1
|
Jiang J, Ren R, Fang W, Miao J, Wen Z, Wang X, Xu J, Jin H. Lysosomal biogenesis and function in osteoclasts: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431566. [PMID: 39170917 PMCID: PMC11335558 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as catabolic centers and signaling hubs in cells, regulating a multitude of cellular processes such as intracellular environment homeostasis, macromolecule degradation, intracellular vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Alterations in lysosomal level and function are crucial for cellular adaptation to external stimuli, with lysosome dysfunction being implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Osteoclasts (OCs), as multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption and maintaining bone homeostasis, have a complex relationship with lysosomes that is not fully understood. Dysregulated function of OCs can disrupt bone homeostasis leading to the development of various bone disorders. The regulation of OC differentiation and bone resorption for the treatment of bone disease have received considerable attention in recent years, yet the role and regulation of lysosomes in OCs, as well as the potential therapeutic implications of intervening in lysosomal biologic behavior for the treatment of bone diseases, remain relatively understudied. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in lysosomal biogenesis and to discuss the functions of lysosomes in OCs, specifically in relation to differentiation, bone resorption, and autophagy. Finally, we explore the potential therapeutic implication of targeting lysosomes in the treatment of bone metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rufeng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyuan Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiansen Miao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zijun Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao Z, Gao H, Han Q, Ning E, Sheng L, Hao Y, Che H, Hu D, Wang C. Genetic insights into serum cathepsins as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in knee and hip osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17553. [PMID: 39080459 PMCID: PMC11289477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease due to the deterioration of cartilage structure and function, involving the progressive degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Cathepsins, lysosomal cysteine proteases, play pivotal roles in various biological and pathological processes, particularly in protein degradation. Excess cathepsins levels are reported to contribute to the development of OA. However, the causal relationship between the cathepsin family and knee and hip OA remains uncertain. Therefore, this study utilized bidirectional Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses to explore this causal association. Our results indicated that elevated serum levels of cathepsin O increase the overall risk of knee OA, while increased serum levels of cathepsin H enhance the risk of hip OA. Conversely, the reverse MR analyses did not reveal a reverse causal relationship between them. In summary, OA in different anatomical locations may genetically result from pathological elevations in different serum cathepsin isoforms, which could be utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Shao
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinyi Han
- Department of Hand and Foot, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Eryu Ning
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Sheng
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Hao
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Che
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stuart S, Tarade D, Ohh M. Cathepsins L and B target HIF1α for oxygen-independent proteolytic cleavage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14799. [PMID: 38926538 PMCID: PMC11208597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oxygen-labile transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is responsible for the cellular and organismal adaptive response to reduced oxygen availability. Deregulation of HIF is associated with the pathogenesis of major human diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Under normoxia, the HIFα subunit is hydroxylated on conserved proline residues within the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD) that labels HIFα for proteasome-mediated degradation. Despite similar oxygen-dependent degradation machinery acting on HIF1α and HIF2α, these two paralogs have been shown to exhibit unique kinetics under hypoxia, which suggests that other regulatory processes may be at play. Here, we characterize the protease activity found in rabbit reticulocytes that specifically cleaves the ODD of HIF1α but not HIF2α. Notably, the cleavage product is observed irrespective of the oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation potential of HIF1α, suggesting independence from oxygen. HIF1α M561T substitution, which mimics an evolutionary substitution that occurred during the duplication and divergence of HIF1α and HIF2α, diminished the cleavage of HIF1α. Protease inhibitor screening suggests that cysteine proteases cathepsins L and B preferentially cleave HIF1αODD, thereby revealing an additional layer of differential HIF regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stuart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Daniel Tarade
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Ohh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kannan P, A HB, N MP, D TK, Ramanathan G, Eswaramoorthy R, Ramasamy M. Unravelling the Relacatib activity against the CTSK proteins causing pycnodysostosis: a molecular docking and dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4121-4132. [PMID: 37255004 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2218927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis is an atypical autosomal recessive condition of Lysosomal storage disorder that originated due to the deficit of the enzyme Cathepsin K which is vital for normal osteoclast action in bone resorption. Abnormal degradation of type 1 collagen and accumulation of toxic undigested collagen fibers in lysosomes of the osteoclast cells resulting in high bone density, brittle bones, and a short stature is caused in CTSK protein-carrying individuals. The broad aim of this study is to identify the most significant variant through various computational pipelines. This study was initiated by retrieving a total number of thirty-six variants from NCBI, HGMD, and UniProt databases, and the Y283C variant was found to be more significant by various standard computational tools. A structural investigation was performed to understand and gain a better knowledge about the interaction profile for the native (1BY8) and variant (Y283C) with Relacatib (a small-molecule drug that blocks the function of Cathepsin K, an enzyme that has been linked to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other bone-degrading diseases). The interaction profile was analyzed using molecular docking. Relacatib (ligand) had an average binding affinity for both native (-7.16 kcal/mol) and Y283C (-6.76 kcal/mol). Finally, Molecular dynamics simulations were done in duplicates to recognize the variant (Y283C) activity of the protein structure against Relacatib for 100 ns. This study assists in comprehending the most pathogenic amino-acid variant, the ligand interaction with the protein structure, and paves the way for understanding the steadiness of the ligand with the native and selected significant amino-acid variant.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Hadeefa Begum A
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Madhana Priya N
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| | - Thirumal Kumar D
- Faculty of Allied Health Science, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Gnansambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Magesh Ramasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Panwar P, Olesen JB, Blum G, Delaisse JM, Søe K, Brömme D. Real-time analysis of osteoclast resorption and fusion dynamics in response to bone resorption inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7358. [PMID: 38548807 PMCID: PMC10978898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK), an essential collagenase in osteoclasts (OCs), is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Using live-cell imaging, we monitored the bone resorptive behaviour of OCs during dose-dependent inhibition of CatK by an ectosteric (Tanshinone IIA sulfonate) and an active site inhibitor (odanacatib). CatK inhibition caused drastic reductions in the overall resorption speed of OCs. At IC50 CatK-inhibitor concentration, OCs reduced about 40% of their trench-forming capacity and at fourfold IC50 concentrations, a > 95% reduction was observed. The majority of CatK-inhibited OCs (~ 75%) were involved in resorption-migration-resorption episodes forming adjacent pits, while ~ 25% were stagnating OCs which remained associated with the same excavation. We also observed fusions of OCs during the resorption process both in control and inhibitor-treated conditions, which increased their resorption speeds by 30-50%. Inhibitor IC50-concentrations increased OC-fusion by twofold. Nevertheless, more fusion could not counterweigh the overall loss of resorption activity by inhibitors. Using an activity-based probe, we demonstrated the presence of active CatK at the resorbing front in pits and trenches. In conclusion, our data document how OCs respond to CatK-inhibition with respect to movement, bone resorption activity, and their attempt to compensate for inhibition by activating fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preety Panwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Bastholm Olesen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Galia Blum
- Faculty of Medicine, Campus Ein Karem, The School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Room 407, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Everts V, Jansen IDC, de Vries TJ. Mechanisms of bone resorption. Bone 2022; 163:116499. [PMID: 35872106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Dental Faculty, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ineke D C Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In silico and in vitro mapping of specificity patterns of glycosaminoglycans towards cysteine cathepsins B, L, K, S and V. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 113:108153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
