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von Oesen T, Schrader K, Clawin-Rädecker I, Martin D, Treblin M, Hoffmann W, Bode K, Zink R, Rohn S, Fritsche J. Physicochemical and Sensory Characterization of Whey Protein-Enriched Semihard Cheese. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5898-5911. [PMID: 38459945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In view of potential future changes of German food legislation with regard to cheese product quality parameters, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of whey protein-enriched semihard cheese (WPEC). Model WPEC was produced in a pilot plant and on an industrial scale by adding defined amounts of high-heat (HH) milk to the cheese milk and comprehensively analyzed during cheese processing. The dry matter, total protein, pure protein, fat, and sodium chloride content of six-week ripened cheese samples were not significantly different (p < 0.05) when the technologically necessary heating of the curd was adapted to the amount of HH milk. However, the ripening, firmness, and melting behavior of WPEC was different compared to cheese without HH milk. During ripening, no formation of whey protein peptides was observed, but differences in the amount of some bitter peptides deriving from the casein fraction were found. Sensory data suggested a slightly more bitter taste perception by the panelists for the WPEC. Further technological adjustments are recommended to obtain marketable WPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias von Oesen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrader
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Ingrid Clawin-Rädecker
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Dierk Martin
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Mascha Treblin
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
| | - Katja Bode
- Center of Expertise Research & Technology (CoE-R&T), DMK Group (Deutsches Milchkontor GmbH), Flughafenallee 17, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Ralf Zink
- Center of Expertise Research & Technology (CoE-R&T), DMK Group (Deutsches Milchkontor GmbH), Flughafenallee 17, Bremen 28199, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, TIB 4/3 1, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Jan Fritsche
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel 24103, Germany
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2
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Yiğit A, Bielska P, Cais-Sokolińska D, Samur G. Whey proteins as a functional food: Health effects, functional properties, and applications in food. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:758-768. [PMID: 36725371 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2169208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods are defined as foods and ingredients that exhibit health benefits beyond their nutritional value. Research on functional foods is increasing rapidly as they may help prevent and manage some non-communicable diseases. Whey proteins are recognized as a high-quality nutrient source and known to contain some bioactive components. They are rich in essential amino acids such as cysteine, branched-chain amino acids such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine, and bioactive peptides. Whey proteins look promising as a potential functional food, given its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood pressure lowering, anti-obesity, and appetite suppressing effects that is discussed in the literature. Whey proteins also show functional properties that play an essential role in food processing as an emulsifier, fat-replacer, gelling and encapsulating agent and are known to improve sensory and textural characteristics of food. This review focuses on the functional food aspects of whey proteins, associated health effects, and current food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Yiğit
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Paulina Bielska
- Department of Dairy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Cais-Sokolińska
- Department of Dairy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gülhan Samur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Jung H, Jung D, Lee J, Ki W, Lee JM, Kim EM, Nam MS, Kim KK. Bioactive peptides in the pancreatin-hydrolysates of whey protein support cell proliferation and scavenge reactive oxygen species. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:232-242. [PMID: 36275446 PMCID: PMC9586699 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2130425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) in milk shows physiologically active functions such as cholesterol control and immune system strengthening. In this study, we performed hydrolysis and peptide polarity fractionation to enhance the efficacy and diversity of its physiological activities, using the digesting enzyme, pancreatin. Our results indicate that hydrolysis significantly increased the cell proliferation of the WP fractions, with the lower-polarity fractions showing greater efficacy in this regard. Our results indicate that hydrolysis significantly increases cell proliferation of the WP fractions. Additionally, we confirmed differences in the antioxidant activity of the WP fractions as a function of polarity was confirmed via scavenging 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay in vitro. WP itself did not show anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, all the hydrolyzed fractions downregulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in all treated cell lines and, based on a senescence-associated (SA)-β-galactosidase assay, the fraction with the lowest polarity (F6) inhibited cellular senescence to the greatest extent. Furthermore, we identified the peptide sequences with various physiological activities from whey protein hydrolysates through mass spectrometry. Taken together, our results indicate that the fractionation of WP via hydrolysis generates novel functions including promoting cellular cell proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects, and enhancing antioxidant and anti-cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesoo Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Damin Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Ki
- Division of Animal Resource Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Nam
- Division of Animal Resource Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Castellone V, Prandi B, Bancalari E, Tedeschi T, Gatti M, Bottari B. Peptide profile of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese after simulated gastrointestinal digestion: From quality drivers to functional compounds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:966239. [PMID: 36081785 PMCID: PMC9445588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.966239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Time of ripening has a strong impact on shaping the valuable and recognizable characteristics of long-ripened types of cheese such as Parmigiano Reggiano (PR) due to the interrelationship between microbiota and proteolysis that occurs during ripening. The derived peptide profile is linked to cheese quality and represents the canvas for enzymes upon digestion, which could be responsible for the release of potentially bioactive peptides (BPs). In this study, we aimed at investigating the presence of BP in 72 PR cheese samples of different ripening times, from curd to 24 months of ripening, produced in six different dairies, and following their fate after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. A small number of peptide sequences sharing 100% similarity with known antimicrobial, antioxidant, and ACE-inhibitor sequences were found in PR cheeses, while a higher number of potential BPs were found after their simulated gastrointestinal digestion, in different amounts according to ripening time. Taking advantage of the complex organization of the sampling plan, we were able to follow the fate of peptides considered quality drivers during cheese ripening to their release as functional compounds upon digestion.
