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Karg CA, Parráková L, Fuchs D, Schennach H, Kräutler B, Moser S, Gostner JM. A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102056. [PMID: 36290779 PMCID: PMC9599000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllobilins are natural products derived from the degradation of chlorophyll, which proceeds via a common and strictly controlled pathway in higher plants. The resulting tetrapyrrolic catabolites—the phyllobilins—are ubiquitous in nature; despite their high abundance, there is still a lack of knowledge about their physiological properties. Phyllobilins are part of human nutrition and were shown to be potent antioxidants accounting with interesting physiological properties. Three different naturally occurring types of phyllobilins—a phylloleucobilin, a dioxobilin-type phylloleucobilin and a phylloxanthobilin (PxB)—were compared regarding potential antioxidative properties in a cell-free and in a cell-based antioxidant activity test system, demonstrating the strongest effect for the PxB. Moreover, the PxB was investigated for its capacity to interfere with immunoregulatory metabolic pathways of tryptophan breakdown in human blood peripheral mononuclear cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine was observed, suggesting a suppressive effect on pathways of cellular immune activation. Although the exact mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects are yet unknown, these prominent bioactivities point towards health-relevant effects, which warrant further mechanistic investigations and the assessment of the in vivo extrapolatability of results. Thus, phyllobilins are a still surprisingly unexplored family of natural products that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A. Karg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81977 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Parráková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81977 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (J.M.G.); Tel.: +49-89-2180-77175 (S.M.); +43-512-9003-70120 (J.M.G.)
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (J.M.G.); Tel.: +49-89-2180-77175 (S.M.); +43-512-9003-70120 (J.M.G.)
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Wu Y, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Song X. Identification of Hub Genes and Biological Pathways in Inclusion Body Myositis Using Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:1281-1293. [PMID: 35173467 PMCID: PMC8841524 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s346965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a unique idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with unclear pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Although previous publications have identified some molecular biomarkers, the value of these biomarkers is unknown. Objective To identify hub genes and signaling pathways related to IBM for understanding the IBM-related mechanisms and providing guidance for therapy development. Methods Two microarray datasets (GSE3112 and GSE128470) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GEO2R was used to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IBM and normal muscle tissues. The hub genes were determined using protein–protein interaction (PPI) network in Cytoscape. The specific signaling pathways and biological functions of IBM were identified using GO, KEGG, and GSEA enrichment analyses. Moreover, CIBERSORT was applied to estimate the expression level of 22 immune cell types in IBM and normal muscle tissue. The relationship between the immune cell types and hub genes was then explored. Results A total of 219 DEGs and 10 hub genes were identified. Enrichment analyses revealed that the chemokine signaling pathway, cellular response to interferon-gamma, and P53 pathway have crucial roles in IBM. Immune infiltration analyses showed that IBM was associated with high level of CD8 T cells, Tregs, and macrophages. Finally, five potential drugs were predicted for IBM patients through CMap (connectivity map) database. Conclusion In this study, the underlying molecular mechanisms and immunological landscape of IBM were investigated, and thus may provide new directions for future research on IBM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Heibei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinru Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaye Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China
- Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xueqin Song, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-318-2187209, Email
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Hofer S, Geisler S, Lisandrelli R, Nguyen Ngoc H, Ganzera M, Schennach H, Fuchs D, Fuchs JE, M. Gostner J, Kurz K. Pharmacological Targets of Kaempferol Within Inflammatory Pathways-A Hint Towards the Central Role of Tryptophan Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E180. [PMID: 32098277 PMCID: PMC7070836 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid kaempferol is almost ubiquitously contained in edible and medicinal plants and exerts a broad range of interesting pharmacological activities. Interactions with central inflammatory processes can be exploited to treat or attenuate symptoms of disorders associated with chronic immune activation during infections, malignancies, and neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disorders. Many drugs, phytochemicals, and nutritional components target the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) for immunomodulation. We studied the effects of kaempferol by in vitro models with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and THP-1 derived human myelomonocytic cell lines. Kaempferol suppressed interferon-γ dependent immunometabolic pathways: Formation of the oxidative stress biomarker neopterin and catabolism of tryptophan were inhibited dose-dependently in stimulated cells. In-silico docking studies revealed a potential interaction of kaempferol with the catalytic domain of IDO-1. Kaempferol stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated THP-1 cells, thereby increasing the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL) 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor, and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1, while IL6 was downregulated. Data suggest that concerted effects of kaempferol on multiple immunologically relevant targets are responsible for its immunomodulatory activity. However, the immunosuppressive effects may be more relevant in a T-cell dominated context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hofer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Simon Geisler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Rebecca Lisandrelli
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Hieu Nguyen Ngoc
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Markus Ganzera