New Insights into the Role of Cysteine Cathepsins in Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121796. [PMID: 34944440 PMCID: PMC8698589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia and astrocytes, is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing evidence shows that activated microglia induce the expression and secretion of various lysosomal cathepsins, particularly during the early stage of neuroinflammation. This trigger signaling cascade that aggravate neurodegeneration. To date, most research on neuroinflammation has focused on the role of cysteine cathepsins, the largest cathepsin family. Cysteine cathepsins are primarily responsible for protein degradation in lysosomes; however, they also play a role in regulating a number of other important physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the functional roles of cysteine cathepsins in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on their roles in the polarization of microglia and neuroinflammation signaling, which in turn causes neuronal death and thus neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Regulatory properties of vitronectin and its glycosylation in collagen fibril formation and collagen-degrading enzyme cathepsin K activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12023. [PMID: 34103584 PMCID: PMC8187593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitronectin (VN) is a glycoprotein found in extracellular matrix and blood. Collagen, a major extracellular matrix component in mammals, is degraded by cathepsin K (CatK), which is essential for bone resorption under acidic conditions. The relationship between VN and cathepsins has been unclear. We discovered that VN promoted collagen fibril formation and inhibited CatK activity, and observed its activation in vitro. VN accelerated collagen fibril formation at neutral pH. Collagen fibers formed with VN were in close contact with each other and appeared as scattered flat masses in scanning electron microscopy images. VN formed collagen fibers with high acid solubility and significantly inhibited CatK; the IC50 was 8.1–16.6 nM and competitive, almost the same as those of human and porcine VNs. VN inhibited the autoprocessing of inactive pro-CatK from active CatK. DeN-glycosylation of VN attenuated the inhibitory effects of CatK and its autoprocessing by VN, but had little effect on acid solubilization of collagen and VN degradation via CatK. CatK inhibition is an attractive treatment approach for osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. These findings suggest that glycosylated VN is a potential biological candidate for CatK inhibition and may help to understand the molecular mechanisms of tissue re-modeling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Morimoto A, Kikuta J, Nishikawa K, Sudo T, Uenaka M, Furuya M, Hasegawa T, Hashimoto K, Tsukazaki H, Seno S, Nakamura A, Okuzaki D, Sugihara F, Ninomiya A, Yoshimura T, Takao-Kawabata R, Matsuda H, Ishii M. SLPI is a critical mediator that controls PTH-induced bone formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2136. [PMID: 33837198 PMCID: PMC8035405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation/replenishment are closely coupled in bone metabolism. Anabolic parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is commonly used for treating osteoporosis, shifts the balance from osteoclastic to osteoblastic, although it is unclear how these cells are coordinately regulated by PTH. Here, we identify a serine protease inhibitor, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), as a critical mediator that is involved in the PTH-mediated shift to the osteoblastic phase. Slpi is highly upregulated in osteoblasts by PTH, while genetic ablation of Slpi severely impairs PTH-induced bone formation. Slpi induction in osteoblasts enhances its differentiation, and increases osteoblast-osteoclast contact, thereby suppressing osteoclastic function. Intravital bone imaging reveals that the PTH-mediated association between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is disrupted in the absence of SLPI. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SLPI regulates the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts to promote PTH-induced bone anabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akito Morimoto
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Keizo Nishikawa
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Sudo
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maki Uenaka
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hasegawa
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hashimoto
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukazaki
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Ninomiya
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Medical Affairs Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takao-Kawabata
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silva TL, dos Santos DA, de Jesus HC, Brömme D, Fernandes JB, Paixão MW, Corrêa AG, Vieira PC. Green asymmetric synthesis of epoxypeptidomimetics and evaluation as human cathepsin K inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Macías I, Alcorta-Sevillano N, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Osteoporosis and the Potential of Cell-Based Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051653. [PMID: 32121265 PMCID: PMC7084428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common chronic metabolic bone disease, is characterized by low bone mass and increased bone fragility. Nowadays more than 200 million individuals are suffering from osteoporosis and still the number of affected people is dramatically increasing due to an aging population and longer life, representing a major public health problem. Current osteoporosis treatments are mainly designed to decrease bone resorption, presenting serious adverse effects that limit their safety for long-term use. Numerous studies with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have helped to increase the knowledge regarding the mechanisms that underlie the progression of osteoporosis. Emerging clinical and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation exerts a significant influence on bone turnover, thereby on osteoporosis. In this regard, MSCs have proven to possess broad immunoregulatory capabilities, modulating both adaptive and innate immunity. Here, we will discuss the role that MSCs play in the etiopathology of osteoporosis and their potential use for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dai R, Wu Z, Chu HY, Lu J, Lyu A, Liu J, Zhang G. Cathepsin K: The Action in and Beyond Bone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:433. [PMID: 32582709 PMCID: PMC7287012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent proteases in lysosomal cysteine proteases family, of which main function is to mediate bone resorption. Currently, CatK is among the most attractive targets for anti-osteoporosis drug development. Although many pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of selective inhibitors for CatK, there is no FDA approved drug till now. Odanacatib (ODN) developed by Merck & Co. is the only CatK inhibitor candidate which demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis in Phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, the development of ODN was finally terminated due to the cardio-cerebrovascular adverse effects. Therefore, it arouses concerns on the undesirable CatK inhibition in non-bone sites. It is known that CatK has far-reaching actions throughout various organs besides bone. Many studies have also demonstrated the involvement of CatK in various diseases beyond the musculoskeletal system. This review not only summarized the functional roles of CatK in bone and beyond bone, but also discussed the potential relevance of the CatK action beyond bone to the adverse effects of inhibiting CatK in non-bone sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeting Wu
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu,
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Ge Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dauth S, Rakov H, Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Weber J, Batbajar Dugershaw B, Braun D, Rehders M, Wirth EK, Führer D, Schweizer U, Brix K. Function of Cathepsin K in the Central Nervous System of Male Mice is Independent of Its Role in the Thyroid Gland. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:695-710. [PMID: 31808010 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K deficiency in male mice (Ctsk-/-) results in decreased numbers of hippocampal astrocytes and altered neuronal patterning as well as learning and memory deficits. Additionally, cathepsin K carries essential roles in the thyroid gland where it contributes to the liberation of thyroid hormones (TH). Because TH are essential for brain development, in particular for the cerebellum, we investigated whether cathepsin K's function in the thyroid is directly linked to the brain phenotype of Ctsk-/- mice. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, brain concentrations of free TH, and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) activity in brain parenchyma as well as cerebellar development were comparable in Ctsk-/- and WT animals, suggesting regular thyroid states and TH metabolism. Despite unaltered transcript levels, protein expression of two TH transporters was enhanced in specific brain regions in Ctsk-/- mice, suggesting altered TH supply to these regions. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh) mRNA levels were enhanced threefold in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. In the striatum of Ctsk-/- mice the mRNA for Dio2 and hairless were approximately 1.3-fold enhanced, while mRNA levels for monocarboxylate transporter 8 and Trh were reduced to 60% and 40%, respectively, pointing to altered striatal physiology. We conclude that the role of cathepsin K in the thyroid gland is not directly associated with its function in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Future studies will show whether the brain region-specific alterations in Trh mRNA may eventually result in altered neuroprotection that could explain the neurobehavioral defects of Ctsk-/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- Department of Mathematics and Logistics, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 1200-177, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,CisBio, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Battuja Batbajar Dugershaw
