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Inoue S, Morita R, Minami Y. An indigo-producing plant, Polygonum tinctorium, possesses a flavin-containing monooxygenase capable of oxidizing indole. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:199-205. [PMID: 33303189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum tinctorium (P. tinctorium) is an indigo plant that is cultivated for a specific metabolite that it produces i.e., indoxyl β-D-glucoside (indican). In this study, flavin-containing monooxygenase (PtFMO) from P. tinctorium was cloned. When recombinant PtFMO was expressed in E. coli in the presence of tryptophan, indigo production was observed. Furthermore, we measured the activity of PtFMO using the membrane fraction from E. coli and found that it could produce indigo using indole as a substrate. The co-expression of PtFMO with indoxyl β-D-glucoside synthase (PtIGS), which catalyzes the glucosylation of indoxyl, brought about the formation of indican in E. coli. The results showed that indican was synthesized by sequential reactions of PtFMO and PtIGS. In three-week-old P. tinctorium specimens, the first leaves demonstrated higher levels of PtFMO expression than the subsequent leaves. This result coincided with that of our prior study on PtIGS expression level. Our study provides evidence that PtFMO might contribute to indican biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rihito Morita
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Minami
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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Inoue S, Morita R, Kuwata K, Ishii K, Minami Y. Detection of candidate proteins in the indican biosynthetic pathway of Persicaria tinctoria (Polygonum tinctorium) using protein-protein interactions and transcriptome analyses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112507. [PMID: 32931962 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persicaria tinctoria (Polygonum tinctorium) synthesizes indican (indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) as a specialized metabolite. Indican is synthesized in the cytosol of leaf cells from indoxyl and UDP-glucose by the catalysis of indoxyl-β-D-glucoside synthase (PtIGS), then transported into vacuoles. As a portion of PtIGS is found on the microsomal membrane, we assume that it is present on the ER membrane as a large complex involving other indican metabolism-related proteins. Based on this hypothesis, the existence of such a complex was investigated using two separate approaches: a protein-protein interaction assay and transcriptome analysis. We first performed a co-immunoprecipitation using the anti-PtIGS antibody and a pull-down assay using recombinant PtIGS, then identified the candidate proteins through MS/MS analysis. Secondly, we performed a transcriptome analysis to examine the differential gene expression between the first and the second leaves. The expressions of candidate genes detected by protein-protein interaction analyses were collated with transcriptome data and validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, showing that the expression of sucrose synthase and cytochrome P450 genes decreased in the second leaves compared with the first leaves. Furthermore, we detected several additional proteins, such as heat shock and cytoskeletal proteins, suggesting that PtIGS may form a large complex, a metabolon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rihito Morita
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Nagoya University, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Kurume University, Biostatistics Center, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Minami
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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Inoue S, Morita R, Kuwata K, Kunieda T, Ueda H, Hara-Nishimura I, Minami Y. Tissue-specific and intracellular localization of indican synthase from Polygonum tinctorium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:138-144. [PMID: 30189417 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant Polygonum tinctorium produces the secondary metabolite indican (indoxyl-β-D-glucoside), a precursor of the blue dye indigo. P. tinctorium synthesizes indican through the actions of the UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT), indican synthase. Herein, we partially purified an indican synthase from the leaves and subsequently performed peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. Consequently, we identified a fragment that was homologous to a UDP-glucosyltransferase 72B (UGT72B) family member. We named it PtIgs (P. tinctoriumindoxyl-β-D-glucoside synthase) and obtained the full-length cDNA using rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The primary structure of PtIGS, which PtIgs encoded, showed high identity with indican synthases (ItUGT1 and ItUGT2) from Indigofera tinctoria (Inoue et al., 2017). Moreover, in expression analyses of P. tinctorium, PtIGS mRNA was virtually found only in the leaves, was most highly expressed in the 1st leaves, and decreased with leaf age. Because PtIGS expression tended to reflect indican contents and synthesis activities, we concluded that PtIGS functions as an indican synthase in plant cells. To examine intracellular localization of PtIGS, crude leaf extracts were separated into cytosol and microsome fractions, and found PtIGS in the cytosol and in microsome fractions. Furthermore, microsomal PtIGS was soluble in the presence of detergents and urea and was strongly associated with membranes. Finally, we confirmed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane localization of PtIGS using ultracentrifugation with a sucrose density gradient. These data suggest that PtIGS interacts with some kind of proteins on ER membranes to certainly carry out a delivery of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rihito Morita
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Konan University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Minami
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
