthases and related proteins up to 2007 and 122 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fischer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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