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Empa, Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Braun
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rat cathepsin K: Enzymatic specificity and regulation of its collagenolytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140318. [PMID: 31740411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K (hCatK), which is highly expressed in osteoclasts, has the noteworthy ability to cleave type I and II collagens in their helical domain. Its collagenase potency depends strictly on the formation of an oligomeric complex with chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S). Accordingly, hCatK is a pivotal protease involved in bone resorption and is an attractive target for the treatment of osteoporosis. As rat is a common animal model for the evaluation of hCatK inhibitors, we conducted a comparative analysis of rat CatK (rCatK) and hCatK, which share a high degree of identity (88%) and similarity (93%). The pH activity profile of both enzymes displayed a similar bell-shaped curve (optimal pH: 6.4). Presence of Ser134 and Val160 in the S2 pocket of rCatK instead of Ala and Leu residues, respectively, in hCatK, led to a weaker peptidase activity, as observed for mouse CatK. Also, regardless of the presence of C4-S, rCatK cleaved in the nonhelical telopeptide regions of both type I (tail) and type II (articular joint) rat collagens. Structure-based computational analyses (electrostatic potential, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations) sustained that the C4-S mediated collagenolytic activity of rCatK obeys distinct molecular interactions from those of hCatK. Additionally, T-kininogen (a.k.a. thiostatin), a unique rat serum acute phase molecule, acted as a tight-binding inhibitor of hCatK (Ki = 0.11 ± 0.05 nM). Taken into account the increase of T-Kininogen level in inflamed rat sera, this may raise the question of the appropriateness to evaluate pharmacological hCatK inhibitors in this peculiar animal model.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee Y, Jeong MH, Kim KJ, Baek SH, Hur JS, Son YJ. The Extract of Ramalina litoralis Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
17
|
Roy S, Das Chakraborty S, Biswas S. Not all pycnodysostosis-related mutants of human cathepsin K are inactive - crystal structure and biochemical studies of an active mutant I249T. FEBS J 2018; 285:4265-4280. [PMID: 30199612 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cathepsin K (CTSK) is a collagenolytic lysosomal cysteine protease that plays an important role in bone turnover. Mutation in CTSK gene is associated with loss of collagenolytic activity of CTSK leading to an autosomal recessive bone disorder called pycnodysostosis. Although a number of pycnodysostotic missense mutations have been reported, underlying mechanism of the disease is not clear. In this study, we investigated in vitro six recombinant pycnodysostosis-related mutants of human CTSK (G79E, I249T, G243E, G303E, G319C and Q187P). While all the mutants, like wild-type, show similar high levels of expression in Escherichia coli, four of them (G79E, G303E, G319C and Q187P) are inactive, unstable and spontaneously degrade during purification process. In contrast, proteolytic/collagenolytic activity, zymogen activation kinetics and stability of G243E and I249T mutants are nominally affected. Crystal structure of I249T at 1.92 Å resolution shows that the mutation in R-domain causes conformational changes of a surface loop in the L-domain although the catalytic cleft remains unaltered. Molecular simulation, normal mode analysis and fluorescence lifetime measurement eliminated the possibility that the change in L-domain surface loop orientation is a crystallization artefact. CD-based thermal melting profile indicates that stability of I249T is significantly higher than wild-type. Our studies first time reports that pycnodysostosis-related mutations do not always lead to complete loss of general proteolytic activity or specific collagenolytic activity of CTSK. The first crystal structure of a pycnodysostotic mutant (I249T) provides critical information that may pave new avenues towards understanding the disease at molecular level. DATABASE: The atomic co-ordinates and structure factors for I249T mutant of human CTSK (codes 5Z5O) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (http://wwpdb.org/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Roy
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Sampa Biswas
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cysteine cathepsins as a prospective target for anticancer therapies-current progress and prospects. Biochimie 2018; 151:85-106. [PMID: 29870804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins (CTS), being involved in both physiological and pathological processes, play an important role in the human body. During the last 30 years, it has been shown that CTS are highly upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types although they have received a little attention as a potential therapeutic target as compared to serine or metalloproteinases. Studies on the increasing problem of neoplastic progression have revealed that secretion of cell-surface- and intracellular cysteine proteases is aberrant in tumor cells and has an impact on their growth, invasion, and metastasis by taking part in tumor angiogenesis, in apoptosis, and in events of inflammatory and immune responses. Considering the role of CTS in carcinogenesis, inhibition of these enzymes becomes an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. The downregulation of natural CTS inhibitors (CTSsis), such as cystatins, observed in various types of cancer, supports this claim. The intention of this review is to highlight the relationship of CTS with cancer and to present illustrations that explain how some of their inhibitors affect processes related to neoplastic progression.
Collapse
|
19
|
Talukder MAS, Balboula AZ, Shirozu T, Kim SW, Kunii H, Suzuki T, Ito T, Kimura K, Takahashi M. Activation of lysosomal cathepsins in pregnant bovine leukocytes. Reproduction 2018; 155:515-528. [PMID: 29626104 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, interferon-tau (IFNT)-mediated expression of interferon-stimulated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) can indicate pregnancy. Recently, type 1 IFN-mediated activation of lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins (CTSs) was observed in immune cells. This study investigated the status of lysosomal CTSs and lysosomes in PBLs collected from pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) dairy cows, and conducted in vitro IFNT stimulation of NP blood leukocytes. Blood samples were collected 0, 7, 14 and 18 days post-artificial insemination, and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) separated. The fluorescent activity of CTSB and CTSK in PMNs significantly increased with the progress of pregnancy, especially on day 18. In vitro supplementation of IFNT significantly increased the activities of CTSB and CTSK in NP PBMCs and PMNs. CTSB expression was significantly higher in PBMCs and PMNs collected from P day-18 cows than from NP cows, whereas there was no difference in CTSK expression. IFNT increased CTSB expression but did not affect CTSK expression. Immunodetection showed an increase of CTSB in P day-18 PBMCs and PMNs. In vitro stimulation of IFNT increased CTSB in NP PBMCs and PMNs. Lysosomal acidification showed a significant increase in P day-18 PBMCs and PMNs. IFNT also stimulated lysosomal acidification. Expressions of lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1 and LAMP2 were significantly higher in P day-18 PBMCs and PMNs. The results suggest that pregnancy-specific activation of lysosomal functions by CTS activation in blood leukocytes is highly associated with IFNT during maternal and fetal recognition of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Shabur Talukder
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ahmed Zaky Balboula
- Department of TheriogenologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Takahiro Shirozu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research CenterNational Institute of Animal Science, Namwon, Korea
| | - Hiroki Kunii
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsukino Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and ReproductionResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan .,Global Station for FoodLand and Water Resources, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee Y, Kim JE, Kim KJ, Cho SS, Son YJ. Optimized Extract from Corylopsis coreana Uyeki (Hamamelidaceae) Flos Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:6302748. [PMID: 29692856 PMCID: PMC5859845 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6302748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic disorder that decreases the stability against fractures of the spine, femur, and radius by weakening the strength and integrity of bones. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand signaling ultimately activated nuclear factor-activated T cells c1, a major transcription factor for osteoclast formation. This study researched the effects of Corylopsis coreana (C. coreana) Uyeki flos extracts on the antiosteoclastic potential of macrophages and the phytochemicals contained therein. The alcoholic extract of C. coreana Uyeki flos inhibited the differentiation of osteoclast. We carried out the experiments of the pattern of differentiation of osteoclasts based on the alcoholic percentage of extracts. Among them, 80% alcoholic extract showed the highest inhibitory effect. The alcoholic extract was composed of phytochemicals such as bergenin, quercetin, and quercitrin. This extract inhibited not only mRNA expression levels of NFATc1, osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), cathepsin K, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), but also the translational expression of NFATc1. The inhibitory effect for osteoclast differentiation of the alcoholic extract was confirmed using the resorption pit assay. This is the first scientific report of the antiosteoclastic effects of C. coreana Uyeki flos extract, which can be applied therapeutically for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Drake MT, Clarke BL, Oursler MJ, Khosla S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors for Osteoporosis: Biology, Potential Clinical Utility, and Lessons Learned. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:325-350. [PMID: 28651365 PMCID: PMC5546879 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family. Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also found in a variety of other tissues. Secretion of cathepsin K from the osteoclast into the sealed osteoclast-bone cell interface results in efficient degradation of type I collagen. The absence of cathepsin K activity in humans results in pycnodysostosis, characterized by increased bone mineral density and fractures. Pharmacologic cathepsin K inhibition leads to continuous increases in bone mineral density for ≤5 years of treatment and improves bone strength at the spine and hip. Compared with other antiresorptive agents, cathepsin K inhibition is nearly equally efficacious for reducing biochemical markers of bone resorption but comparatively less active for reducing bone formation markers. Despite multiple efforts to develop cathepsin K inhibitors, potential concerns related to off-target effects of the inhibitors against other cathepsins and cathepsin K inhibition at nonbone sites, including skin and perhaps cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sites, prolonged the regulatory approval process. A large multinational randomized, double-blind phase III study of odanacatib in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was recently completed. Although that study demonstrated clinically relevant reductions in fractures at multiple sites, odanacatib was ultimately withdrawn from the regulatory approval process after it was found to be associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Nonetheless, the underlying biology and clinical effects of cathepsin K inhibition remain of considerable interest and could guide future therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Drake
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Bart L. Clarke
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Identification of mouse cathepsin K structural elements that regulate the potency of odanacatib. Biochem J 2017; 474:851-864. [PMID: 28049758 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is the predominant mammalian bone-degrading protease and thus an ideal target for antiosteoporotic drug development. Rodent models of osteoporosis are preferred due to their close reflection of the human disease and their ease of handling, genetic manipulation and economic affordability. However, large differences in the potency of CatK inhibitors for the mouse/rat vs. the human protease orthologs have made it impossible to use rodent models. This is even more of a problem considering that the most advanced CatK inhibitors, including odanacatib (ODN) and balicatib, failed in human clinical trials due to side effects and rodent models are not available to investigate the mechanism of these failures. Here, we elucidated the structural elements of the potency differences between mouse and human CatK (hCatK) using ODN. We determined and compared the structures of inhibitor-free mouse CatK (mCatK), hCatK and ODN bound to hCatK. Two structural differences were identified and investigated by mutational analysis. Humanizing subsite 2 in mCatK led to a 5-fold improvement of ODN binding, whereas the replacement of Tyr61 in mCatK with Asp resulted in an hCatK with comparable ODN potency. Combining both sites further improved the inhibition of the mCatK variant. Similar results were obtained for balicatib. These findings will allow the generation of transgenic CatK mice that will facilitate the evaluation of CatK inhibitor adverse effects and to explore routes to avoid them.
Collapse
|
23
|
Expression of Cathepsin K in Skull Base Chordoma. World Neurosurg 2017; 101:396-404. [PMID: 28216213 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between cathepsin K and the clinical characteristics of skull base chordoma (SBC). METHODS This study included 58 paraffin-embedded samples and 85 frozen samples of 94 patients. All clinical data corresponding to these patients were available. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. Positive rate of immunohistochemical staining slices and delta cycle threshold value of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction represented the cathepsin K expression level in protein and gene level separately. RESULTS In protein level, expression level (EL) of invasive tumors was increased compared with noninvasive tumors (P = 0.006), EL of tumors with dura erosion was increased compared with tumors without dura erosion (P = 0.001). Tumors with septa exhibited increased EL compared with tumors without septa (P = 0.001). Tumors with lobulation exhibited increased EL compared with tumors without lobulation (P = 0.000). Higher EL of cathepsin K was associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (P = 0.015). In gene level, tumors with septa showed higher EL than tumors without septa (P = 0.015), and tumors with lobulation showed higher EL than tumors without lobulation (P = 0.049). Cathepsin K EL was an independent risk factor for reduced PFS, and an increased level of cathepsin K in SBC was associated with reduced PFS (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Increased cathepsin K expression in SBC was associated with tumor invasion and reduced PFS. The cathepsin K level in SBC also was associated with tumor stage, tumor lobulation, and septa.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou Y, Chen H, Liu L, Yu X, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Kyttaris VC, Stillman IE, Gelb B, Libby P, Tsokos GC, Shi GP. Cathepsin K Deficiency Ameliorates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Manifestations in Faslpr Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1846-1854. [PMID: 28093526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsin K (CatK) is expressed in osteoclasts to mediate bone resorption, but is also inducible under inflammatory conditions. Faslpr mice on a C57BL/6 background develop spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus-like manifestations. Although normal mouse kidneys expressed negligible CatK, those from Faslpr mice showed elevated CatK expression in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitial space. Faslpr mice also showed elevated serum CatK levels. CatK deficiency in Faslpr mice reduced all tested kidney pathologies, including glomerulus and tubulointerstitial scores, glomerulus complement C3 and IgG deposition, chemokine expression and macrophage infiltration, and serum autoantibodies. CatK contributed to Faslpr mouse autoimmunity and pathology in part by its activity in TLR-7 proteolytic processing and consequent regulatory T (Treg) cell biology. Elevated TLR7 expression and proteolytic processing in Faslpr mouse kidneys and Tregs showed significantly reduced levels in CatK-deficient mice, leading to increased spleen and kidney Treg content. Purified CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs from CatK-deficient mice doubled their immunosuppressive activity against T effector cells, compared with those from CatK-sufficient mice. In Faslpr mice, repopulation of purified Tregs from CatK-sufficient mice reduced spleen sizes, autoantibody titers, and glomerulus C3 and IgG deposition, and increased splenic and kidney Treg contents. Tregs from CatK-deficient mice had significantly more potency than CatK-sufficient Tregs in reducing spleen sizes, serum autoantibody titers, and glomerulus C3 deposition, and in increasing splenic and kidney Treg content. This study established a possible role of CatK in TLR7 proteolytic activation, Treg immunosuppressive activity, and lupus autoimmunity and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bruce Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zalli D, Neff L, Nagano K, Shin NY, Witke W, Gori F, Baron R. The Actin-Binding Protein Cofilin and Its Interaction With Cortactin Are Required for Podosome Patterning in Osteoclasts and Bone Resorption In Vivo and In Vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1701-12. [PMID: 27064822 PMCID: PMC5070801 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of osteoclasts (OCs) to bone and bone resorption require the assembly of specific F-actin adhesion structures, the podosomes, and their dense packing into a sealing zone. The OC-specific formation of the sealing zone requires the interaction of microtubule (MT) + ends with podosomes. Here, we deleted cofilin, a cortactin (CTTN)- and actin-binding protein highly expressed in OCs, to determine if it acts downstream of the MT-CTTN axis to regulate actin polymerization in podosomes. Conditional deletion of cofilin in OCs in mice, driven by the cathepsin K promoter (Ctsk-Cre), impaired bone resorption in vivo, increasing bone density. In vitro, OCs were not able to organize podosomes into peripheral belts. The MT network was disorganized, MT stability was decreased, and cell migration impaired. Active cofilin stabilizes MTs and allows podosome belt formation, whereas MT disruption deactivates cofilin via phosphorylation. Cofilin interacts with CTTN in podosomes and phosphorylation of either protein disrupts this interaction, which is critical for belt stabilization and for the maintenance of MT dynamic instability. Accordingly, active cofilin was required to rescue the OC cytoskeletal phenotype in vitro. These findings suggest that the patterning of podosomes into a sealing zone involves the dynamic interaction between cofilin, CTTN, and the MTs + ends. This interaction is critical for the functional organization of OCs and for bone resorption. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detina Zalli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Neff
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nah Young Shin
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter Witke