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Amigo L, Martínez-Maqueda D, Hernández-Ledesma B. In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Multifunctionality of Animal Food-Derived Peptides. Foods 2020; 9:foods9080991. [PMID: 32722144 PMCID: PMC7466261 DOI: 10.3390/foods9080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the associations between oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, and metabolic disturbances and non-communicable diseases are very well known. Since these risk factors show a preventable character, the searching of food peptides acting against them has become a promising strategy for the design and development of new multifunctional foods or nutraceuticals. In the present study, an integrated approach combining an in silico study and in vitro assays was used to confirm the multifunctionality of milk and meat protein-derived peptides that were similar to or shared amino acids with previously described opioid peptides. By the in silico analysis, 15 of the 27 assayed peptides were found to exert two or more activities, with Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant, and opioid being the most commonly found. The in vitro study confirmed ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities in 15 and 26 of the 27 synthetic peptides, respectively. Four fragments, RYLGYLE, YLGYLE, YFYPEL, and YPWT, also demonstrated the ability to protect Caco-2 and macrophages RAW264.7 cells from the oxidative damage caused by chemicals. The multifunctionality of these peptides makes them promising agents against oxidative stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Amigo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI-UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daniel Martínez-Maqueda
- Departamento de Investigación Agroalimentaria, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), 28800 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI-UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-001-70-970
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Abstract
AIM Hypertension is associated with development of cardiovascular disease and has become a significant health problem worldwide. Naturally-derived antihypertensive peptides have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic drugs. MATERIALS & METHODS This study introduces predictor of antihypertensive activity of peptides constructed using random forest classifier as a function of various combinations of amino acid, dipeptide and pseudoamino acid composition descriptors. RESULTS Classification models were assessed via independent test set that demonstrated accuracy of 84.73%. Feature importance analysis revealed the preference of proline and hydrophobic amino acids at the C-terminal as well as the preference of short peptides for robust activity. CONCLUSION Model presented herein serves as a useful tool for predicting and analysis of antihypertensive activity of peptides.
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Lin HY, Chang TC, Chang ST. A review of antioxidant and pharmacological properties of phenolic compounds in Acacia confusa. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:443-450. [PMID: 30302324 PMCID: PMC6174263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review article, the phytochemical, antioxidant and pharmacological studies are congregated and summarized concerning the current knowledge of the phenolic compounds of a traditional medical plant Acacia confusa in Taiwan. This plant is native to Taiwan and South-East Asia. It possesses major pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, hepatoprotective effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibition, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition, antihyperuricemic effect and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, flavonol glycoside and phenolic acid derivatives, are the main phytochemical compounds isolated from different plant parts of A. confusa. Recent interest in this species has focused on pharmacological investigations of the phytochemicals which exhibit potent antioxidant activity based on the multiple phenolic functionalities. The consequence of this review will further extend the potential applications of this plant and offer persuasive support to its future use in the fields of clinical medicine and health functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-You Lin
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Cheng Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Tzen Chang
- School of Forest and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC
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8
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Martin M, Deussen A. Effects of natural peptides from food proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme activity and hypertension. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1264-1283. [PMID: 29244531 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1402750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. The underlying pathophysiology is largely contributed by an overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). Herein, angiotensin II (AngII) is a key mediator not only in blood pressure control and vascular tone regulation, but also involved in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension and congestive heart failure. Since more than three decades suppression of AngII generation by inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the AngII-receptor has shown clinical benefit by reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and other inflammation-associated cardiovascular diseases. Besides pharmaceutical ACE-inhibitors some natural peptides derived from food proteins reduce in vitro ACE activity. Several animal studies and a few human clinical trials have shown antihypertensive effects of such peptides, which might be attractive as food additives to prevent age-related RAAS activation. However, their inhibitory potency on in vitro ACE activity does not always correlate with an antihypertensive impact. While some peptides with high inhibitory activity on ACE-activity in vitro show no antihypertensive effect in vivo, other peptides with only a moderate ACE inhibitory activity in vitro cause such effects. The explanation for this conflicting phenomenon between inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect remains unclear to date. This review shall critically address the effects of natural peptides derived from different food proteins on the cardiovascular system and the possible underlying mechanisms. A central aspect will be to point to conceptual gaps in the current understanding of the action of these peptides with respect to in vivo blood pressure lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Martin
- a Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Deussen
- a Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Germany
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9
