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Yoon M, Phan V, Podvin S, Mosier C, O’Donoghue AJ, Hook V. Distinct Cleavage Properties of Cathepsin B Compared to Cysteine Cathepsins Enable the Design and Validation of a Specific Substrate for Cathepsin B over a Broad pH Range. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2289-2300. [PMID: 37459182 PMCID: PMC10399199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The biological and pathological functions of cathepsin B occur in acidic lysosomes and at the neutral pH of cytosol, nuclei, and extracellular locations. Importantly, cathepsin B displays different substrate cleavage properties at acidic pH compared to neutral pH conditions. It is, therefore, desirable to develop specific substrates for cathepsin B that measure its activity over broad pH ranges. Current substrates used to monitor cathepsin B activity consist of Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and Z-Arg-Arg-AMC, but they lack specificity since they are cleaved by other cysteine cathepsins. Furthermore, Z-Arg-Arg-AMC monitors cathepsin B activity at neutral pH and displays minimal activity at acidic pH. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and validate specific fluorogenic peptide substrates that can monitor cathepsin B activity over a broad pH range from acidic to neutral pH conditions. In-depth cleavage properties of cathepsin B were compared to those of the cysteine cathepsins K, L, S, V, and X via multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry at pH 4.6 and pH 7.2. Analysis of the cleavage preferences predicted the tripeptide Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC as a preferred substrate for cathepsin B. Significantly, Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC displayed the advantageous properties of measuring high cathepsin B specific activity over acidic to neutral pHs and was specifically cleaved by cathepsin B over the other cysteine cathepsins. Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC specifically monitored cathepsin B activity in neuronal and glial cells which were consistent with relative abundances of cathepsin B protein. These findings validate Z-Nle-Lys-Arg-AMC as a novel substrate that specifically monitors cathepsin B activity over a broad pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
C. Yoon
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Von Phan
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Sonia Podvin
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Biomedical
Sciences Graduate Program, University of
California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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Amin TU, Emara R, Pal A, Aldawod H, Jiang G, Liang D, Haque Tuhin MT, Balgoname A, Patel AD, Alhamadsheh MM. Enhancing the Safety and Efficacy of PSMA-Based Small-Molecule Drug Conjugates by Linker Stabilization and Conjugation to Transthyretin Binding Ligand. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15473-15486. [PMID: 36327103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the enhancement of a novel antitumor therapeutic platform that combines advantages from small-molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs) and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Valine-citrulline (VCit) dipeptide linkers are commonly used cathepsin B cleavable linkers for ADCs. However, the instability of these linkers in mouse serum makes translating efficacy data from mouse to human more challenging. Replacing the VCit linker with glutamic acid-valine-citrulline (EVCit) has been reported to enhance the stability of ADCs in mouse serum. However, the effect of EVCit linker on the stability of SMDCs has not been reported. Here, we report that incorporating the EVCit linker in prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeting SMDCs, equipped with the transthyretin ligand AG10, resulted in conjugates with lower toxicity, an extended half-life, and superior therapeutic efficacy to docetaxel in a xenograft mouse model of prostate cancer. This should make SMDCs' preclinical toxicity and efficacy data from mice more reliable for predicting human results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufiq Ul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Rasha Emara
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Arindom Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Hala Aldawod
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Guanming Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Dengpan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Md Tariqul Haque Tuhin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Abdulmalek Balgoname
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Arjun D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Mamoun M Alhamadsheh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
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Abaka G, Bıyıkoğlu T, Erten C. CAMPways: constrained alignment framework for the comparative analysis of a pair of metabolic pathways. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:i145-53. [PMID: 23812978 PMCID: PMC3694646 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Given a pair of metabolic pathways, an alignment of the pathways corresponds to a mapping between similar substructures of the pair. Successful alignments may provide useful applications in phylogenetic tree reconstruction, drug design and overall may enhance our understanding of cellular metabolism. RESULTS We consider the problem of providing one-to-many alignments of reactions in a pair of metabolic pathways. We first provide a constrained alignment framework applicable to the problem. We show that the constrained alignment problem even in a primitive setting is computationally intractable, which justifies efforts for designing efficient heuristics. We present our Constrained Alignment of Metabolic Pathways (CAMPways) algorithm designed for this purpose. Through extensive experiments involving a large pathway database, we demonstrate that when compared with a state-of-the-art alternative, the CAMPways algorithm provides better alignment results on metabolic networks as far as measures based on same-pathway inclusion and biochemical significance are concerned. The execution speed of our algorithm constitutes yet another important improvement over alternative algorithms. AVAILABILITY Open source codes, executable binary, useful scripts, all the experimental data and the results are freely available as part of the Supplementary Material at http://code.google.com/p/campways/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Abaka
- Department of Computer Engineering, Kadir Has University, Cibali, Istanbul 34083, Turkey