- Institut für Genetik, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brömme D, Panwar P, Turan S. Cathepsin K osteoporosis trials, pycnodysostosis and mouse deficiency models: Commonalities and differences. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1160884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Kang S, Noh HY, Ahn S, Simu SY, Aziz MA, Sathishkumar N, Jiménez Pérez ZE, Yang DC. Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation by Ginsenoside Rg3 in RAW264.7 Cells via RANKL, JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways Through a Modulation of Cathepsin K: An In Silico and In Vitro Study. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1286-1294. [PMID: 26059856 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that overexpression of cathepsin K (Cat-K) causes excessive bone loss, which ultimately leads to a variety of bone diseases including osteoporosis. Therefore, inhibition of Cat-K signifies a potential therapeutic target in osteoporosis treatment. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most promising compound of Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) with numerous biological activities. Thus, in recent study the inhibitory effect of Rg3 isolated from P. ginseng was investigated in order to impede the osteoclast activity by an in silico approach followed by in vitro study validation using RAW264.7 cells through the investigation of different biological activity prediction such as absorption distribution metabolism and excretion (ADMET) properties against Cat-K protein. The docking results of our study showed that Rg3 is a non-toxic compound and may act as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, the molecular interaction of Rg3 with the active residues of Cat-K markedly describes its inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis. Findings of the present study exhibited that Rg3 significantly reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, pit formation (actin rings), and TRAP-positive multinucleated cells development in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, Rg3 dose-dependently reduced the mRNA expression levels of osteoclast-specific markers such as RANK, TRAP, and Cat-K induced by RANKL through the down regulation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. In conclusion, in silico docking study and in vitro validation together suggested that Rg3 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and reduces bone resorption through the inhibition of Cat-K. Therefore, Rg3 might be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and proper bone formation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Sera Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Hae Yong Noh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Sungeun Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Shakina Yesmin Simu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Mohamed Antar Aziz
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Natarajan Sathishkumar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Zuly Elizabeth Jiménez Pérez
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
ZHANG XUEXUE, QIAN KEJIAN, ZHANG YONG, WANG ZHIJIAN, YU YANBO, LIU XIAOJIAN, CAO XINTIAN, LIAO YUNHUA, ZHANG DAYING. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in mitigating spinal cord injury-induced osteoporosis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3909-3915. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
29
|
Masi L, Brandi ML. Gaucher disease: the role of the specialist on metabolic bone diseases. CLINICAL CASES IN MINERAL AND BONE METABOLISM : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, MINERAL METABOLISM, AND SKELETAL DISEASES 2015; 12:165-9. [PMID: 26604943 PMCID: PMC4625774 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to European legislation, a disease can be considered rare or "orphan" when it affects less than 1 subject of 2000 (1). Often these diseases affecting the pediatric age, are complex diseases and chronically debilitating and for this motive need the intervention of multidisciplinary skills specific. Among the rare disease as affecting the skeleton more than 400 are characterized by dysplastic changes of the skeleton (2). Alongside the disorders affecting the skeleton primitively, many systemic diseases can have a bone involvement. Among these, the Gaucher disease (GD), an heterogeneous lysosomal storage determined by hereditary enzyme deficiency of β-glucosidase. Patients with this disease have skeletal disorders of varying severity (Erlenmeyer flask deformity, lytic lesions and osteonecrosis, pathological fractures) that affects both the bone marrow, both mineralized bone with progressive damage of the tissue. The bone disease is the most debilitating of GD and can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. Thorough evaluations by monitoring biochemical markers of bone turnover and instrumental, with a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the bone, are of fundamental importance to intervene early so they can prevent complications irreversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Masi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, University Hospital AOU-Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aguda AH, Panwar P, Du X, Nguyen NT, Brayer GD, Brömme D. Structural basis of collagen fiber degradation by cathepsin K. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17474-9. [PMID: 25422423 PMCID: PMC4267343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414126111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K is the major collagenolytic protease in bone that facilitates physiological as well as pathological bone degradation. Despite its key role in bone remodeling and for being a highly sought-after drug target for the treatment of osteoporosis, the mechanism of collagen fiber degradation by cathepsin K remained elusive. Here, we report the structure of a collagenolytically active cathepsin K protein dimer. Cathepsin K is organized into elongated C-shaped protease dimers that reveal a putative collagen-binding interface aided by glycosaminoglycans. Molecular modeling of collagen binding to the dimer indicates the participation of nonactive site amino acid residues, Q21 and Q92, in collagen unfolding. Mutations at these sites as well as perturbation of the dimer protein-protein interface completely inhibit cathepsin-K-mediated fiber degradation without affecting the hydrolysis of gelatin or synthetic peptide. Using scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate the specific binding of cathepsin K at the edge of the fibrillar gap region of collagen fibers, which suggest initial cleavage events at the N- and C-terminal ends of tropocollagen molecules. Edman degradation analysis of collagen fiber degradation products revealed those initial cleavage sites. We propose that one cathepsin K molecule binds to collagen-bound glycosaminoglycans at the gap region and recruits a second protease molecule that provides an unfolding and cleavage mechanism for triple helical collagen. Removal of collagen-associated glycosaminoglycans prevents cathepsin K binding and subsequently fiber hydrolysis. Cathepsin K dimer and glycosaminoglycan binding sites represent novel targeting sites for the development of nonactive site-directed second-generation inhibitors of this important drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeleke H Aguda
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Preety Panwar
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Nham T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Gary D Brayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo Y, Li Y, Xue L, Severino RP, Gao S, Niu J, Qin LP, Zhang D, Brömme D. Salvia miltiorrhiza: an ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporotic drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1401-16. [PMID: 25109459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), also known as Danshen in Chinese, has been used historically and is currently exploited in combination with other herbs to treat skeletal diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With the advance of modern analytical technology, a multitude of bone-targeting, pharmaceutically active, compounds has been isolated and characterized from various sources of TCM including those produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza root. The aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview about the historical TCM interpretation of the action of Salvia miltiorrhiza in osteoporosis, its use clinical trials, its main phytochemical constituents, and its action on bone-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature sources used were Pubmed, CNKI.net, Cqvip.com, PubChem, and the Web of Science. For the inquiry, keywords such as Salvia, danshen, osteoporosis, bone, osteoclast and osteoblast were used in various combinations. About 130 research papers and reviews were consulted. RESULTS In TCM, the anti-osteopororotic effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza is ascribed to its action on liver and blood stasis as main therapeutic targets defining osteoporosis. 36 clinical trials were identified which used Salvia miltiorrhiza in combination with other herbs and components to treat post-menopausal, senile, and secondary osteoporosis. On average the trials were characterized by high efficacy (>80%) and low toxicity problems. However, various limitations such as small patient samples, short treatment duration, frequent lack of detailed numerical data, and no clear endpoints must be taken into consideration. To date, more than 100 individual compounds have been isolated from this plant and tested in various animal models and biochemical assays. Compounds display anti-resorptive and bone formation-stimulating features targeting different pathways in the bone remodeling cycle. Pathways affected include the activation of osteoblasts, the modulation of osteoclastogenesis, and the inhibition of collagen degradation by cathepsin K. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of Salvia miltiorrhiza in more than 30% of all herbal clinical trials successfully targeting osteoporosis has stimulated significant interest in the identification and characterization of individual constituents of this herb. The review highlights the anti-osteoporotic potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza in clinical applications and the potential of the herb to provide potent compounds targeting specific pathways in bone resorption and bone formation.