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Cheison SC, Kulozik U. Impact of the environmental conditions and substrate pre-treatment on whey protein hydrolysis: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:418-453. [PMID: 25976220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.959115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in solution are subject to myriad forces stemming from interactions with each other as well as with the solvent media. The role of the environmental conditions, namely pH, temperature, ionic strength remains under-estimated yet it impacts protein conformations and consequently its interaction with, and susceptibility to, the enzyme. Enzymes, being proteins are also amenable to the environmental conditions because they are either activated or denatured depending on the choice of the conditions. Furthermore, enzyme specificity is restricted to a narrow regime of optimal conditions while opportunities outside the optimum conditions remain untapped. In addition, the composition of protein substrate (whether mixed or single purified) have been underestimated in previous studies. In addition, protein pre-treatment methods like heat denaturation prior to hydrolysis is a complex phenomenon whose progression is influenced by the environmental conditions including the presence or absence of sugars like lactose, ionic strength, purity of the protein, and the molecular structure of the mixed proteins particularly presence of free thiol groups. In this review, we revisit protein hydrolysis with a focus on the impact of the hydrolysis environment and show that preference of peptide bonds and/or one protein over another during hydrolysis is driven by the environmental conditions. Likewise, heat-denaturing is a process which is dependent on not only the environment but the presence or absence of other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- b Chair for Food Process Engineering and Dairy Technology Department , ZIEL Technology Section, Technische Universität München , Weihenstephaner Berg 1, Freising , Germany
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10
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Singh P, Singh TP, Gandhi N. Prevention of lipid oxidation in muscle foods by milk proteins and peptides: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1261297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Tarun pal Singh
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Neeraj Gandhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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11
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Marcone S, Belton O, Fitzgerald DJ. Milk-derived bioactive peptides and their health promoting effects: a potential role in atherosclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:152-162. [PMID: 27151091 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are food components that, in addition to their nutritional value, retain many biological properties and have therapeutic effects in several health disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Amongst these, atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of heart attack and strokes. It is a progressive dyslipidaemic and inflammatory disease where accumulation of oxidized lipids and inflammatory cells leads to the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque in the vessel wall. Milk-derived bioactive peptides can be released during gastrointestinal digestion, food processing or by enzymatic and bacterial fermentation and are considered to promote diverse beneficial effects such as lipid lowering, antihypertensive, immnomodulating, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. In this review, an overview of the diverse biological effects of these compounds is given, particularly focusing on their beneficial properties on cardiovascular disease and proposing novel mechanisms of action responsible for their bioactivity. Attempts to prevent cardiovascular diseases target modifications of several risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity, high blood concentrations of lipids or insulin resistance. Milk-derived bioactive peptides are a source of health-enhancing components and the potential health benefit of these compounds has a growing commercial potential. Consequently, they have been incorporated as ingredients in functional foods, as dietary supplements and as pharmaceuticals to promote health and reduce risk of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marcone
- School of Medicine and Medical Science.,Food for Health Ieland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin
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12
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Muro Urista C, Álvarez Fernández R, Riera Rodriguez F, Arana Cuenca A, Téllez Jurado A. Review: Production and functionality of active peptides from milk. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2011; 17:293-317. [PMID: 21917640 DOI: 10.1177/1082013211398801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, research on the production of active peptides obtained from milk and their potential functionality has grown, to a great extent. Bioactive peptides have been defined as specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions or conditions, and they may ultimately have an influence on health. Individual proteins of casein or milk-derived products such as cheese and yogurt have been used as a protein source to study the isolation and activity of peptides with several applications. Currently, the milk whey waste obtained in the production of cheese also represents a protein source from which active peptides could be isolated with potential industrial applications. The active properties of milk peptides and the results found with regard to their physiological effects have led to the classification of peptides as belonging to the group of ingredients of protein nature, appropriate for use in functional foods or pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, the main peptides obtained from milk protein and the past research studies about its production and biological activities will be explained. Second, an analysis will be made on the methods to determinate the biological activities, the separation of bioactive peptides and its structure identification. All of these form the base required to obtain synthetic peptides. Finally, we explain the experimental animal and human trials done in the past years. Nevertheless, more research is required on the design and implementation of equipment for the industrial production and separation of peptides. In addition, different authors suggest that more emphasis should therefore be given to preclinical studies, proving that results are consistent and that effects are demonstrated repeatedly by several research human groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muro Urista
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Investigation, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca. Av. Tecnológico s/n Ex-Rancho la Virgen, Toluca, C.P. 52140, México.