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.N.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.H.); (R.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Pneumology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Pomorska-Mól M, Czyżewska-Dors E, Kwit K, Wierzchosławski K, Pejsak Z. Ceftiofur hydrochloride affects the humoral and cellular immune response in pigs after vaccination against swine influenza and pseudorabies. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:268. [PMID: 26493336 PMCID: PMC4618681 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are active against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Beyond their antibacterial activity, they are reported to have various immunomodulatory properties. It has been shown that they reduce the secretion of cytokines as well as influence the humoral and cellular immune response. In the field conditions antibiotics are frequently administered at the same time as vaccines in pigs and, in the view of their potential immunomodulatory properties, it is important to examine their effect on the development and persistence of the post-vaccinal immune response. Ceftiofur is a very popular veterinary medicine third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity. It has been shown that it can inhibit cytokines secretion and in this way can potentially affect host immune response. The influence of ceftiofur on the immune response has not yet been investigated in pigs. In the present study we evaluated the influence of therapeutic doses of ceftiofur hydrochloride on the post-vaccinal immune response after vaccination with two model vaccines (live and inactivated). Methods Seventy pigs were divided into five groups: control, unvaccinated (C), control vaccinated against swine influenza (SI-V), control vaccinated against pseudorabies (PR-V), vaccinated against SI during ceftiofur administration (SI-CEF) and vaccinated against PR during ceftiofur administration (PR-CEF). Pigs from SICEF and PR-CEF groups received therapeutic dose of ceftiofur for five days. Pigs from SI-CEF, PR-CEF, SIV and PR-V groups were vaccinated against SI and PR. Antibodies to PRV were determined with the use of blocking ELISA tests (IDEXX Laboratories, USA). Humoral responses to SIV were assessed based on haemagglutination inhibition assay. T-cell response was analyzed with the use of proliferation test. The concentrations of IFN- γ and IL-4 in culture supernatant were determined with the use of ELISA kits Invitrogen Corporation, USA). Results The significant delay in the development of humoral response against pseudorabies virus (PRV) as well as a significant suppression of production of antibodies against swine influenza virus (SIV) was found in pigs receiving ceftiofur hydrochloride at the time of vaccination. The cellular immune response against PRV was also significantly affected by ceftiofur. In contrast, there were no significant differences between vaccinated groups with regard to the T-cell response against SIV. From day 28 of study to day 70, the concentration of INF-γ in culture supernatants were significantly lower in group treated with ceftiofur after restimulation with PRV. While, no significant differences were observed after restimulation of PBMC with H3N2 SIV. Conclusions The effect of an antibiotic therapy with ceftiofur hydrochloride on the humoral and cellular post-vaccinal immune responses in pigs was investigated. Ceftiofur hydrochloride was given in therapeutic doses. The results of the present study indicate that both, humoral and cell-mediated post-vaccinal immune responses can be modulated by treatment with ceftiofur hydrochloride. The results of our study point out that caution should be taken when administered this antibiotic during vaccination of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kwit
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | | | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
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Pomorska-Mól M, Kwit K, Markowska-Daniel I, Pejsak Z. The effect of doxycycline treatment on the postvaccinal immune response in pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Verification of association of elevated serum IDO enzyme activity with acute rejection and low CD4-ATP levels with infection. Transplantation 2013; 96:567-72. [PMID: 23823655 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829c7cec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both acute rejection (AR) and major infection events (MIE) can reduce long-term allograft survival. We assessed the simultaneous efficacy of serum and urine biomarker indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme activity and peripheral blood CD4-ATP levels for AR and MIE association, respectively. METHODS We prospectively tested 217 blood and 167 urine serial samples, collected monthly for 12 months after transplantation from 29 consecutive children receiving a kidney transplant. The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was assessed by mass spectrometry assays using the ratio of product L-kynurenine (kyn) to substrate tryptophan (trp). Kyn/trp ratios and blood CD4 T-cell ATP levels were correlated with AR, MIE, or stable group (no events) in the next 30 days. RESULTS Using absolute cutoffs and allocating to samples to AR, MIE, or stable group, mean serum kyn/trp ratios were significantly elevated in the group that experienced AR (P=0.0007). Similarly, peripheral blood CD4-ATP levels were significantly lower in the group experiencing MIE (P=0.0351). Urine kyn/trp ratios and blood tacrolimus levels were not different between AR and stable groups. Within-subject analyses, accounting for repeated measures in subjects, also showed that, over time, serum kyn/trp ratios were higher before AR (P=0.031) and blood CD4-ATP levels were lower before MIE (P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS These results from our pilot discovery group suggest that a panel of biomarkers together can predict overimmunosuppression or underimmunosuppression. Further independent validation in a multicenter cohort is suggested.
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Dharnidharka VR, Gupta S, Khasawneh EA, Haafiz A, Shuster JJ, Theriaque DW, Shahlaee AH, Garrett TJ. Immune biomarker panel monitoring utilizing IDO enzyme activity and CD4 ATP levels: prediction of acute rejection vs. viral replication events. Pediatr Transplant 2011; 15:321-8. [PMID: 21492353 PMCID: PMC3078420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections have become as important an event as acute rejection posttransplant for long-term allograft survival. Less invasive biomarkers tested so far predict risk for one event or the other, not both. We prospectively tested blood and urine monthly for 12 months posttransplant from children receiving a kidney transplant. The IDO enzyme pathway was assessed by MS assays using the ratio of product l-kyn to substrate trp. Kyn/trp ratios and blood CD4 T-cell ATP levels were correlated with acute rejection or major infection events or stable group (no events) in the next 30 days. The 25 subjects experienced six discrete episodes of acute rejection in five subjects and 16 discrete events of major infection in 14 subjects (seven BK viruria, six cytomegaloviremia, one EB and cytomegaloviremia, and two transplant pyelonephritis). Mean serum kyn/trp ratios were significantly elevated in the group that experienced acute rejection (p = 0.02). Within-subject analyses revealed that over time, urine kyn/trp ratios showed an increase (p = 0.01) and blood CD4-ATP levels showed a decrease (p = 0.007) prior to a major infection event. These pilot results suggest that a panel of biomarkers together can predict over- or under-immunosuppression, but need independent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas R. Dharnidharka
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Sushil Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Eihab Al Khasawneh
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Allah Haafiz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jonathan J. Shuster
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA,Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Douglas W. Theriaque
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Amir H. Shahlaee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville FL USA
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