Collapse
Key Words
- Anti-resorptive activity
- Danshen
- Osteoporosis
- Pro-anabolic activity
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Salvianolic acid A, CID 5281793
- caffeic acid, CID 689043
- cryptotanshinone, CID 160254
- oleanolic acid, CID 10494
- p-coumaric acid, CID 637542
- raloxifene, CID 5035
- salvianolic acid B (Synonym: Salvianic acid B), CID 11629084
- tanshinone I, CID 114917
- tanshinone IIA, CID 164676
- ursolic acid, CID 64945
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liming Xue
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Richele P Severino
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China; Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
| | - Dieter Brömme
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins and their potential in clinical therapy and biomarker discovery. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:416-26. [PMID: 24470315 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, cysteine cathepsins were generally considered to be involved mainly in the nonspecific bulk protein degradation that takes place within the lysosomes. However, it has become clear that their proteolytical activity can also influence various specific pathological processes such as cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, their localization was found not to be limited strictly to the lysosomes. In the light of those findings, it is not surprising that cysteine cathepsins are currently considered as highly relevant clinical targets. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based methods for identification of novel physiological substrates of proteases provides a major opportunity also in the field of cysteine cathepsins. In this review, we will therefore present cysteine cathepsin roles in disease progression and discuss their potential relevance as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pennypacker BL, Oballa RM, Levesque S, Kimmel DB, Duong LT. Cathepsin K inhibitors increase distal femoral bone mineral density in rapidly growing rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:344. [PMID: 24321244 PMCID: PMC3878918 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective and reversible inhibitors of human Cathepsin K (CatK), including odanacatib (ODN), have been developed as potential therapeutics for the treatment of osteoporosis. Inhibitors of human CatK show significantly less potency for the rodent enzymes compared with that for the human or rabbit enzymes; thus the Schenk model in growing rabbit was developed as a screening assay for the in vivo activity of CatK inhibitors in blocking bone resorption. METHODS In this study, the efficacy of the selective inhibitors L-833905, L-006235, L-873724, and L-1037536 (ODN) of human CatK in the rapidly growing rabbit 'Schenk' model (age seven weeks) was compared to vehicle, using the bisphosphonate, alendronate (ALN), as a positive control, to assess inhibition of bone resorption. An enzyme inhibition assay (EIA) and an in vitro bone resorption assay using rabbit osteoclasts on bovine cortical bone slices were performed to evaluate the potency of these CatK inhibitors. Bone mineral density of the distal femur (DFBMD) was measured after ten days of treatment using ex vivo DXA densitometry. RESULTS Results of the EIA using rabbit CatK and the rabbit bone resorption assay showed that three of the four compounds (L-006235, L-873724, and ODN) had similar potencies in the reduction of collagen degradation. L-833905 appeared to be a weaker inhibitor of CatK. Taking into account the respective in vitro potencies and pharmacokinetic profiles via oral administration, the efficacy of these four CatK inhibitors was demonstrated in a dose-related manner in the growing rabbit. Significant increases in DFBMD in animals dosed with the CatK inhibitors compared to vehicle were seen. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy of the CatK inhibitors in the Schenk rabbit correlated well with that in the in vitro rabbit bone resorption assay and in the ovariectomized rabbit model as previously published. Hence, these studies validated the rabbit Schenk assay as a rapid and reliable in vivo model for prioritizing human CatK inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Le T Duong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co,, Inc,, P,O, Box 100, Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nallaseth FS, Lecaille F, Li Z, Brömme D. The role of basic amino acid surface clusters on the collagenase activity of cathepsin K. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7742-52. [PMID: 24088021 DOI: 10.1021/bi401051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a highly potent collagenase in osteoclasts and is responsible for bone degradation. We have previously demonstrated that its unique collagenolytic activity is modulated by glycosaminoglycans that form high molecular weight complexes with the protease. However, mutational analysis of a specific glycosaminoglycan-cathepsin K binding site only led to a 60% reduction of the collagenolytic activity suggesting additional glycosaminoglycan binding sites or other determinants controlling this activity. We identified eight cathepsin K specific arginine/lysine residues that form three positively charged clusters at the bottom part of the protease opposing the active site. These residues are highly conserved among mammalian, avian, and reptilian cathepsin K orthologues and to a lesser degree in amphibian and fish specimens. Mutational analysis of these residues revealed an approximately 50% reduction of the collagenolytic activity when the basic amino acids in cluster 2 (K103, K106, R108, R111) were mutated into alanine residues and resulted in a 100% loss of this activity when the mutations were expanded into cluster 3 (K122, R127). Cluster 1 mutations (K77, R79) had no effect. A partial rescue effect was observed when the hexamutant variant was combined with three mutations in the previously identified glycosaminoglycan binding site (N190, K101, L195K) indicating the relevance of at least two independent interaction sites. Amino acid substitutions in all sites had no effect on the catalytic efficacy of the protease variants as reflected in their unaltered peptidolytic and gelatinolytic activities and their overall protein stabilities. This study suggests that the basic amino acid clusters in cathepsin K are involved in alternative glycoasaminoglycan binding sites, play other roles in the formation of collagenolytically active protease complexes, or contribute in a yet unknown manner to the specific binding to collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferez S Nallaseth
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Du X, Chen NLH, Wong A, Craik CS, Brömme D. Elastin degradation by cathepsin V requires two exosites. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34871-81. [PMID: 24121514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin V is a highly effective elastase and has been implicated in physiological and pathological extracellular matrix degradation. However, its mechanism of action remains elusive. Whereas human cathepsin V exhibits a potent elastolytic activity, the structurally homologous cathepsin L, which shares a 78% amino acid sequence, has only a minimal proteolytic activity toward insoluble elastin. This suggests that there are distinct structural domains that play an important role in elastinolysis. In this study, a total of 11 chimeras of cathepsins V and L were generated to identify elastin-binding domains in cathepsin V. Evaluation of these chimeras revealed two exosites contributing to the elastolytic activity of cathepsin V that are distant from the active cleft of the protease and are located in surface loop regions. Replacement of exosite 1 or 2 with analogous residues from cathepsin L led to a 75 and 43% loss in the elastolytic activity, respectively. Replacement of both exosites yielded a non-elastase variant similar to that of cathepsin L. Identification of these exosites may contribute to the design of inhibitors that will only affect the elastolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins without interfering with other physiological protease functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Blood Research, and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Arampatzidou M, Schütte A, Hansson GC, Saftig P, Brix K. Effects of cathepsin K deficiency on intercellular junction proteins, luminal mucus layers, and extracellular matrix constituents in the mouse colon. Biol Chem 2013; 393:1391-403. [PMID: 23152408 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities in the mouse colon. To further elucidate its role, we used Ctsk-/- mice and demonstrated that the absence of cathepsin K was accompanied by elevated protein levels of related cysteine cathepsins (cathepsins B, L, and X) in the colon. In principle, such changes could result in altered subcellular localization; however, the trafficking of cysteine cathepsins was not affected in the colon of Ctsk-/- mice. However, cathepsin K deficiency affected the extracellular matrix constituents, as higher amounts of collagen IV and laminin were observed. Moreover, the localization pattern of the intercellular junction proteins E-cadherin and occludin was altered in the colon of Ctsk-/- mice, suggesting potential impairment of the barrier function. Thus, we used an ex vivo method for assessing the mucus layers and showed that the absence of cathepsin K had no influence on mucus organization and growth. The data of this study support the notion that cathepsin K contributes to intestinal homeostasis and tissue architecture, but the lack of cathepsin K activity is not expected to affect the mucus-depending barrier functions of the mouse colon. These results are important with regard to oral administration of cathepsin K inhibitors that are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arampatzidou