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13
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Moutinho CG, Matos CM, Teixeira JA, Balcão VM. Nanocarrier possibilities for functional targeting of bioactive peptides and proteins: state-of-the-art. J Drug Target 2011; 20:114-41. [PMID: 22023555 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.628397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to production of nanocarriers encasing peptides and/or proteins, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject. Highlights are given to bioactive proteins and peptides, with a special focus on those from dairy sources (including physicochemical characteristics and properties, and biopharmaceutical application possibilities of e.g. lactoferrin and glycomacropeptide), as well as to nanocarrier functional targeting. Features associated with micro- and (multiple) nanoemulsions, micellar systems, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, together with biopharmaceutical considerations, are presented in the text in a systematic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Moutinho
- Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Nagpal R, Behare P, Rana R, Kumar A, Kumar M, Arora S, Morotta F, Jain S, Yadav H. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins and their health beneficial potentials: an update. Food Funct 2010; 2:18-27. [PMID: 21773582 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that dietary proteins provide a rich source of biologically active peptides. Today, milk proteins are considered the most important source of bioactive peptides and an increasing number of bioactive peptides have been identified in milk protein hydrolysates and fermented dairy products. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins offer a promising approach for the promotion of health by means of a tailored diet and provide interesting opportunities to the dairy industry for expansion of its field of operation. The potential health benefits of milk protein-derived peptides have been a subject of growing commercial interest in the context of health-promoting functional foods. Hence, these peptides are being incorporated in the form of ingredients in functional and novel foods, dietary supplements and even pharmaceuticals with the purpose of delivering specific health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Biotechnology, JMIT Institute of Engineering and Technology, Radaur 135133, Haryana, India
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15
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Ricci I, Artacho R, Olalla M. Milk Protein Peptides With Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory (ACEI) Activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:390-402. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802304198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ricci
- Department de Nutrition and Bromatology, College of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Reyes Artacho
- Department de Nutrition and Bromatology, College of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Olalla
- Department de Nutrition and Bromatology, College of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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16
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Kris-Etherton PM, Grieger JA, Hilpert KF, West SG. Milk products, dietary patterns and blood pressure management. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28 Suppl 1:103S-19S. [PMID: 19571168 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and kidney disease. Inverse associations between dairy product consumption and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) have been observed in cross-sectional studies; some studies, however, have reported an inverse association with only one BP parameter, predominantly SBP. Randomized clinical trials examining the effect of calcium and the combination of calcium, potassium and magnesium provide evidence for causality. In these studies, reductions in BP were generally modest (-1.27 to -4.6 mmHg for SBP, and -0.24 to -3.8 mmHg for DBP). Dairy nutrients, most notably calcium, potassium and magnesium, have been shown to have a blood pressure lowering effect. A low calcium intake increases intracellular calcium concentrations which increases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), causing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in greater vascular resistance. New research indicates that dairy peptides may act as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, thereby inhibiting the renin angiotensin system with consequent vasodilation. A growing evidence base shows that dairy product consumption is involved in the regulation of BP. Consequently, inclusion of dairy products in a heart healthy diet is an important focal point to attain BP benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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17
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Guzevatykh LS. Identification of functionally important dipeptide in sequences of atypical opioid peptides. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008; 34:591-609. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Silva-Sánchez C, de la Rosa APB, León-Galván MF, de Lumen BO, de León-Rodríguez A, de Mejía EG. Bioactive peptides in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:1233-40. [PMID: 18211015 DOI: 10.1021/jf072911z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth seeds are rich in protein with a high nutritional value, but little is known about their bioactive compounds that could benefit health. The objectives of this research were to investigate the presence, characterization, and the anticarcinogenic properties of the peptide lunasin in amaranth seeds. Furthermore, to predict and identify other peptides in amaranth seed with potential biological activities. ELISA showed an average concentration of 11.1 microg lunasin equivalent/g total extracted protein in four genotypes of mature amaranth seeds. Glutelin fraction had the highest lunasin concentration (3.0 microg/g). Lunasin was also identified in albumin, prolamin and globulin amaranth protein fractions and even in popped amaranth seeds. Western blot analysis revealed a band at 18.5 kDa, and MALDI-TOF analysis showed that this peptide matched more than 60% of the soybean lunasin peptide sequence. Glutelin extracts digested with trypsin, showed the induction of apoptosis against HeLa cells. Prediction of other bioactive peptides in amaranth globulins and glutelins were mainly antihypertensive. This is the first study that reports the presence of a lunasin-like peptide and other potentially bioactive peptides in amaranth protein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Silva-Sánchez