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O’Donoghue AJ, Eroy-Reveles AA, Knudsen GM, Ingram J, Zhou M, Statnekov JB, Greninger AL, Hostetter DR, Qu G, Maltby DA, Anderson MO, DeRisi JL, McKerrow JH, Burlingame AL, Craik CS. Global identification of peptidase specificity by multiplex substrate profiling. Nat Methods 2012; 9:1095-100. [PMID: 23023596 PMCID: PMC3707110 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple and rapid multiplex substrate-profiling method to reveal the substrate specificity of any endo- or exopeptidase using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry sequencing. We generated a physicochemically diverse library of peptides by incorporating all combinations of neighbor and near-neighbor amino acid pairs into decapeptide sequences that are flanked by unique dipeptides at each terminus. Addition of a panel of evolutionarily diverse peptidases to a mixture of these tetradecapeptides generated information on prime and nonprime sites as well as on substrate specificity that matched or expanded upon known substrate motifs. This method biochemically confirmed the activity of the klassevirus 3C protein responsible for polypeptide processing and allowed granzyme B substrates to be ranked by enzymatic turnover efficiency using label-free quantitation of precursor-ion abundance. Additionally, the proteolytic secretions from schistosome parasitic flatworm larvae and a pancreatic cancer cell line were deconvoluted in a subtractive strategy using class-specific peptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Alegra Eroy-Reveles
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University
| | | | | | - Min Zhou
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc O. Anderson
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF
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Profiling trait anxiety: transcriptome analysis reveals cathepsin B (Ctsb) as a novel candidate gene for emotionality in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23604. [PMID: 21897848 PMCID: PMC3163650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral endophenotypes are determined by a multitude of counteracting but precisely balanced molecular and physiological mechanisms. In this study, we aim to identify potential novel molecular targets that contribute to the multigenic trait “anxiety”. We used microarrays to investigate the gene expression profiles of different brain regions within the limbic system of mice which were selectively bred for either high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behavior, and also show signs of comorbid depression-like behavior. We identified and confirmed sex-independent differences in the basal expression of 13 candidate genes, using tissue from the entire brain, including coronin 7 (Coro7), cathepsin B (Ctsb), muscleblind-like 1 (Mbnl1), metallothionein 1 (Mt1), solute carrier family 25 member 17 (Slc25a17), tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2), zinc finger protein 672 (Zfp672), syntaxin 3 (Stx3), ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 2 (Abca2), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 5 (Enpp5), high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 3 (Hmgn3) and pyruvate dehydrogenase beta (Pdhb). Additionally, we confirmed brain region-specific differences in the expression of synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4). Our identification of about 90 polymorphisms in Ctsb suggested that this gene might play a critical role in shaping our mouse model's behavioral endophenotypes. Indeed, the assessment of anxiety-related and depression-like behaviors of Ctsb knock-out mice revealed an increase in depression-like behavior in females. Altogether, our results suggest that Ctsb has significant effects on emotionality, irrespective of the tested mouse strain, making it a promising target for future pharmacotherapy.
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Transgenic expression of human cathepsin B promotes progression and metastasis of polyoma-middle-T-induced breast cancer in mice. Oncogene 2010; 30:54-64. [PMID: 20818432 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) has been correlated with a poor prognosis for cancer patients. In order to model high CTSB expression in mammary cancer, transgenic mice expressing human CTSB were crossed with transgenic polyoma virus middle T oncogene breast cancer mice (mouse mammary tumor virus-PymT), resulting in a 20-fold increase in cathepsin B activity in the tumors of double-transgenic animals. CTSB expression did not affect tumor onset, but CTSB transgenic mice showed accelerated tumor growth with significant increase in weight for end-stage tumors, as well as an overall worsening in their histopathological grades. Notably, the lung metastases in the CTSB transgenic animals were found to be both significantly larger and to occur at a significantly higher frequency. Ex vivo analysis of primary PymT tumor cells revealed no significant effects from elevated CTSB levels on tumor cell characteristics, that is, the formation of tumor cell colonies and the sprouting of invasive strands from PymT cell spheroids. However, tumors from CTSB-overexpressing mice showed increased numbers of tumor-associated B cells and mast cells. In addition, more CD31+ endothelial cells were detected in these tumors, correlating with higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) being present in the tumor and serum. We conclude that elevated proteolytic CTSB activity facilitates progression and metastasis of PymT-induced mammary carcinomas, and is associated with increased immune cell infiltration, enhanced VEGF levels and the promotion of tumor angiogenesis.
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Xiao K, Jehle F, Peters C, Reinheckel T, Schirmer RH, Dandekar T. CA/C1 peptidases of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei and their mammalian hosts--a bioinformatical analysis. Biol Chem 2009; 390:1185-97. [PMID: 19663681 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In genome-wide screens we studied CA/C1 peptidases of malaria-causing plasmodia and their hosts (man and mouse). For Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei, several new CA/C1 peptidase genes encoding proteases of the L- and B-family with specific promoter modules were identified. In addition, two new human CA/C1 peptidase loci and one new mouse gene locus were found; otherwise, the sets of CA/C1 peptidase genes in man and mouse seem to be complete now. In each species studied there is a multitude of CA/C1 peptidases with lysosomal localization signals and partial functional overlap according to similar but subfamily-specific structures. Individual target structures in plasmodia include residues specifically different in CA/C1 peptidase subsite 2. This is of medical interest considering CA/C1 peptidase inhibition for chemotherapy in malaria, malignancies and other diseases. Promoter structures and mRNA regulation differ widely among CA/C1 peptidase subfamilies and between mammals and plasmodia. We characterized promoter modules conserved in mouse and man for the CA/C1 peptidase families B and L (with the L-like subfamily, F-like subfamily and mouse-specific J-like subfamily). RNA motif searches revealed conserved regulatory elements such as GAIT elements; plasmodial CA/C1 peptidase mRNA elements include ARE elements and mammalian mRNAs contain 15-lox DICE elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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