- School of Engineering and Science, ResearchCenter MOLIFE – Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 6, D-28759 Bremen , Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park KY, Li WA, Platt MO. Patient specific proteolytic activity of monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts predicted with temporal kinase activation states during differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1459-69. [PMID: 23114878 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20197f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patient-to-patient variability in disease progression continues to complicate clinical decisions of treatment regimens for cardiovascular diseases, metastatic cancers and osteoporosis. Here, we investigated if monocytes, circulating white blood cells that enter tissues and contribute to disease progression by differentiating into macrophages or osteoclasts, could be useful in understanding this variability. Monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts produce cysteine cathepsins, powerful extracellular matrix proteases which have been mechanistically linked to accelerated atherosclerotic, osteoporotic, and tumor progression. We hypothesized that multivariate analysis of temporal kinase activation states during monocyte differentiation could predict cathepsin proteolytic responses of monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts in a patient-specific manner. Freshly isolated primary monocytes were differentiated with M-CSF or RANKL into macrophages or osteoclasts, respectively, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, p38 MAPK, JNK, c-jun, and IκB-α were measured at days 1, 3, 6, and 9. In parallel, cell diameters and numbers of nuclei were measured, and multiplex cathepsin zymography was used to quantify cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity from cell extracts and conditioned media. There was extensive patient-to-patient variability in temporal kinase activation states, cell morphologies, and cathepsin K, L, S, and V proteolytic activity. Partial least squares regression models trained with temporal kinase activation states successfully predicted patient-specific morphological characteristics (mean cell diameter and number of nuclei) and patient-specific cathepsin proteolytic activity with predictability as high as 95%, even with the challenge of incorporating the complex, unknown cues from individual patients' unique genetic and biochemical backgrounds. This personalized medicine approach considers patient variability in kinase signals to predict cathepsin activity. Such analyses may provide beneficial tools for personalized kinase and protease inhibitor therapies for tissue destructive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keon-Young Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
A novel mutation (R122Q) in the cathepsin K gene in a Chinese child with Pyknodysostosis. Gene 2013; 521:176-9. [PMID: 23506830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyknodysostosis (OMIM 265800) is a rare, autosomal recessive sclerosing skeletal dysplasia as a consequence of the diminished capacity of osteoclasts to degrade organic bone matrix. Pyknodysostosis is caused by mutation in the cathepsin K (CTSK) gene. Up to date, 34 different CTSK mutations have been identified in patients with Pyknodysostosis; however, only one mutation was previously identified in a Chinese patient. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical manifestations and features of Pyknodysostosis and identify the mutation of the causative gene in a Chinese family with Pyknodysostosis. METHODS We investigated a non-consanguineous Chinese family in which an 11-year-old child was affected with Pyknodysostosis. Altogether, 203 persons, including the affected individual, his parents and 200 healthy donors, were recruited and genomic DNA was extracted. All 8 exons of the CTSK gene, including the exon-intron boundaries, were amplified and sequenced directly. RESULTS The proband displayed a novel homozygous missense mutation c.365G>A in exon 4 of the CTSK gene. This mutation leads to the substitution of the arginine at position 122 by glutamine (R122Q) in cathepsin K. The parents were heterozygous for this gene mutation, and the mutation was not found in the 200 unrelated controls. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the novel missense mutation c.365G>A (R122Q) in exon 4 of CTSK gene was responsible for Pyknodysostosis in the Chinese family.
Collapse
|
40
|
Peptide-Modulated Activity Enhancement of Acidic Protease Cathepsin E at Neutral pH. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2012; 2012:316432. [PMID: 23365585 PMCID: PMC3534310 DOI: 10.1155/2012/316432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are regulated by their activation and inhibition. Enzyme activators can often be effective tools for scientific and medical purposes, although they are more difficult to obtain than inhibitors. Here, using the paired peptide method, we report on protease-cathepsin-E-activating peptides that are obtained at neutral pH. These selected peptides also underwent molecular evolution, after which their cathepsin E activation capability improved. Thus, the activators we obtained could enhance cathepsin-E-induced cancer cell apoptosis, which indicated their potential as cancer drug precursors.
Collapse
|
41
|
Optimizing dentin bond durability: control of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins. Dent Mater 2012; 29:116-35. [PMID: 22901826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contemporary adhesives lose their bond strength to dentin regardless of the bonding system used. This loss relates to the hydrolysis of collagen matrix of the hybrid layers. The preservation of the collagen matrix integrity is a key issue in the attempts to improve the dentin bonding durability. METHODS Dentin contains collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins, which are responsible for the hydrolytic degradation of collagen matrix in the bonded interface. RESULTS The identities, roles and function of collagenolytic enzymes in mineralized dentin has been gathered only within last 15 years, but they have already been demonstrated to have an important role in dental hard tissue pathologies, including the degradation of the hybrid layer. Identifying responsible enzymes facilitates the development of new, more efficient methods to improve the stability of dentin-adhesive bond and durability of bond strength. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the nature and role of proteolytic degradation of dentin-adhesive interfaces has improved immensely and has practically grown to a scientific field of its own within only 10 years, holding excellent promise that stable resin-dentin bonds will be routinely available in a daily clinical setting already in a near future.
Collapse
|
42
|
Winkeler CL, Kladney RD, Maggi LB, Weber JD. Cathepsin K-Cre causes unexpected germline deletion of genes in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42005. [PMID: 22860046 PMCID: PMC3409209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells that attach to bone and secrete proteases to degrade the bone matrix. The primary protease responsible for the degradation of the organic component of the bone matrix is Cathepsin K, which was largely thought to be unique to osteoclasts. Given its apparent selective expression in osteoclasts, the Cathepsin K promoter has been engineered to drive the expression of Cre recombinase in mice and has been the most relevant tool for generating osteoclast-specific gene loss. In an effort to understand the role of the ARF tumor suppressor in osteoclasts, we crossed Arf fl/fl mice to CtskCre/+ mice, which unexpectedly resulted in the germline loss of Arf. We subsequently confirmed Cre activity in gametes by generating CtskCre/+; Rosa+ mice. These results raise significant concerns regarding in vivo bone phenotypes created using CtskCre/+ mice and warrant further investigation into the role of Cathepsin K in gametes as well as alternative tools for studying osteoclast-specific gene loss in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Winkeler
- From the BRIGHT Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Raleigh D. Kladney
- From the BRIGHT Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Leonard B. Maggi
- From the BRIGHT Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Weber
- From the BRIGHT Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Cathepsin K is a key enzyme involved in the degradation of organic bone matrix by osteoclasts. Inhibition of bone resorption observed in human and animal models deficient for cathepsin K has identified this enzyme as a suitable target for intervention by small molecules with the potential to be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of osteoporosis. Odanacatib (ODN) is a nonbasic selective cathepsin K inhibitor with good pharmacokinetic parameters such as minimal in vitro metabolism, long half-life, and oral bioavailability. In preclinical studies, ovariectomized monkeys and rabbits treated with ODN showed substantial inhibition of bone resorption markers along with increases in bone mineral density (BMD). Significant differences were observed in the effects of ODN treatment compared with those of other antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. ODN displayed compartment-specific effects on trabecular versus cortical bone formation, with treatment resulting in marked increases in periosteal bone formation and cortical thickness in ovariectomized monkeys whereas trabecular bone formation was reduced. Furthermore, osteoclasts remained viable. Phase I and II studies conducted in postmenopausal women showed ODN to be safe and well tolerated. After 5 years, women who received ODN 50 mg weekly continuously from year 1 (n = 13), showed BMD increases from baseline of 11.9% at the lumbar spine, 9.8% at the femoral neck, 10.9% at the hip trochanter, and 8.5% at the total hip. Additionally, these subjects maintained a low level of the urine bone resorption marker N-terminal telopeptide/creatinine (−67.4% from baseline) through 5 years of treatment, while levels of serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase remained only slightly reduced relative to baseline (−15.3%). In women who were switched from ODN to placebo after 2 years, bone