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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19
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Engineered Food/Protein Structure And Bioactive Proteins and Peptides From Whey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75430-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Hernández-Ledesma B, Recio I, Amigo L. β-Lactoglobulin as source of bioactive peptides. Amino Acids 2007; 35:257-65. [PMID: 17726638 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) is currently an important source of biologically active peptides. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the precursor protein, but they can be released by in vivo or in vitro enzymatic proteolysis. Once released, these peptides play important roles in the human health, including antihypertensive, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as opioid-like features and ability to decrease the body-cholesterol levels. Bioactive peptides derived from beta-Lg are currently a point of intensive research. Their structure, biological significance and mechanism of action are briefly presented and discussed in this review.
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21
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Hai-Lun H, Xiu-Lan C, Cai-Yun S, Yu-Zhong Z, Bai-Cheng Z. Analysis of novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from protease-hydrolyzed marine shrimp Acetes chinensis. J Pept Sci 2007; 12:726-33. [PMID: 16981241 DOI: 10.1002/psc.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetes chinensis is an underutilized shrimp species thriving in the Bo Hai Gulf of China. In a previous study, we had used the protease from Bacillus sp. SM98011 to digest this kind of shrimp and found that the oligopeptide-enriched hydrolysate possessed antioxidant activity and high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.97 mg/ml. In this paper, by ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), five peptides with high ACE inhibitory activity were purified from the shrimp hydrolysates and their sequences were identified by amino acid composition analysis and molecular weight (MW) analysis. Three of them, FCVLRP (a), IFVPAF (f) and KPPETV (j), were novel ACE inhibitory peptides. Their IC50 values were 12.3 microM, 3.4 microM and 24.1 microM, respectively, and their recoveries were 30 mg/100 g (solid basis of shrimp), 19 mg/100 g and 33 mg/100 g, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots for the three novel peptides showed that they are all competitive inhibitors. To test the ACE inhibitory activity of peptide a, f, j after they were digested by digestive enzymes in vivo, 12 derived peptides from FCVLRP and IFVPAF were synthesized based on their amino acid sequences and the cleavage sites of digestive enzymes. No digestive enzyme cleavage site was found in KPPETV. The IC50 values of the derived peptides were determined and the result showed that except for VPAF, FC and FCVL, the ACE inhibitory activity of the other nine derived peptides did not significantly change when compared with their original peptides. Surprisingly, five peptides had lower IC50 values than their original peptides, particularly for RP (IC50 value = 0.39 microM), which is about 30 times lower than its original peptide and almost the lowest IC50 value for ACE inhibitory peptides reported. Therefore, the novel peptides identified from A. chinensis hydrolysates probably still maintain a high ACE inhibitory activity even if they are digested in vivo. This is the first report about novel ACE inhibitory peptides from hydrolysates of marine shrimp A. chinensis. The novel peptides from hydrolysate of A. chinensis and some of their derived peptides with high ACE inhibitory activity probably have potential in the treatment of hypertension or in clinical nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Hai-Lun
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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22
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Abstract
Milk contains components that provide critical nutritive elements, immunological protection, and biologically active substances to both neonates and adults. Milk proteins are currently the main source of a range of biologically active peptides. Concentrates of these peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Several bioactive peptides may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. Minor whey proteins, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins, are considered antimicrobial proteins. Milk also contains some natural bioactive substances. These include oligosaccharides, fucosylated oligosaccharides, hormones, growth factors, mucin, gangliosides, and endogenous peptides, which are present in milk at secretion. Most of the claimed physiological properties of milk bioactive components have been carried out in vitro or in animal model systems, and these hypothesized properties remain to be proven in humans. Whether these milk bioactive components will replace drugs entirely in the immediate future is still unclear, but the increasing appreciation of "drug foods" or nutraceuticals plays a complementary rather than a substitutional role to the synthetic pharmacological drugs.