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Hsu TM, Welner DH, Russ ZN, Cervantes B, Prathuri RL, Adams PD, Dueber JE. Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:256-261. [PMID: 29309053 PMCID: PMC5866135 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indigo is an ancient dye uniquely capable of producing the signature tones in blue denim; however, the dyeing process requires chemical steps that are environmentally damaging. We describe a sustainable dyeing strategy that not only circumvents the use of toxic reagents for indigo chemical synthesis but also removes the need for a reducing agent for dye solubilization. This strategy utilizes a glucose moiety as a biochemical protecting group to stabilize the reactive indigo precursor indoxyl to form indican, preventing spontaneous oxidation to crystalline indigo during microbial fermentation. Application of a β-glucosidase removes the protecting group from indican, resulting in indigo crystal formation in the cotton fibers. We identified the gene coding for the glucosyltransferase PtUGT1 from the indigo plant Polygonum tinctorium and solved the structure of PtUGT1. Heterologous expression of PtUGT1 in Escherichia coli supported high indican conversion, and biosynthesized indican was used to dye cotton swatches and a garment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ditte H Welner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zachary N Russ
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bernardo Cervantes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ramya L Prathuri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John E Dueber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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Inoue S, Moriya T, Morita R, Kuwata K, Thul ST, Sarangi BK, Minami Y. Characterization of UDP-glucosyltransferase from Indigofera tinctoria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 121:226-233. [PMID: 29156217 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indican is a secondary metabolite in Indigofera tinctoria; its synthesis from indoxyl and UDP-glucose is catalyzed by a UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT). In this study, we partially purified UGT extracted from I. tinctoria leaves and analyzed the protein by peptide mass fingerprinting. We identified two fragments that were homologous to UGT after comparison with the transcriptomic data of I. tinctoria leaves. The fragments were named itUgt1 and itUgt2 and were amplified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction to obtain full-length cDNAs. The resultant nucleotide sequences of itUgt1 and itUgt2 encoded peptides of 477 and 475 amino acids, respectively. The primary structure of itUGT1 was 89% identical to that of itUGT2 and contained an important plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) box sequence and a UGT motif. The recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were found to possess high indican synthesis activity. Although the properties of the two proteins itUGT1 and itUGT2 were very similar, itUGT2 was more stable at high temperatures than itUGT1. Expression levels of itUGT mRNA and protein in plant tissues were examined by UGT assay, immunoblotting, and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. So far, we presume that itUGT1, but not itUGT2, primarily catalyzes indican synthesis in I. tinctoria leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Inoue
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Toshiki Moriya
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rihito Morita
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sanjog T Thul
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Bijaya K Sarangi
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Yoshiko Minami
- Okayama University of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
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Loke KK, Rahnamaie-Tajadod R, Yeoh CC, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Zainal Z, Ismail I, Mohd Noor N. Transcriptome analysis of Polygonum minus reveals candidate genes involved in important secondary metabolic pathways of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2938. [PMID: 28265493 PMCID: PMC5333554 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygonum minus is an herbal plant in the Polygonaceae family which is rich in ethnomedicinal plants. The chemical composition and characteristic pungent fragrance of Polygonum minus have been extensively studied due to its culinary and medicinal properties. There are only a few transcriptome sequences available for species from this important family of medicinal plants. The limited genetic information from the public expressed sequences tag (EST) library hinders further study on molecular mechanisms underlying secondary metabolite production. METHODS In this study, we performed a hybrid assembly of 454 and Illumina sequencing reads from Polygonum minus root and leaf tissues, respectively, to generate a combined transcriptome library as a reference. RESULTS A total of 34.37 million filtered and normalized reads were assembled into 188,735 transcripts with a total length of 136.67 Mbp. We performed a similarity search against all the publicly available genome sequences and found similarity matches for 163,200 (86.5%) of Polygonum minus transcripts, largely from Arabidopsis thaliana (58.9%). Transcript abundance in the leaf and root tissues were estimated and validated through RT-qPCR of seven selected transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. All the transcripts were annotated against KEGG pathways to profile transcripts related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. DISCUSSION This comprehensive transcriptome profile will serve as a useful sequence resource for molecular genetics and evolutionary research on secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Polygonaceae family. Transcriptome assembly of Polygonum minus can be accessed at http://prims.researchfrontier.org/index.php/dataset/transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Keong Loke
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Chean-Chean Yeoh
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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