turnover markers were transiently increased and BMD gains reversed after 12 months off medication. Adverse experiences in the ODN-treated group were not significantly different from the placebo group. In conclusion, available data suggests that cathepsin K inhibition could be a promising intervention with which to treat osteoporosis. Ongoing studies are expected to provide information on the long-term efficacy in fracture reduction and safety of prolonged treatment with ODN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kong Wah Ng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes and St Vincent's Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wilder CL, Park KY, Keegan PM, Platt MO. Manipulating substrate and pH in zymography protocols selectively distinguishes cathepsins K, L, S, and V activity in cells and tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:52-7. [PMID: 21982919 PMCID: PMC3221864 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins K, L, S, and V are cysteine proteases that have been implicated in tissue-destructive diseases such as atherosclerosis, tumor metastasis, and osteoporosis. Among these four cathepsins are the most powerful human collagenases and elastases, and they share 60% sequence homology. Proper quantification of mature, active cathepsins has been confounded by inhibitor and reporter substrate cross-reactivity, but is necessary to develop properly dosed therapeutic applications. Here, we detail a method of multiplex cathepsin zymography to detect and distinguish the activity of mature cathepsins K, L, S, and V by exploiting differences in individual cathepsin substrate preferences, pH effects, and electrophoretic mobility under non-reducing conditions. Specific identification of cathepsins K, L, S, and V in one cell/tissue extract was obtained with cathepsin K (37 kDa), V (35 kDa), S (25 kDa), and L (20 kDa) under non-reducing conditions. Cathepsin K activity disappeared and V remained when incubated at pH 4 instead of 6. Application of this antibody free, species independent, and medium-throughput method was demonstrated with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and osteoclasts, endothelial cells stimulated with inflammatory cytokines, and normal and cancer lung tissues, which identified elevated cathepsin V in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catera L. Wilder
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Keon-Young Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Philip M. Keegan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Manu O. Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Y, Cao R, Ma D, Zhang H, Lappe J, Recker RR, Xiao GG. Efficacy of calcium supplementation for human bone health by mass spectrometry profiling and cathepsin K measurement in plasma samples. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:552-60. [PMID: 21213114 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease among older people, especially postmenopausal women. Calcium supplementation is effective in decreasing the occurrence of osteoporosis. We tested the effect of different calcium sources (i.e., calcium carbonate chew, milk mineral chew, milk drink and placebo chew) by direct mass spectrometry (dMS) profiling and cathepsin K measurement in the serum of subjects. The dMS method is promising for plasma biomarker discovery, and cathepsin K level in the plasma is an indicator for osteoporosis. Our result shows that dMS detected characteristic ion peaks after different calcium supplement interventions; ion peak 4281.0 m/z was commonly inhibited by all three treatments. This ion peak was identified to be a fragment of follistatin-related protein 3 precursor by means of the "Lift" mode of MS/MS. The other differential ion peaks were also successfully identified: 1786.5 m/z (upregulated after calcium carbonate chew) was shown to be one fragment of transcription factor jun-B; the parent protein of 3504.7 m/z (upregulated after milk drink) was a collagen alpha-2 (type I) chain precursor; the ion peak of 3359.6 m/z (downregulated after milk mineral chew) was one fragment of family 31 glucosidase. Cathepsin K is significantly inhibited only by calcium carbonate chew treatment, indicating this form of calcium supplement has some advantage over other sources of supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhao
- Genomics and Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dauth S, Sîrbulescu RF, Jordans S, Rehders M, Avena L, Oswald J, Lerchl A, Saftig P, Brix K. Cathepsin K deficiency in mice induces structural and metabolic changes in the central nervous system that are associated with learning and memory deficits. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:74. [PMID: 21794126 PMCID: PMC3199875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin K is a cysteine peptidase known for its importance in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Inhibitors of cathepsin K are in clinical trials for treatment of osteoporosis. However, side effects of first generation inhibitors included altered levels of related cathepsins in peripheral organs and in the central nervous system (CNS). Cathepsin K has been recently detected in brain parenchyma and it has been linked to neurobehavioral disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, the study of the functions that cathepsin K fulfils in the brain becomes highly relevant. Results Cathepsin K messenger RNA was detectable in all brain regions of wild type (WT) mice. At the protein level, cathepsin K was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy in vesicles of neuronal and non-neuronal cells throughout the mouse brain. The hippocampus of WT mice exhibited the highest levels of cathepsin K activity in fluorogenic assays, while the cortex, striatum, and cerebellum revealed significantly lower enzymatic activities. At the molecular level, the proteolytic network of cysteine cathepsins was disrupted in the brain of cathepsin K-deficient (Ctsk-/-) animals. Specifically, cathepsin B and L protein and activity levels were altered, whereas cathepsin D remained largely unaffected. Cystatin C, an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, was elevated in the striatum and hippocampus, pointing to regional differences in the tissue response to Ctsk ablation. Decreased levels of astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein, fewer and less ramified profiles of astrocyte processes, differentially altered levels of oligodendrocytic cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, as well as alterations in the patterning of neuronal cell layers were observed in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. A number of molecular and cellular changes were detected in other brain regions, including the cortex, striatum/mesencephalon, and cerebellum. Moreover, an overall induction of the dopaminergic system was found in Ctsk-/- animals which exhibited reduced anxiety levels as well as short- and long-term memory impairments in behavioral assessments. Conclusion We conclude that deletion of the Ctsk gene can lead to deregulation of related proteases, resulting in a wide range of molecular and cellular changes in the CNS with severe consequences for tissue homeostasis. We propose that cathepsin K activity has an important impact on the development and maintenance of the CNS in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- School of Engineering and Science, Research Center MOLIFE-Molecular Life Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Future of anticathepsin K drugs: dual therapy for skeletal disease and atherosclerosis? Future Med Chem 2011; 1:21-34. [PMID: 20126511 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until fairly recently, cathepsin K was recognized solely as a bone-resorbing enzyme expressed selectively in the osteoclast. Evidence of its requirement for normal bone remodeling has resulted in this protease receiving considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. In the last decade, intense research efforts were aimed at development of cathepsin K inhibitors for treatment of osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders associated with pathological bone loss. Emerging new evidence suggests that in addition to bone resorption, cathepsin K is involved in the turnover of extracellular matrix proteins in organs, such as the lung, thyroid and skin, and plays important roles in cardiovascular disease, inflammation and obesity. DISCUSSION This review highlights the physiological and pathophysiological implications of this potent protease, with a focus on recent developments in the design and use of cathepsin K inhibitors to target skeletal pathologies. Therapeutic implications of anticathepsin K drugs in the context of common links between bone disease and atherosclerosis are also discussed. CONCLUSION The association of cathepsin K with skeletal and cardiovascular disorders offers intriguing future applications for inhibitors of this potent protease.
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Costa AG, Cusano NE, Silva BC, Cremers S, Bilezikian JP. Cathepsin K: its skeletal actions and role as a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:447-56. [PMID: 21670768 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling consists of two phases--bone resorption and bone formation--that are normally balanced. When bone resorption exceeds bone formation, pathologic processes, such as osteoporosis, can result. Cathepsin K is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases that is highly expressed by activated osteoclasts. Cathepsin K readily degrades type I collagen, the major component of the organic bone matrix. With such a major role in the initial process of bone resorption, cathepsin K has become a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. The antiresorptive properties of cathepsin K inhibitors have been studied in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Phase III studies are currently underway for odanacatib, a selective cathepsin K inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline G Costa
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|