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23
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Hernández-Ledesma B, Ramos M, Recio I, Amigo L. Effect of β-lactoglobulin hydrolysis with thermolysin under denaturing temperatures on the release of bioactive peptides. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:31-7. [PMID: 16580004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, bovine beta-lactoglobulin A (beta-Lg A) was hydrolysed with thermolysin under non-denaturing and heat-denaturing conditions. The peptides released during hydrolysis were identified by HPLC-MS/MS. A total of 25 peptides were identified in the hydrolysate obtained at 37 degrees C for 5 min. Some of these peptides survived to further proteolysis even at higher incubation temperatures. Furthermore, novel cleavage sites localised in the most buried zones of beta-Lg and available for thermolysin were recognised when the incubation temperature increased in the range between 60 and 80 degrees C. Three new peptides, LDA, LKPTPEGD, and LQKW, appeared after 30 min hydrolysis at these incubation temperatures, but they were not identified in the 30-min hydrolysates obtained at 37 and 50 degrees C. Of special interest was the peptide LQKW, corresponding to the fragment f(58-61) that had been previously described as a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor (IC50 value of 34.7 microM).
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24
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Li GH, Wan JZ, Le GW, Shi YH. Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from Alcalase hydrolysate of mung bean protein. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:509-14. [PMID: 16680798 DOI: 10.1002/psc.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mung bean protein isolates were hydrolyzed for 2 h by Alcalase. The generated hydrolysate showed angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with the IC(50) value of 0.64 mg protein/ml. Three kinds of novel ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated from the hydrolysate by Sephadex G-15 and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). These peptides were identified by amino acid composition analysis and matrix assisted-laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS), as Lys-Asp-Tyr-Arg-Leu, Val-Thr-Pro-Ala-Leu-Arg and Lys-Leu-Pro-Ala-Gly-Thr-Leu-Phe with the IC(50) values of 26.5 microM, 82.4 microM and 13.4 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China.
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25
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Murray B, Walsh D, FitzGerald R, Meisel H. ACE Inhibitory Peptides. NUTRACEUTICAL PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2005. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420028836.sec3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Gómez-Ruiz JA, Ramos M, Recio I. Identification and formation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides in Manchego cheese by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1054:269-77. [PMID: 15553153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A total of 75 peptides included in the fraction with molecular mass below 3000 from an 8-month-old Manchego cheese could be identified using HPLC coupled on line to an ion trap mass spectrometer. Some previously described peptides with antihypertensive and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity were detected. The formation of five active sequences was followed during cheese ripening in four different batches of Manchego cheese. Two experimental batches of Manchego cheese elaborated with selected bacterial strains with the aim of improve the organoleptic characteristics demonstrated also a good performance in the formation of peptides with ACE-inhibitory activity during cheese ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Angel Gómez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
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27
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Gobbetti M, Minervini F, Rizzello CG. Angiotensin I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory and antimicrobial bioactive peptides. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2004.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Minervini F, Algaron F, Rizzello CG, Fox PF, Monnet V, Gobbetti M. Angiotensin I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory and antibacterial peptides from Lactobacillus helveticus PR4 proteinase-hydrolyzed caseins of milk from six species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:5297-305. [PMID: 12957917 PMCID: PMC194939 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.9.5297-5305.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium caseinates prepared from bovine, sheep, goat, pig, buffalo or human milk were hydrolyzed by a partially purified proteinase of Lactobacillus helveticus PR4. Peptides in each hydrolysate were fractionated by reversed-phase fast-protein liquid chromatography. The fractions which showed the highest angiotensin I-converting-enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory or antibacterial activity were sequenced by mass spectrum and Edman degradation analyses. Various ACE-inhibitory peptides were found in the hydrolysates: the bovine alpha(S1)-casein (alpha(S1)-CN) 24-47 fragment (f24-47), f169-193, and beta-CN f58-76; ovine alpha(S1)-CN f1-6 and alpha(S2)-CN f182-185 and f186-188; caprine beta-CN f58-65 and alpha(S2)-CN f182-187; buffalo beta-CN f58-66; and a mixture of three tripeptides originating from human beta-CN. A mixture of peptides with a C-terminal sequence, Pro-Gly-Pro, was found in the most active fraction of the pig sodium caseinate hydrolysate. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity of some peptides corresponded to the concentration of the ACE inhibitor (S)-N-(1-[ethoxycarbonyl]-3-phenylpropyl)-ala-pro maleate (enalapril) of 49.253 micro g/ml (100 micro mol/liter). Several of the above sequences had features in common with other ACE-inhibitory peptides reported in the literature. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of some of the crude peptide fractions was very low (16 to 100 micro g/ml). Some identified peptides were chemically synthesized, and the ACE-inhibitory activity and IC(50)s were confirmed. An antibacterial peptide corresponding to beta-CN f184-210 was identified in human sodium caseinate hydrolysate. It showed a very large spectrum of inhibition against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including species of potential clinical interest, such as Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, and Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC for E. coli F19 was ca. 50 micro g/ml. Once generated, the bioactive peptides were resistant to further degradation by proteinase of L. helveticus PR4 or by trypsin and chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Minervini
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
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29
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Tauzin J, Miclo L, Gaillard JL. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from tryptic hydrolysate of bovine alphaS2-casein. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:369-74. [PMID: 12417344 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of a tryptic digest of bovine alpha(S2)-casein (alpha(S2)-CN) was extensively investigated. Forty-three peptide peaks were isolated and tested. Seven casokinins (i.e. CN-derived ACE inhibitory peptides) were identified and their IC50 values were determined. Four peptides exhibited an IC50 value lower than 20 microM. Peptides alpha(S2)-CN (f174-181) and alpha(S2)-CN (f174-179) had IC50 values of 4 microM. Surprisingly, deletion of the C-terminal dipeptide of two of these casokinins did not significantly alter their inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Tauzin
- Laboratoire des BioSciences de l'Aliment, UC 885 INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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30
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Pantako OT, Lemieux L, Amiot J. The effects of α-lactabumin and whey protein concentrate on dry matter recovery, TCA soluble protein levels, and peptide distribution in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two dietary proteins on dry matter recovery, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble protein concentration, and peptide distribution in gastrointestinal contents were investigated in rats trained to consume, in a single 2-hour daily meal, diets containing α-lactalbumin (α-LA) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) for two weeks. Compared with the WPC diet, the α-LA diet emptied faster from the stomach. Dry matter recovery was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the WPC diet than in those given the α-LA diet, but dry matter content in the small intestine was comparable. TCA soluble protein levels in the stomach and the small intestinal contents were also significantly (P < 0.001) higher in rats fed the WPC diet. The concentration of peptides having molecular weights (MW) ranging from 12 50030 000 daltons (Da) was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the WPC diet. Conversely, the level of peptides ranging from 500012 500 Da was higher in the stomach contents of rats fed the α-LA diet. For both diets, the small intestinal contents were characterized by high levels of amino acids and small peptides. These results suggest that the hydrolysis and absorption of α-LA is faster than that of WPC.Key words: In vivo protein digestion, peptides absorption, whey protein concentrate, α-lactalbumin, stomach emptying.
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31
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Abstract
Biologically active peptides derived from milk proteins are inactive within the sequence of the precursor proteins but can be released by enzymatic proteolysis. Based on structure-activity studies, peptides with a defined bioactivity show common structural features. Moreover, many milk protein-derived peptides reveal multifunctional bioactivities. Bioactive peptide fragments originating from milk proteins should be taken into account as potential modulators of various regulatory processes in the body. Opioid peptides are opioid receptor ligands with agonistic or antagonistic activities. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides can exert an antihypertensive effect. Immunomodulating casein peptides have been found to stimulate the proliferation of human lymphocytes and the phagocytic activities of macrophages. Antimicrobial peptides have been shown to kill sensitive microorganisms. Antithrombotic peptides inhibit the fibrinogen binding to a specific receptor region on the platelet surface and also inhibit aggregation of platelets. Casein phosphopeptides can form soluble organophosphate salts and may function as carriers for different minerals, especially calcium. In relation to their mode of action, bioactive peptides may reach target sites (e.g., receptors, enzymes) at the luminal side of the intestinal tract or after absorption, in peripheral organs. The physiological significance of bioactive peptides as exogenous regulatory substances is not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, several bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins have been shown to exert beneficial physiological effects. Milk-derived peptides were already produced on an industrial scale and as a consequence these peptides have been considered for application both as dietary supplements in "functional foods" and as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meisel
- Federal Dairy Research Centre, Institute for Chemistry and Physics, Kiel, Germany
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32
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Nurminen ML, Sipola M, Kaarto H, Pihlanto-Leppälä A, Piilola K, Korpela R, Tossavainen O, Korhonen H, Vapaatalo H. Alpha-lactorphin lowers blood pressure measured by radiotelemetry in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2000; 66:1535-43. [PMID: 10794501 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of subcutaneous administration of synthetic alpha-lactorphin, a tetrapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe) originally derived from milk alpha-lactalbumin, were studied in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) with continuous radiotelemetric monitoring. Alpha-lactorphin dose-dependently lowered blood pressure (BP) without affecting heart rate in SHR and WKY. The lowest dose which reduced BP was 10 microg/kg, and the maximal reductions in systolic and diastolic BP (by 23+/-4 and 17+/-4 mm Hg, respectively) were observed at 100 microg/kg dose in SHR. No further reductions were obtained at a higher dose of 1 mg/kg. There were no significant differences in the BP responses to alpha-lactorphin between SHR and WKY. Naloxone (1 and 3 mg/kg s.c.), a specific opioid receptor antagonist, abolished the alpha-lactorphin-induced reduction in BP and reversed it into a pressor response, which provides evidence for an involvement of opioid receptors in the depressor action of the tetrapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nurminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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33
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is based on autoimmunity, and its development is in part determined by environmental factors. Among those, milk intake is discussed as playing a pathogenic role. Geographical and temporal relations between type 1 diabetes prevalence and cow's milk consumption have been found in ecological studies. Several case-control studies found a negative correlation between frequency and/or duration of breast-feeding and diabetes, but this was not confirmed by all authors. T-cell and humoral responses related to cow's milk proteins were suggested to trigger diabetes. The different findings of studies in animals and humans as well as the potential underlying mechanisms with regard to single milk proteins (bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, casein) are discussed in this review. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, the etiology of type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance is still unclear. In a population with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the Pima Indians, people who were exclusively breastfed had significantly lower rates of type 2 diabetes than those who were exclusively bottlefed. Studies in lactovegetarians imply that consumption of low fat dairy products is associated with lower incidence and mortality of diabetes and lower blood pressures. In contrast, preference for a diet high in animal fat could be a pathogenic factor, and milk and high fat dairy products contribute considerably to dietary fat intake. Concerning milk fat composition, the opposite effects of various fatty acids (saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid) in vitro, in animals and in humans have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schrezenmeir
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Federal Dairy Research Center, Kiel, Germany
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Nakagomi K, Yamada R, Ebisu H, Sadakane Y, Akizawa T, Tanimura T. Isolation of acein-2, a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from a tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. FEBS Lett 2000; 467:235-8. [PMID: 10675545 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide, designated Acein-1, that was isolated from a tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. We now report a second such inhibitory peptide, Acein-2 obtained from the same hydrolysate. The peptide was purified by gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography followed by reversed-phase gradient and isocratic high performance liquid chromatography. Acein-2 was found to be a tripeptide, Leu-Ile-Tyr, which is thought to correspond to f(518-520) of human alpha2-macroglobulin. The synthetic tripeptide showed a potent dose-dependent inhibition of ACE, with an IC(50) value of 0.82 micromol/l. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggested that Acein-2 as well as the previously described Acein-1 are non-competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagomi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
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35
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Nakagomi K, Fujimura A, Ebisu H, Sakai T, Sadakane Y, Fujii N, Tanimura T. Acein-1, a novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide isolated from tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. FEBS Lett 1998; 438:255-7. [PMID: 9827556 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide, designated acein-1, was isolated from the tryptic hydrolysate of human plasma. Gel filtration and cation exchange chromatography were performed to purify this peptide, followed by reversed-phase gradient and isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography. Acein-1 was found to be a heptapeptide, Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Ile-Ala-Arg, corresponding to f(138-144) of human serum albumin. The synthetic heptapeptide, hexapeptide (Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Ile-Ala, des-7R acein-1) and octapeptide (Tyr-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Ile-Ala-Arg-Arg, acein-1R) showed dose-dependent inhibitions of ACE, and their IC50 values were 16 micromol/l, 500 micromol/l and 86 micromol/l, respectively. Acein-1 might be a non-competitive inhibitor, while acein-1R may be an uncompetitive inhibitor, as shown by Lineweaver-Burk plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagomi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Japan.
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